Abbreviations: A. Albanian, Ar. Arabic, B. Bulgarian, G. German, Gr. Greek, H. Hungarian, It. Italian, O. Ottoman, P. Polish, R. Russian, S. Southern Slav/general Slavonic, Sl. Slovak, T. Turkish
Abbas I (Safavid Shah 1587–1629) 58, 149
Abdülkadır Efendi 85, 147
Abdülkerim (müderris and entrepreneur) 107
Abyssinia 194
acemi oğlan 30
admirals, see kapudan
Adriatic Sea 49, 55, 200
map of 43
Afghanistan 15
ağribar (grippa, small Ottoman vessel) 49, 53, 85
Agricola, Georgius 100
Ağustos (S. Njeguš) 98
kaza of 120
Ahmed Çavuş 106–07, 112
Ahmed Efendi 141
Ahmed Pasha, see Humbaracı Ahmed Pasha
Ahmed Pasha, Köprülüzade Fazil 201
Ahmed Pasha, Gedik 49, 67
Ahmed Pasha, Hain 146
Ahtamar, kaza of 99
Ahtar 150
Akdağ, kaza of 116
Akkirman (S. Bielgorod) 77
Akkoyunlu 58
Aksaray, sancak of 98
Akşehir, sancak of 98
Alacahisar (S. Kruševac) 50
Albanians 55
Aleppo 102
province of 99
Alexandria 52
Algiers 55, 157
Ali Ağa 141
Ali Kulu 194
Ali Raik Efendi, Tevkii 161
Ali Reis (renegade from Lübeck) 55
ammunition 48
amphibious warfare, see warfare
Anadolu, province of 113
Anatolia 27, 137, 172
Angiolello, Giovan-Maria 66
Antakya, kaza of 99
Arabia, Arab provinces 95, 96, 99, 146, 200
Arabic chroniclers, on firearms 15
arabaciyan-i top, see top arabacıları
Arakil (Erakil) Efendi 162
Archipelago 55
province of 52
archives, Ottoman 13–14
armaments industry 1–3, 96
in Spain 125
see also weapons industry
Armenia, Armenians, resettlement of 44
sappers 40, 42, 48
armies, Ottoman 21–42
Habsburg 23
Spanish in Flanders 25
armorers 29–30, see also cebeci
armory, see Cebehane
arms race 2
arms trade 10
arquebus 89, 91
of Janissaries 25
arquebusiers 45
in Habsburg service 25
Arslan (beylerbeyi of Buda) 136
artillery, cast bronze 16, 62, 65, 95, 165, 186, 198
cast-iron 47–48, 62, 87, 95, 198
classification of 63
composition of 198
copper 62
deficiency of 197–98
distribution of 184–86
divergence theory of 197
English 47–48
field 70
gigantism theory of 184, 197
Mamluk 15
Ottoman field 18
Ottoman shipboard 18, 52–53
similarities between Ottoman and European 10
shipboard 1, 10, 16, 53, 54, 85, 87
stone-throwing 67, 95
wrought-iron 16, 62, 65
see also bombard, cannon, cannon founders, mortar and individual gun names
artillery corps (topçu ocağı) 28–38
size of 30
artillery shells, see bombs, bombshells
artillerymen, Ottoman 20
their ship-killing skills 21
in Europe 20
see also topçu
artisans, see craftsmen
Asia Minor 11, 13, 14, 27, 48, 95, 98, 101, 103, 128, 171, 200
Aşıkpaşazade 16
askeri (Ottoman ruling class), as entrepreneurs 105, 106, 112, 205
Ataköy 132
Atche, Sultanate of 194
Atmeydanı 129
see also baruthane
Austria, Austrians, Austrian Habsburgs 9, 12, 23, 25, 33, 63, 64, 95, 103, 138, 158
see also Habsburgs
avarız (Ottoman irregular tax) 101, 105, 110, 118–20, 123, 175
avarızhane (“tax-unit,” “tax-house” for the collection of avarız) 119–20
Avlonya (A. Valona) 49, 87, 180–81, 200
Avrathisar (Gr. Kilkis) 98
kaza of 120
Ayalon, David 15, 58
Aydın (Turkish principality) 18
sancak of 159
azab, as Ottoman infantryman 22, 106
as seaman 53
Azak (R. Azov, It. Tana) 143, 201
Azerbaijan 15
Azov, see Azak
Bac (Bah) 176
bacaluşka (Ottoman basilisk) 78–80
baciliska, see bacaluşka
badaloşka, see bacaluşka
Baghdad 27, 53, 87, 90, 94, 148–49, 155, 180, 200
see also baruthane
Bakırköy 132
see also baruthane
Bakras, kaza of 99
Balkans 11, 14, 17, 18, 46, 59, 66, 88, 89, 95, 96, 116, 141, 171, 174, 192, 200
firearms in 1, 17
fortresses 13
mines 13
balyemez (large Ottoman cannon) 9, 77–78, 93, 197
Banaluka (S. Banja Luka) 171, 174, 176
Barbary corsairs 55
barça 53, 54
Barçınlu, kaza of 113
bargia, see barça
baruthane (Ottoman gunpowder works) 11, 14, 128
of Aleppo 128, 149, 151, 152, 199
of Baghdad 99, 128, 148–49, 151, 152, 199
of Basra 102
of Belgrade 128, 199
of Bor 109, 128, 144, 152, 153, 154, 157, 159, 199
of Buda 128, 135–36, 150–51, 152, 153, 199
of Cairo 99, 128, 146–48, 151, 152, 153, 199
of Diyarbekir 128
driven by water 129, 151, 162
driven by animals 151
of Eğri 137
of Eğriboz 150, 153
of Erzurum 111, 128, 149, 151, 152
of Estergon 128
and explosions 150
and fires 132, 151
of Gelibolu 126, 128, 134, 141–42, 143, 152, 153, 159, 160, 161, 163, 199, 200
of Hanya 150, 153
of Istanbul 98, 103, 126, 128–35, 151, 152, 153, 157, 161, 163, 178, 199
Atmeydanı 129, 132
Azadlı 134, 140, 143, 163, 199
Bakırköy 132–34, 135, 151, 163, 200
Kağıthane 129–31, 132, 135, 151, 152
Şehremini 131–32, 135, 151, 152
of Izmir 102, 124, 128, 143, 145, 152, 153, 157, 158, 159, 199
modernization of 199
of Oltu 128
in Ottoman Hungary 102
output of 135, 139, 142, 144, 145, 151–52, 153
of Peç 128
of Selanik 98, 100, 101, 105, 120, 126, 128, 134, 138–39, 140, 143, 152, 153, 157, 160, 161, 163, 199, 200
stamp mills 150
of Temeşvar 98, 102, 128, 136–37, 151, 152, 153, 199
of Van 128, 149, 150
of Yemen 128, 199
of Yeşilköy (San Stefano) 161
types of 150–51
barza, see barça
barzotti (small carracks) 49
Basche, Willem de (master founder) 48
Bashkent (T. Otluk-beli) 58
