Aaron ha-Cohen of Lunel, 268, 269
Abraham, 18, 52, 57, 71, 72, 73, 84, 123, 145, 149, 165, 167, 168, 175, 176, 177, 181, 182, 188, 199, 201, 233, 267; bosom of, 199, 201, 202
Abraham bar Asher, 206
Abraham bar Baruch, 248
Abraham bar Hiyya, 251
Abraham ben Eliezer ha-Levi, 269, 270, 272. See also Megillat Amraphel
Abraham bar Samuel, 217
Adémar of Chabannes, 145, 150, 156, 157, 159
Adhémar of Le Puy, 199
Æthelburh, 213
Agobard, 148
Ahimaatz, Chronicle of, 109, 110, 125, 126, 127, 128, 131, 135
Aibert of Milan, 158
Akiva, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 94, 95, 98, 99, 105, 121, 127, 154, 169, 172, 177, 186, 187, 201, 203, 241, 253, 254, 258, 275
Albert of Aix, 182, 183
Albigensians, 248
Alduin of Limoges, 145, 148, 150
Alenu le-Shabeah, 228, 250, 251, 252
Alexander bar Moses, 217
Alexius, 199
Amadeus of Savoy, 261
Amalarius of Metz, 213
Ambrose, 102
Amittai ben Shephatiah, 110, 114, 116, 128
Amnon of Mainz, 251, 252
Amulo, 148
Anselm of Canterbury, 187, 199, 204
Antiochus Epiphanes, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 19, 29, 31, 35, 36, 42, 43, 44, 65, 70, 72, 177
Aquinas, St. Thomas, 213
Arras, 152, 156
Asher ben Yehiel (Rosh), 269
Ashkenazic Jewry, 141, 142, 153, 161, 163, 164, 165, 167, 168, 169, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 185, 186, 187, 188, 192, 193, 198, 199, 205, 215, 216, 219, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 229, 232, 233, 236, 241, 242, 243, 254, 255, 256, 258, 265, 267, 269, 271, 273, 277; Liturgy of, 228, 250–253, 265. See also Rhineland Jews
Augustin, St., 5, 106, 187, 252
Auxerre, 153
Av ha-Rahamim, 250, 251, 265
Baldric of Dol, 198, 214
Baldwin of Flanders, 151
Baptism, 162, 164, 178, 194, 195, 206, 207, 208, 209, 211, 214, 217, 218, 219, 220, 236, 237, 239, 240, 241, 245, 246, 247, 249, 258, 260, 261, 263, 266, 268. See also Conversion
Bar Kokhvah, 67, 68, 103
Barcelona, 266, 268
Bede, 213
Ben Patora, 154
Benedict of York, 235, 236, 237
Bernard of Cleirvaux, 216, 222, 223
Besht, See Israel Baal Shem Tov
Black Death, 259, 261, 264, 265
Blois, 225, 227, 228, 229, 230, 235, 236, 241, 242, 252, 259, 261, 273
Blood libels, 211, 245, 249, 255
Bohemond, 187, 190
Boniface VIII, Pope, 249
Bourges, 247, 248
Bray/Brei, 229, 230, 236, 241
Brides and bridegrooms, as metaphors, 202, 204, 207, 266, 267
Brindisi, 208
Burnt offerings, 88, 105, 110, 116, 119, 120, 129, 173, 174, 178, 203, 230, 258, 266. See also Sacrifices; Qorban
Cambrai, 156
Cathars, 248. See also Heretics
Chalon-Sur-Saone, 153
Champagne, 248
Charles IV, 262
Chivalry, 185, 191, 192, 193, 198; influence on Jews, 194, 197, 205, 217. See also Knights
Chmielnitzki, 235, 273, 274
Christian Fathers, 68, 69
Christina, the Astonishing, 213, 227
Clement, 36, 65
Clement III, 214
Clement VI, 261
Clermont, 165, 166, 167, 174, 176, 203, 264
Colaphus Judaeorum, 143
Cologne, 201, 209, 215, 216, 260, 269
Conrad III, 215
Conversion, forced, 169, 182, 186, 208, 209, 211, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 224, 225, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 237, 238, 240, 241, 244, 245, 246, 247, 249, 252, 254, 256, 257, 258, 260, 261, 262, 263, 266, 267, 268, 269, 272, 274, 276; voluntary, 214, 229, 231, 245, 249. See also Baptism
Cordovan martyrs, Christian, 134, 135, 136
Crusaders, 162, 163, 165, 166, 167, 170, 171, 172, 173, 177, 178, 179, 180, 182, 183, 184, 186, 187, 188, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 202, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 214, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 232, 233, 237, 241, 244, 257, 258, 259, 276, 277; French in First Crusade, 162, 163, 164, 165, 171; French in Second Crusade, 224, 225; Jews describe themselves as, 193, 194, 195, 198, 205. See also Crusades
Crusades. See First Crusade; Frederic II’s; Master of Hungary’s; Rindfleisch; Second Crusade; Shepard’s Crusade; Third Crusade
Daat Zekenim, 234, 268
Daniel, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 16, 18, 25, 26, 28, 37, 42, 49, 51, 63, 64, 73, 142, 165, 167, 175, 177, 226, 232; his three friends (Hananiah, Mishael, Azariah), 7, 8, 11, 18, 26, 49, 57, 72, 82, 105, 167, 172, 177, 201, 226, 241, 262, 268
David the Gabbai, 205
Dove, symbolism of, Jewish, 223, 227, 249, 258, 259; Christian, 223, 226
Dulza, 221, 277
Durkheim, 4
Edward I, 265
Ekkehard of Aura, 137
Elazar bar Judah of Worms, 221, 233, 244, 248, 251, 277
Eleazar, 20, 26, 27, 29, 30, 32, 34, 36, 43, 45, 52, 54, 55, 56, 62, 63, 64, 65, 69, 70, 118, 131, 142
Eleazar ben Dama, 77, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 111
Elhanan, 234
Eli Wiesel, 277
Eliezer b. Joel ha-Levi, 155
Eliezer b. Nathan, 161, 172, 182, 196, 220, 222
Elijah of Aborak (York), 237, 241
Elyakim b. Joseph, 251
Emico, 182
English Jewry, 216, 224, 235–241, 242, 243, 250
Ephraim of Bonn, 215, 216, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 227, 230, 233, 235, 236, 240, 241, 242, 249, 250, 257, 258, 259. See also Sefer Zekhirah
Ephraim Oshry, 276
Erfurt, 244, 260
Eugenius, Poep, 215
Eusebius, 64, 96, 104, 136, 195
Eva Pitzkova, 277
Fackenhem, 275, 277
First Crusade, 161, 163, 164, 165, 167, 174, 187, 188, 192, 199, 204, 205, 212, 215, 218, 219, 220, 222, 223, 224, 230, 235, 239, 252, 255, 256, 259, 263, 267; literary style of Hebrew chronicles of, 215, 216, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 227, 228, 230, 251, 255, 257, 267, 269
Flanders, 151, 152
Frederic II, crusade of, 246
French Jewry, 133; chapter 5; 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 172, 174, 179, 187, 198, 212, 215, 224–230, 233, 235, 242, 243, 246, 250, 251, 254, 259. See also Rouen; Rabbi from France
Fulcher of Chartres, 187, 208
Fulda, 245
Gan Eden, 122, 123, 198