basilisco (Spanish basilisk) 80
basilisk 79
see also bacaluşka
Basra 12, 50, 99, 102, 180, 200
see also baruthane
bastarda, see baştarda
baştarda 53
battles 201
of Ankara (1402) 167
of Bashkent (1473) 58
of Çaldıran (1514) 59
of Kosovo (1389) 17, 23
of Lepanto (1571) 53
of Mezőkeresztes (1596) 25, 27, 28, 201
of Mohács (1526) 24, 83–85
of Nagyharsány (1687) 154
of Szentgotthárd (1664) 201
of Varna (1444) 19
Bayezid I (Ottoman sultan, 1389–1402) 18, 20, 28, 167
Bayezid II (Ottoman sultan, 1481–1512) 48, 49, 88
Bayezid (prince, son of Süleyman I) 194
bayonet 202
bedel (“substitutes”) 115
bedel-i güherçile (“compensation money”) 115
bedoloşka, see bacaluşka
Belgrade 33, 50, 52, 88, 90, 94, 102, 136, 139, 148, 154, 180, 200
see also baruthane, sieges
Bestallungen (recruitment contracts) 25
Besztercebánya (Sl. Banská Bystrica) 168
Bilecik 114, 174, 176
Birecik 50, 180, 200
sancak of 99
Biringuccio, Vannoccio 100, 103, 187, 189, 198
Bitlis, kadı of 106
Black, Jeremy 5
Black Sea 18, 50, 52, 87, 94, 128, 154, 171, 172, 191, 202
blacksmiths
Christian 46
Jewish 46, 65
Muslim 48, 65
Ottoman 64, 193
Persian 193
Bohemia 18
Bolvadin, kaza of 113
bombard (large stone-shooting gun) 9, 64, 65, 78
at galleys 64
Ottoman 64–67, 196
bombardier, see humbaracı
bombs/bombshell 67–68, 69
made of earth (çömlek) 69
explosive (serpme) 69
production of 70
Bonneval, Alexandre Comte de, see Humbaracı Ahmed Pasha
Bosnia 17, 42, 48, 166, 171, 174
Bosporus 21, 98
Bostan, İdris 20
bow, recurved 24
number of 24
bow-makers 44
Bozok 99
bronze cannons, composition of 186, 189
Buda (O. Budin/Budun) 12, 27, 50, 52, 94, 98, 102, 135–36, 148, 154, 171, 180, 199, 200, 201
province of 30
see also baruthane, sieges
Budak Özü 99
Budin, see Buda
Bulgarmaden 175
bullets 90
Burgundians 18
business partner, see şerik
business partnership 113, 141
Byzantine Empire, Byzantines 17, 66, 129, 166, 192
see also Constantinople
Caffa (Kaffa, T. Kefe) 49
Cairo 99, 146–48, 180, 200, 201
Calabrians 55
calcaroni (method of sulfur extraction) 100
Çaldıran 59
see also battles
campaign, see war
Candia (Gr. Heraklion) 150
and foreign experts 38
Canea 55
see also Hanya
cannon (as class of large guns) 62, 73–81
cannon 1
at siege of Belgrade (1456)
at siege of Constantinople (1422)
at siege of Constantinople (1453)
at siege of Rhodes (1480)
breech-loader 64
bronze 189, 198
classification of 9, 195–97
demi-cannon 81
distribution of 184–86
field 73, 83
giant 61, 184
Habsburg 10
Habsburg siege 74
large Ottoman 73–81
medium-caliber Ottoman 81
muzzle-loader 85
Ottoman 73–81
Ottoman giant 164
Ottoman siege 73–81
see also kale-kob
small-caliber Ottoman 3
Spanish double (doble canon) 74
stone-throwing 10
wrought-iron 64
see also artillery, bombards, centerline bow gun, flanking guns, mortars, individual names of cannon, ordnance
cannon balls 52, 67, 177
marble 76
stone 95
see also projectiles
canon de abatir (type of cannon) 74, 81
canon de bateria (type of cannon) 74
cannon founders
Bosnian 48
Dutch 48
Flemish 46
French 47, 48
German 46, 48
Italian 46, 47, 48
number of 46
Persian 80
Serbian 48
Turkish 48
see also foreign military experts, ordnance industry, tophane
cannon foundry, see tophane
cannoneers, see topçu
Capsali, Elijah 45
carcasses (incendiary clay “eggs”) 69
Carlowitz, see Karlowitz
carracks 49
Castile 151
cavalry, see sipahi
cebeci (armorer) 29–30, 39
establishment of
number of 30, 31, 33
number mobilized 33
remuneration of 30
resettlement of 44
tasks of 29
see also armorer
Cebehane (Armory, Ammunition House)
of Cairo 147
Ottoman Imperial in Istanbul (Cebehane-i Amire) 93, 153–54, 172, 178
cebelü (armed retainer of a timariot sipahi) 53
Çehrin (S. Chigirin; Chyhyryn) 93
celali revolts 27
Celbe, sancak of 109
centerline bow gun 10, 64, 76, 94
Central Asia 15, 17
chaika, see şayka
Chaldiran, see Çaldıran
Chaniá, see Hanya
charcoal, production of 102–04
chemical analysis, of Ottoman gun barrels 186
China 15
Chios (T. Sakız) 49
Christians, sappers from Bosnia 42
Cipolla, Carlo Maria 7, 184
Çıproviç (B. Čiprovic) 174
Çırlavuk 99
Çirmen 97
cizye (poll-tax) 110
clash of civilizations 193
command 202
compensation money, see bedel-i güherçile
conservatism, of Islam 56, 58
Constantinople 40
see also Istanbul, sieges
contraband trade 9
copper 171–74
deposits of 12, 167
Hungarian 171
mines 13, 171–74
trade in 169
Corinth, Isthmus of 66
Cornaro (Italian gunner) 38
corned gunpowder, see gunpowder
Corsicans 55
Cossacks 28
craftsmen 46
of Tabriz resettled to Istanbul 44
Crete 13, 31, 55, 138, 144
Crimea, Crimean Khanate 49, 194
Croatia 57
Csanád (O. Çanad, R. Cenad) 98, 123
Csetnek 167
culebrina (Spanish culverin) 74
culverin (type of cannon) 9, 62, 81–83, 95
demi 83
see also culebrina, kolunburna
Cumapazarı (S. Džuma Pazar) 98
kaza of 119
Cumaya (S. Džumaja) 98
kaza of 120
Cyprus 102, 115, 149
D’Aramon (French ambassador) 45
Dalmatia 17, 55, 202
Damascus, blades of 48, 91, 193
Danube 18, 28, 50, 52, 98, 136, 201
darbzen (Ottoman siege gun) 10, 83–85, 185
Dardanelles 18, 21, 94, 141
Daud Pasha 66
Davud Ağazade Mehmed 141
day laborers 114, 116
Dead Sea 100
defense, Ottoman art of 42
dependence, Spanish on foreign powder 125
dependency theory 10, 164
De re metallica 100
De re militari 43, 67
desertion
in the Ottoman army 27
in the Habsburg army 27–28
destur-i Rumi (Ottoman order of battle) 19
De Tott, Baron 196
Develi (Develü) 99
kadı of 117
devşirme (“collection,” Ottoman child levy) 22–23, 29
Deyrirahbe
kaza of 107
sancak of 99
Dırama (S. Drama) 98
kaza of 120
discipline, lack of 204
Diu 194
Divriği 169
Diyarbekir 99, 107, 171, 180, 200
province of 107
dizdar (fort commander) of 38
Dobsina 168
Doyran 98
kaza of 120
draft animals 33
see also water buffalos
Drava river 77
drill 202
Dubrovnik, see Ragusa
Dulkadır, province of 99, 116
Dulle Griet (Great bombard of Ghent) 65
Dutch 56, 62, 96
military experts in Russia 47
earthquake (1688) 145
economy
contraction of 201
dislocation of 204
Edirne 33, 97
Eger (O. Eğri)
Christian soldiers defected to the Ottomans from 27
conquest of (1596) 28, 35–38, 39
siege of (1552) 35, 168
see also baruthane, Eğri
Eğri (H. Eger, G. Erlau), province of 136
Eğriboz (Gr. Egripos, It. Negroponte) 76, 79, 150
Egripos, see Eğriboz
Egypt, Egyptians 12, 23, 49, 52, 99, 200
Ekrad, kaza of 99
Elhac (Hacı) Mehmed Efendi 132
Elhac Süleyman Efendi 133
Elhac Yahya Ağa 157
emanet (direct administration), in mines 170
embezzlement 113–14
emin (government agent, superintendent, “entrepreneur”) 106
England, English 56, 63, 83, 91, 96, 97, 103, 157, 158
monopoly in cast-iron ordnance 47–48
Erciş 101
Ercker, Lazarus 97
Ergani 171, 175
Érsekújvár 154
see also Uyvar
Erzberg 168
Erzurum 104, 111, 174, 180, 200
sancak of 99
province of 114
Eskişehir 174
kaza of 113
Eszék, see Ösek
Esztergom (O. Estergon, Ostrorgon, G. Gran) 50, 52
siege of (1595) 38
Etropole 174
Euphrates 50, 52, 149
Euro-Asia 12, 15
Eurocentrism 7–8, 12, 45, 61–62
methodological deficiencies of 62
Europe, European 16, 76, 81–83, 97, 100
Evliya Çelebi 40, 74–75, 77, 131, 151
eynek (small Ottoman cannon) 87, 93, 94, 181, 197
falcone (type of cannon) 81
Farruh (cannon founder) 15
Faule Mette (famous bombard) 65
Filibe (Gr. Philippopolis, B. Plovdiv) 97, 98, 137
Finance Department, see Maliye
Finkel, Caroline 123
firearms 1–10
and the Akkoyunlus 58
among the reaya 54
in the Balkans 1
in the battle of Kosovo (1389) 17
definition of 1
diffusion of 16
earliest references to in Ottoman sources 16
integration of 21–42, 192
in Bosnia 17
in Byzantium 17
in Europe 1
in Euro-Asia 15
in Hungary 1
in Islamdom 1, 15
in the Mamluk Sultanate 58
in the Ottoman Empire 1
problems of terminology 15
proliferation of 27
in Ragusa 17
in the Safavid Empire 58–60
in the siege of Constantinople (1394–1402) 17
in the siege of Salonica 17
and sipahis 57–58, 192
smuggling of 17
see also individual weapons
firepower 191
Habsburg 25
Ottoman superiority of 12, 53–54, 194
superiority of 5
firewood 149
firing technique, Ottoman 38
firkate (frigate) 52, 53, 87, 94
Flanders, Spanish armies in 25
flanking gun 76, 85, 94
see also artillery
fleet
Black Sea 157
Danube 87, 157
Egyptian 52
Mediterranean 146, 148, 157
Ottoman 18, 144–46, 154, 157
Ottoman at Güvercinlik 18
of Suez 52
see also navies
Flemish military experts, in Spain 46
flexibility, Ottoman 192
flintlock 89
musket 202
Florina (Lerin) 98
flotillas
on the Danube 52
on the Euphrates 52
Ottoman river, 13
on the Shatt al-Arab 52, 53
on the Tigris 52
forced resettlement, see sürgün
foreign military experts 48, 193
in England 47–48
in France 47
in Hungary 46
in the Ottoman Empire 9, 38, 42–46, 158, 192, 193
in Portugal 47
in Russia 47
in Spain 46–47
in Sweden 48
in Venice 46
fortifications, fortresses 13, 66, 80, 192, 194–95
see also individual fortresses, sieges
foundries 12
Genoese in Istanbul 178
of Malaga 46
of Seville 180
of Sussex 180
see also tophane
foundrymen 193
Foyniça (S. Fojnica) 171
France, French, Frenchmen 47, 55, 63, 97, 103, 111, 158
mercenaries in Ottoman service 27, 45
Francis I (king of France, 1515–47) 125
Frankfurt 193
frigate, see firkate
frontiers 191, 201, 202
Fülek (O. Filek, Sl. Fil’akovo) 168
fusta (small oared ship)
Ottoman 18, 49
Venetian 18
gabelle (salt tax in France) 121
Galata 49
Galicia (Poland-Lithuania) 97
galiot, see kalyata
galleass 49, 56
see also mavna
galleon 56, 157
see also kalyon
galley 18, 48, 64, 80
Ottoman 54
see also kadırga
Gallipoli, see Gelibolu
garrison soldiers, and saltpeter production 114–15
see also hisar eri
Geer, Louis de (master founder) 48
Gelibolu (Gallipoli) 49, 141–43
naval dockyards in 18, 49, 141
see also baruthane
Genoa 17
Genoese 45, 49, 55
George (founder) 193
Georgia 142
German military experts
in Hungary 46
in Istanbul 45
in Spain 46
in Venice 46
Germany, Germans 45, 58, 97, 103
Gököyükü, kaza of 98
Granada, and siege weapons 15
Grand Admiral, see Kapudan Pasha
Grant, Jonathan 96
Greece, Greeks 48, 55
resettlement of 44
sappers 42, 48
grenade, hand 68, 93
see also humbara
grippa (small vessel), see ağribar
Gritti, Andrea (Venetian bailo) 49, 187
Gritti, Lodovico (natural son of Andrea Gritti) 187
Güçer, Lütfi 122–23
Guilmartin, John Francis 7, 89
Gujerat 194
Gümüşhane 171, 172, 175
gun, distribution of 184–86
early references to in Europe 16
terminology of 62
see also artillery, cannon, handguns, ordnance
gun carriage drivers, see top arabacıları
gun carriages 28
gun ship, see top gemisi
gun-founding, Ottoman 12
see also artillery, cannon, ordnance
gunners 45, 46
number of in Austria 33
number of in Russia 33–35
number of in Spain 33
see also topçu
gunpowder 1, 67, 91, 111
black powder 103
Chinese 1
corned 57
English-type (İngiltere perdahtı) 132, 138, 143, 157
imported 161
invention of 1
mixture of 145, 156–58
quality of 134, 145, 155–58, 199
quality problems of 199
shipments of 153–55
shortage of 199
stocks of 153–55
see also baruthane
gunpowder empire 190
gunpowder import 10, 160
from England 160
from Europe 160
from Spain 160
from Sweden 160
gunpowder industry
output of 151–53
reforms in 133–34
see also baruthane
gunpowder mills
stamp 150
types of 150–51
see also baruthane
gunpowder production 204
in Castile 151
modernization of 160–63
in Spain 122, 160
unauthorized private 159
see also baruthane
gunpowder revolution, see military revolution
gunpowder technology 1–10, 16
diffusion of 194
gunpowder weapons 191
see also firearms, individual weapons
gunpowder works, see baruthane
gunpowder-based devices 15
gunshot, see cannon balls, bombs, firearms, mines
Gustavus Adolphus 48, 201
Güvercinlik (Güğercinlik, H. Galambóc, S. Golubac), Ottoman fleet at 18, 19, 50
Güzelhisar 98, 114
Győr (O. Yanık, G. Raab,) 39
Gypsies 46
Gyula 98, 123
Habsburgs 31, 52, 71, 73, 111, 131, 137, 195, 199
see also Austria, Spain
Hacı Çavuş 106–07, 112
Hackenbüchse (hook gun) 9, 87
Haëdo, Diego de 55
Hakkari 175
sancak of 101–02
Hall, Bert 7
Hama, sancak of 99
handguns 10, 19
and Janissaries 21–27
see also tüfenk
hane (“household”) 119
Hanya (Gr. Chania) 27, 150
Hasan Kafi, al-Akhisari 25
Hausbuch from Konstanz 97
Hayir Bey (beylerbeyi of Egypt) 146
Hırsova (R. Harşova) 98
hisar eri 30
historiography, of the Ottoman Empire 6
Holland 91
Hollókő 88
Holy League 70, 202
Holy Roman Empire 202
hook gun, see Hackenbüchse, szakállas
Howitzer 62
Huizinga, Johan 3
humbara (grenade) 93
see also grenade
humbaracı (Ottoman bombardier) 39–40
establishment of 39
number of 39–40
Marsigli on 40
modernized corps of 40
timariot 39
unskilled 39
Humbaracı Ahmed Pasha (Alexandre Comte de Bonneval) 40
Hume, David 3
Hungary, Hungarians 12, 14, 17, 18, 31, 35, 38, 45, 46, 52, 55, 66, 70, 85, 87–88, 96, 128, 131, 138, 191, 200, 201
Hunyadi, János (governor and regent of Hungary, 1446–53) 18, 67
Hussite wars 18
Hussites 18
Iadra, see Zara
Ibrahim (entrepreneur) 113
Ibrahim (Ottoman Sultan, 1640–48) 131, 166
Ibrahim Pasha (Grand Vizier) 189
İçil, sancak of 98, 115
iğribar, see ağribar
iltizam (tax-farming) 11, 101, 105, 106–07, 112, 124, 170
imperial appeal 42
import
of lead 178
of tin 177
of weaponry and powder 10
İnalcık, Halil 20
India 97, 194
see also Mughal Empire
Indian Ocean 194
industrial capability, Ottoman 96
İnebahtı (Gr. Naupactus, It. Lepanto)
sancak of 150
see also Lepanto
İnebahtı (on the Black Sea) 171
infantry, Austrian Habsburg 25
see also Janissaries
inspector, see müfettis, nazır
Iran 15, 101
see also Persia, Safavids
Iraq 13, 15, 31, 99, 149, 191, 200
iron 174–76
deposits 167
mines 12, 13, 174
smuggling of 169
ironworks 168, 175–76
İsfendiyaroğlu (ruler of Sinop) 167
işkampoye (type of Ottoman ship) 53, 87, 94
İskender Çelebi 132
İskenderiye (A. Škodra) 176, 180, 200
Islamic conservatism, notion of 6, 7, 193
Islamic societies, supposed technological inferiority of 11
Ismail I (Safavid Shah 1501–24) 58
Istanbul 12, 29, 48, 49, 52, 53, 74–90, 101, 102, 104, 107, 111, 114, 141, 143, 144, 148, 150
foundry of 44–45
see also baruthane, Constantinople, tophane
iştira (purchase) 122–23
Italian military experts
in the Ottoman Empire 45
in Russia 47
in Spain 46
Italy, Italians 17, 45, 63, 81, 89, 103
see also Venice
Ivan III (ruler of Russia, 1462–1505) 47
Izmir 159
see also baruthane
İznikmid 103
İzvornik (S. Zvornik) 50
Jajca (O. Yayçe, S. Jajce) 174
Janissaries 53, 54, 88–93, 126, 205
and firearms 21–27
firepower of 24
The Laws of 24
liquidation of 205
number of 23, 26
number of mobilized 26
number of in provincial fortresses 26
practice with firearms 24–25
Janissary novices 30
see also acemi oğlan
Jews, Jewish 55
expulsion of from Spain and Portugal 43
in the Istanbul foundry 45
resettlement of 44
Jiddah 80
Jones, Eric L. 7
Jörg of Nuremberg (cannon founder) 44
Kabur, sancak of 107
kadırga (galley) 53, 85
Kağıthane 129–31
see also baruthane
ka’la kub (Persian siege gun)
kale-kob (Ottoman siege gun) 9, 38, 73–74, 185
kalyata (galiotta) 53, 85, 87, 94
kalyon (galiot) 54, 76, 94
Kamengrad 174
Kandiye (It. Candia) 27
Kanije (H. Kanizsa), province of 136
Kanizsa, conquest of (1600) 28
see also Kanije
kanon (type of Ottoman basilisk) 80–81
kanunname (provincial law code) 119, 146
kapudan (admiral)
of Kavala 52
of the Shatt al-Arab 87
of Yemen 52
Kapudan Pasha 52, 157
Karaferye (Gr. Beroia) 98
kaza of 120
Karagüden, sulfur mine of 102
Karahisar, kadı of 117
Karahisar-i Sahib (Afyonkarahisar), kaza of 98
Karahisar-i Şarkî (Şebinkarahisar), kadı of 111
Karaman, province of 98, 99, 105, 113, 114, 115, 117–18, 128, 143, 144, 154
Kara Mustafa Pasha 93
Kara Su 98
kaza of 120
Karlowitz (H. Karlóca, S. Sremski Karlovci), treaty of 31, 202
Karthaun (type of cannon) 9, 62, 74
Halbe Karthaun 74, 81, 185
Kastamonu 169, 172
sancak of 102, 171
Katib Çelebi 155, 170
Kavala 52, 70
kayık (type of Ottoman boat) 53
Kayseri 113
Armenian miners from 40
sancak of 98, 117
Kazlıçeşme 132
Keban 171, 174, 175
kefil (guarantor) 112
Kemalpaşazade 16
Kemerhisar 99
Kennedy, Paul 7
Kerç (Kerch) 154
Khaniá, see Hanya
Kiçevo (S. Kičevo) 98
kaza of 120
Kiği 174, 176
Kilisehisar 98, 117
Kırşehir, sancak of 98
Knights of Rhodes, navy of 49
Koçani (S. Kočani) 98
kaza of 120
Koçhisar 99
kolomburina, kolunburna (type of Ottoman cannon) 81–83
Komárom (Sl. Komarno) 168
Konstanz 97
Konya, sancak of 98
Köprülü (S. Veles) 98
Kosovo 166, 174
Köstendil (S. Velbud), sancak of 120
Kőszeg (G. Güns) 35, 194
Kratova (S. Kratovo) 40, 171, 174
Krause, Keith 7, 10, 47, 96, 193
Kreşevo (S. Kreševo) 171
Kritovoulos, Michael 187
kul (or nöker, member of the Ottoman ruler’s military entourage) 21
Kuçanya (S. Kučanja) 174
Küçükçekmece 134, 162
Kudretullah Efendi (kadı and entrepreneur) 108
Kumanovo 98
kaza of 120
Küre 169, 170, 171, 172
Kütahya 98
province of 114
lağımcı (miner, sapper) 40–42
Armenian 40, 42
number of 40
see also miners, sappers
Larende 99
Lazkiye (Denizli), kaza of 98
lead
deposits of 12, 174–75, 189
Ottoman import of 12
Lebanon 103
Leopold I (Holy Roman Emperor, 1658–1705) 12
Lepanto
battle of (1499) 49
battle of (1571) 10, 53
see also İnebahtı
Lesbos 52
Leskofçe 100
levend (reaya musketman, seaman) 26, 52, 53, 203
Lewett, William 180
Lewis, Bernard 8
Liège 47, 48
Livorno 56
logistics 201
Ottoman superiority in 12
lonbarda (Spanish siege cannon) 74
Lübeck 55
Lucar, Cyprián 63
Luxembourg 47
Macedonia, Macedonian 100, 101, 105, 174
McNeill, William H. 7
Mahmud II (Ottoman sultan, 1808–39) 40
Malaga 46
Malatesta, Sigismundo Pandolfo (lord of Rimini) 43
Malatya, sancak of 99
Malazgirt 114
sancak of 99
Maliye (Finance Department) 107, 111
Malković, Yosef, see Yusuf Pasha
Malta 91
see also sieges
Mamluk Sultanate, Mamluks 12, 15, 58, 106, 192, 194
mangonel 69
Maraş, sancak of 99
Mardin 180, 200
maritime principalities 18
Maritza river 97
Marmara, Sea of 50, 132, 162
Marsigli, Luigi Ferdinando 40, 42, 56, 127, 155, 196
mass production capabilities
of cannons 178–84
lack of 164
Ottoman 9, 199–200
matchlock 89, 90, 91
Maurand, Jerome (Savoyan traveler) 45
mavna 53
Maximilian I (Habsburg ruler, 1493–1519) 23, 65
Maydanek (S. Majdanek) 171
Mediterranean 18, 48, 49, 52, 54, 55, 64, 76, 89, 94, 128, 136, 145, 146, 154, 198, 201, 202
Mehmed I (Ottoman sultan, 1413–21) 20, 28, 167
Mehmed II (Ottoman sultan, 1444–46, 1451–81) 40, 45, 48, 66, 67, 129, 168, 178
interest in military affairs 43
Mehmed IV (Ottoman sultan, 1648–87) 154
Mehmed (timariot and entrepreneur) 107
Mehmed Ağa (renegade from Livorno) 56
Mehmed Pasha (beylerbeyi of Anatolia) 38
Mehmed Şerif Efendi 140, 161–63
Melnik 98
kaza of 119
Melos, island of 100
memnu eşya (prohibited goods) 123, 168–69
see also merces prohibitae
Menteşe (Turkish principality) 18
sancak of 159
merchants 123, 159, 169
mercenaries, Czech in Hungarian service 18
merces prohibitae (prohibited goods) 123, 165
see also memnu eşya
Mesih Pasha (commander of the Ottoman fleet) 49
metallurgy 48
metris tüfeği, see tüfenk
Mevlana Hacı Iskender 106
Mezemorta (“Half Dead”) Hüseyn Pasha 157
Mezőkersztes (O. Haçovası), battle of (1596) 25, 27, 28
Middle East 11, 99, 137, 192
military acculturation 9, 42–46, 55–56, 63, 64, 192–95
military border, in Hungary 25
military entrepreneur, and Ottoman saltpeter production 106–12
defterdar as 108–09
in Europe 110–11
Jewish in Europe 110
kadı as 106, 108
müderris as 107
in the Ottoman Empire 11, 105
timar-holding sipahi as 106
military experts, see foreign military experts
military technology, developments in 201
military reforms 40
military revolution 3–6, 191, 195
miners 170
see lağımcı, sappers
mines 48, 165–76
Balkan 166–67
of Bilecik 114
copper 164
forms of operation 170
gold 166
iron 164
silver 166
mining 164
technical language of 44
technology of 44, 166
miquelet (lock mechanism) 10, 89, 90, 91, 198
misket (Ottoman gun type) 87, 93, 197
Modon, battle of (1500) 49
Mohács (O. Mohaç) 50, 83–85, 154
see also battles
Moldavia 100, 202
Molla Hüsrev 168
Monastir (S. Bitola) 98, 119
Mongols
and gunpowder 15
and gunpowder-based devices 15
Mons Meg (famous cannon) 65
Montecuccoli, Raimundo 91, 155
Morea 154, 201, 202
Morocco 49
mortar 10, 67–73
caliber of 70–73
Habsburg 72
Ottoman 68–72, 73
weight of 70–73
Muarra, kaza of 99
mübaşir (commissioner, “entrepreneur”) 106, 120
mübayaa (purchase) 122–24
müfettiş (inspector), as business partner 108, 112
Mughal Empire, Mughals 19, 106, 194
mukataa (state revenue, tax-farm) 106, 110, 111, 117
mültezim (tax-farmer) 106, 107
munitions industry 96, 164
and state monopoly 104
Murad (entrepreneur, mutasarrif and defterdar) 143
Murad I (Ottoman sultan, 1362–89) 22, 166
Murad II (Ottoman sultan, 1421–51) 23, 28, 167
Murad III (Ottoman sultan, 1574–95) 24, 89
Murány (Sl. Muráň) 167–68
Murphey, Rhoads 96, 190
müsellems (Ottoman cavalrymen, later auxiliaries) 21–22, 31, 115
of Aydın 114
of Karaman 117–18
and saltpeter production 114
musket
Janissary 88–93
Spanish 88, 89
see also tüfenk
musketeers 26
Muslims
dependence of 8
forced conversion of 43
Mustafa (saltpeter emin ) 113–14
Mustafa (Ottoman military expert) 194
Mustafa Ağa 80
Mustafa Bayram (Ottoman military expert) 194
Mustafa Pasha, Köprülüzade Fazil (Grand Vizier) 56
myth of Ottoman giant guns 197
Nagyharsány 154
Naima, Mustafa 155
naval arsenals (tersane) 165
of Gelibolu (Gallipoli) 18, 49
of Istanbul (Tersane-i Amire) 49, 55, 175, 178
of İzmit 50
of Niğbolu 50
of Rusçuk 50
of Sinop 56
Venetian 178
of Vidin 50
see also shipbuilding
naval base 146
naval technology 48, 54, 146
navies
Ottoman 18, 48–56
size of 48–49
see also fleet
nazır (inspector) 112
Neapolitans 55
Negroponte 48
see also Eğriboz
Neşri, Mevlana 16
Nevrokop 98
kaza of 119
New Military History 7
Nicolay, Nicolas de 44
Nicopolis, see Niğbolu
Niğbolu (B. Nikopol), cannons in 17, 50
Niğde
kadı of 108
kaza of 99
sancak of 98
Nikopol, see Niğbolu
nöker (member of the Ottoman ruler’s military entourage) 21
North Africa 128
Novoberda 19, 40, 167, 174, 180, 200
see also Novo Brodo
Novo Brodo 40, 166
see also Novoberda
ocaklık (Ottoman method of resource mobilization and financing) 110, 124, 175
advantages and disadvantages of 122
of Ohri 101
and saltpeter production 110
ocaklık villages 11, 105, 118–21, 122, 126, 140
Ohri 100, 101
sancak of 100
Olovo 174–75
Oltu 104–05
sancak of 99
Orban (cannon founder) 43, 45, 66
order
lack of 204
new order 204
ordnance 48
classification of 62–63
see also artillery, ordnance industry
ordnance industry
of England 47–48
of Ottoman Empire 12, 164
of Sweden 48
see also arms production
ore deposits 165–76
see also copper, iron, lead, mines
Orientalism 7–8, 45, 61–62
örtölü (covered boat) 52
Ösek (H. Eszék, S. Osijek) 77
Otranto, siege of (1480) 49, 67
Ottoman, Ottomans
dependence 6, 96
firepower superiority 9
logistics 9
pragmatism 8
receptivity 8
Ottoman military campaigns 80
Özi (S. Ochakov/Ozakov) 27, 53, 87, 154
Padua 95
Palaiologos family 49
Palestine 14
Papa (H. Pápa), province of 136
Papacy 43, 91
Parker, Geoffrey 3, 7
Parry, Vernon 103
Pasa, sancak of (Edirne) 120
pasavolante (type of cannon) 81
Passarowitz (S. Požarevac), treaty of 140
Peçevi (Peçuylu), Ibrahim 3, 35, 168
pedrero (type of cannon) 78
Pera 129
Persia 12, 15, 59, 142, 169
see also Iran, Safavid Empire
Peter the Great 47
Petriç (S. Petrič) 98
kaza of 120
Philip II (king of Spain, 1556–98) 125
Pirotechnia 100
pistols 58, 200
pitch 67
Pojega (S. Požega) 50
Poland, Poles 96, 128, 137, 202
poll-tax, see cizye
Portugal, Portuguese 47, 49, 80, 194
powder, see gunpowder
powder chamber 64, 65
pragmatism, Ottoman 192
prangı (small Ottoman cannon) 87, 93, 180, 197
Pravişte 70, 170, 176, 180, 200
Preveza 180, 200
price increase 203
Prilep 98
kaza of 120
Priştine (S. Priština) 97
production capacity, alleged Ottoman insufficiency in 6
prohibited goods 123
see also merces prohibitae, memnu eşya
projectiles 65
incendiary 69
Pumhart von Steyr (famous bombard) 65
qal’eh-kub (“castle-smasher” cannon) 59, 73–74
see also kale-kob
Ragusa (S. Dubrovnik) 17
Raşid, Mehmed 155
Red Sea 49, 50, 52
renegades 55, 56
revolts
in Anatolia 27
celali 27
in Egypt 146
Rhine 202
Rhodes 49, 52, 70
see also sieges
Rhodope Mountains 174
Riha (Ar. Ruha, T. Urfa), kaza of 99
Roberts, Michael 3
Rozsnyó 168
Rudnik 174, 176, 180, 200
Rumi (Ottoman military expert) 194
Rusçuk 50, 52
Russia, Russians 31, 33–35, 47, 93, 97, 128, 158, 202
cannons of 10
Rüstem Pasha (Grand Vizier) 57
Rycaut, Paul 38
saçma (small Ottoman cannon) 86–87, 93, 94, 181, 197
sacre, media sacre (type of cannon) 81
Safavid Empire, Safavids 12, 19, 28, 58–60, 102, 128, 148, 169, 192, 194
şâhî (small Ottoman cannon) 85–86, 93, 197
sailors 48
şakaloz (small Ottoman cannon) 9, 87–88, 93, 197
see also szakállas
saker (type of cannon) 83
Salonica 17, 66
see also Selanik
Salpetergarten 97
saltpeter 67, 96–99, 159
Chilean 97
cost of 126–27
mines 107
pits (niter beds) 97
purchase of 146
purchase of at fixed price 122–23
purchase of at the market price 123–24, 126, 159
purchase from merchants 123
refining of 127
quality of 127
shortage of 159
saltpeter boilers (kazgan) 111
saltpeter deposits
in Arabia 96
in China 96
in Egypt 147
in Europe 96–97
in India 96
in the Ottoman Empire 11, 97–99
in Spain 125
saltpeter inspector 111
see also müfettiş
saltpeter production 104–22
and abuse of power 113–14
in Erzurum 111
in France 121, 124–25
and garrison soldier 114–15
in Granada 125
in Karaman 108–10
in Macedonia 119–20
monetary redemption of 121–22
Ottoman self-sufficiency in 124
and retired sipahis 115–16
and sons of sipahis 115–16
in Spain 122, 125
state control of 112
saltpeter works 11
of Güzelhisar 114
of Kayseri 115, 117
of Kilisehisar 115, 117
of Lérida (Spain) 125
of the province of Erzurum 114
of the province of Karaman 108–10, 114
of the province of Kütahya 114
of Van 106
Samakov 174, 175–76, 203
Samakovcuk 174
Samsun 50
Sanudo, Marino the younger 49
Sapanca 103
sappers 48, 193
in the Habsburg army 42
see also lağımcı, miners
Sarajevo 171
Sardi, Pietro 127
sarica, see sekban
Şarkışla 99
Sarmısak 99
Saruhan, sancak of 159
Savoy 91
şayka (“seagull,” type of cannon) 9, 73, 75, 93, 94, 181–84, 197
field 76
of galleon 76
şayka (boat) 52, 53, 75
Schwarz, Berthold 3
Schwendi, Lazarus von 19, 25
Scirri, Scirro 67
scuole de’ bombardieri (Venice) 46
sea captain, see kapudan
sea routes 52
sea season (derya or deniz mevsimi) 146
Seçen (H. Szécsény) 87
Seferhisar, kaza of 113
Şehrizol, province of 149
sekban, as arms-bearing infantryman of reaya origin 26–27
Selanik (Gr. Thessalonica, Salonica) 76, 87, 98, 159
kaza of 120
sancak of 120, 121
see also baruthane, Salonica
Selaniki, Mustafa 25, 85
Selçuks 166
self-sufficiency, Ottoman 11, 12, 124, 127, 158, 159, 163, 177, 189, 199–200
Selim I (Ottoman sultan, 1512–20) 44, 45, 49
Selim III (Ottoman sultan, 1789–1807) 40, 160, 204
Semendire (H. Szendrő, S. Smederevo) 50, 76, 88, 98, 102, 180, 200
Serbia 17, 48, 166
Serfiçe 98
şerik (business partner, associate) 105, 106
Sermin, kaza of 99
Setton, Kenneth M. 7
Seyidgazi, kaza of 113
Shahruh (ruler of the Timurid Empire, 1405–47) 15
Shatt al-Arab 50, 53
see also kapudan
shells, see bombshells
Sherley, Sir Anthony and Sir Robert 58
shipbuilding 50, 106
see also naval arsenals
ships
high-board 56
oared 53
round 48
sailing 54
see also firkate, fusta, galleys, galleass, örtölü, taş gemisi, top gemisi
shipwrights
Dalmatian 48, 193
Greek 48, 193
Italian 56
North African 193
Venetian 48, 193
shooting-gallery, see talimhane
Sicily, Sicilians 45, 55, 100
Sidrekapsa 175
siege warfare, Ottoman superiority in 28
siegecraft, Ottoman 42
sieges 2, 201
of Belgrade (1440) 67
of Belgrade (1456) 18, 45, 48, 67, 68, 93, 178
of Belgrade (1521) 69
of Buda (1686)
of Candia 150
of Constantinople (1394–1402) 17
of Constantinople (1453) 1, 21, 43, 45, 65, 66, 93, 178, 187
of Eger (1596) 27
of Esztergom (1595) 38
of the Hexamilion walls (1446) 66
of Kőszeg (Güns, 1532) 35
of Malta (1565) 80
of Otranto (1480) 49, 67
of Rhodes (1480) 67, 69
of Rhodes (1522) 69
of Salonica (1430) 66
of Škodra (1478) 66, 67, 69
of Szigetvár (1566) 35, 80, 85
of Vienna (1683) 72, 191, 201
Sigetvar (H. Szigetvár), province of 136
Siğla, sancak of 159
Şikari 16
Silistre (S. Silistra) 97
cannons in 17
silver 166–67
American 166
see also mines, mining
Sinan Pasha 84
Sinop 50, 167
sipahi
and firearms 57–58, 192
retired (mütekaid) 115–16
timar-holding 21–22, 53–54
sipahi-zade (sons of sipahis) 115–16, 117
retired (mütekaid) 116
Sirem (H. Szerémség, S. Srem) 98
Siroz (S. Ser, Gr. Serrai) 98
kaza of 119
siyaqat script 14
Şizer, kaza of 99
Škodra, see sieges
Skopje (O. Üsküb) 171
see also Üsküb
Smith, Adam 3
Sofia 174
Söğütlü, river 138
sources, of Ottoman military history 13–14
Spain, Spanish 10, 33, 48, 63, 76, 80, 91, 97, 103, 128, 146, 158, 180
Spaniards 45, 54, 55, 81, 89, 94, 95, 198
spingarda (type of cannon) 17
Srebrenica (O. Srebreniçe) 40, 166
see also Srebreniçe
Srebreniçe 167, 174–75
standardization of weapons 10
attempts at 63
failure at 63, 198
of mortars 73
state expenditure 204
steel, Frankish (çelik-i firengi) 176
Ştip (S. Štip) 98
kaza of 120
stone ship, see taş gemisi
Styria 168
Sučeska, Avdo 122–23
Suez 50, 52
Şuhud, kaza of 113
Süleyman I (Ottoman sultan, 1520–66) 77, 80, 102, 129, 132, 187, 191
Süleyman II (Ottoman sultan, 1687–91) 154
Süleyman Pasha (ruler of Kastamonu) 167
sulfur 67, 100–02
deposits of 100–02
methods of extracting 100, 101
mine of 102
Sumatra 194
supply, of weaponry and military hardware 2
surety 112
see also kefil
sürgün (forced resettlement) 44
sword-makers, resettlement of 44
Syria 15, 49, 103, 146
szakállas (“hook gun”) 9, 87–88
szekértábor (wagon camp) 19
Tabriz 80
craftsmen of resettled to Istanbul 44
tabur 19
Tagliacozzo, Giovanni da 68
Tahmasp (Safavid Shah, 1524–76) 194
tahvil (term of an iltizam) 106
taille (main direct tax in France) 121
talimhane (shooting-gallery) 35
taş gemisi (“stone ship” for transportation of stone cannon balls) 52
Tatarpazarı 97, 98, 137
Tatars 202
Taurus mountains 175
tax exemptions 116–18
tax-farmer, see mültezim
tax-farming, see iltizam
tax unit, see avarızhane, hane
taxes
irregular wartime 100–01, 119
see also avarız, tekalif-i örfiyye
family taxes (resm-i çift, bennak and caba) 116
regularly levied şeri and örfi 118
technological determinism 190
technological dialogue 48, 193
technological divergence 8, 61
technological inferiority
supposed Ottoman 6, 61, 186–87
Muslim 8
technological superiority, European 12
technology, transfer of 9, 45
tekalif-i örfiyye (Ottoman irregular tax) 100
Temeşvar (H. Temesvár, R. Timişoara) 27, 98, 180, 200
province of 136
sieges of (1551 and 1552) 35
see also baruthane
Temürhisarı 98
kaza of 119
tevzi defter (distribution register) 120
third-tier weapons producers 187
Thrace 166, 174
Tigris 52, 149
timar (Ottoman military fief), revenues of 30, 31
timariot cavalry (timar-holding sipahi, Ottoman provincial cavalry) 21–22
and saltpeter production 106
Timur (Tamerlane) 15
Timurids 15
tin 165–66, 177, 187
Tırhala (Gr. Trikkala), sancak of 150
tofak (arquebus) 58
tofangchi (Safavid arquebusier, musketeer) 59, 194
top arabacıları (gun carriage drivers) 28, 33
number of 28, 30, 31
topçu (Ottoman cannoneer and cannon founder) 45
early reference to 20
efficiency of 35
examination of 38
number of 30, 31, 33, 46
paid in cash 20
shooting drill of 35
timariot 20, 28
unskilled 38
see also cannoneer, gunner
top gemisi (gun ship) 52
tophane (cannon foundry) of Avlonya 180–81
of Baghdad 180
of Basra 180
of Belgrade 180
of Birecik 180
of Buda 80, 180
of Cairo 180
of Diyarbekir 180
of Edirne 178
of Erzurum 180
of İskenderiye 180
of Mardin 180
of Novaberda 180
of Pravişte 180
of Prevesa 180
of Rudnik 180
of Semendire 180
of Temeşvar 180
of Van 180
Ottoman Imperial in Istanbul (Tophane-i Amire) 12, 13, 44–45, 65, 70, 71, 73, 75, 76, 78, 79, 81, 82, 85, 87, 132, 172–74, 178–81, 184, 197, 200, 203
output of 181–84
see also foundries
Trabzon 101, 171, 172
trace italienne 3, 194
Tractatus (by Vanni) 43
trade, in weaponry 91–93
trajectory, of weapons 62–63, 67
Transoxania 15
transportation
of ordnance and ammunition 48, 52
wheeled 59
Transylvania 26, 201
Principality of 136
treasury
Ottoman deficit of 26
problems of records 30
trench gun, see tüfenk
Tripoli (Trablus-i Şam) 148
Trvotko I (ruler of Bosnia, 1353–91) 17
tüfenk (also tüfeng/tüfek, Ottoman handgun) 23, 88–93, 95, 198, 200
early use of 19
metris tüfeği 89, 90
number of 24
see also arquebus, flintlock, matchlock, wheel-lock musket
tüfenkçi (Ottoman arquebusier, musketeer) 45
tüfenkendaz, see sekban
Tula, arms factory in 47
Tunis, campaign of 117
tup (P. cannon) 58
Turkistan 194
Türkmens 21
Türks 55
see also Ottomans
Urfa 113
Ürgüp 99
Uruš I (ruler of Serbia, 1355–71) 17
Üsküb (S. Skopje) 97, 98
kaza of 120
Uyvar (H.Újvár/Érsekújvár, G. Neuhäusel, Sl. Nové Zamky), province of 136
Uzun Hasan (Akkoyunlu ruler, 1453–78) 28
Valturio, Roberto (1413–84) 43, 67
Van 106, 180, 200
beylerbeyi of 107, 112
province of 99, 100, 101
Vanni, Mariano di Giacomo (author 1381– c.1458) 43
Varad (H. Várad, R. Oradea), province of 136
Varna 52
battle of (1444) 19
Vauban-lock 89
Veinstein, Gilles 123
Veles, kaza of 119
Venetians 9, 12, 17, 43, 45, 48, 54, 55, 95, 128, 136, 150, 160, 191, 198, 202
Venice, Venetian 17, 46, 80, 87, 91, 95, 202
cannons of 10, 95
navy of 49
Vidin 50
Vienna 31, 35, 136, 199
military conference in (1577) 25
see also Austria, Habsburgs, sieges
Vinius, Andries 47
Vodena (S. Voden) 98
kaza of 120
Volissa 49
Vrbas, river 174
Wagenburg (wagon fortress) 18–19
see also szekértábor, tabur
wagon camp, see szekértábor, tabur
Walloon, mercenaries defected to the Ottomans 27
war
against Austria (1716–18) 139
of the Austrian Succession (1740–48) 202
Cretan (1645–69) 31, 126, 141, 144, 147, 150, 153, 191
against the Holy League (1684–99) 31, 93, 120, 126, 138, 154–55
Hungarian (in 1440s) 18
(in 1526) 23
(in 1663–64) 24, 147
of the League of Augsburg (1688–97) 202
Long Hungarian (1593–1606) 25, 27, 28, 31, 93, 123, 147, 149, 181, 191
against Malta (1565) 147
against Persia (1776–77) 143
against Rhodes 146
against Russia (1711) 202
against Russia and Austria (1736–39) 31, 202
against Russia and Austria (1787–92) 133, 143, 199
Russo-Ottoman (1768–74) 31, 133, 140, 142, 148, 159, 181, 186, 199, 200, 203
Russo-Ottoman (1787–92) 204
against the Safavids (1578–90) 27, 93, 149, 181, 191, 199, 200, 203
Seven Years (1756–63) 202
Thirty Years (1618–48) 201
Venetian-Ottoman (1499–1503) 87
warfare, amphibious 18, 48
see also sieges
war-winning weapons 190
water buffaloes 33
weapons 9–10, 61, 195–98
terminology of 9, 195
weapons industry 2
Ottoman 2, 10
and monopoly 104
weapons technology 2, 190
Ottoman 61
wheel-lock 58
pistols 58
Yakub Efendi (defterdar and entrepreneur) 108–09, 112, 143
Yanık (H. Győr, G. Raab) 31
province of 136
yaya (Ottoman foot soldier, later auxiliary) 21–22, 31, 115
of Aydın 114
and saltpeter production 114
Yemen 194
Yenice-i Vardar 98
kaza of 120
Yeşilköy (San Stefano) 161
Yörüks 31
Yusuf Pasha (Yosef Malković, Ottoman admiral) 55
Zadar, see Zara
Zamantu, kaza of 116
Zaplana, miners from 40
Zara (Zadar, Iadra) 17
zarbuzan, zarbzen, see darbzen
Zeynelabidin (sancakbeyi and entrepreneur) 107
Zihna 98
kaza of 119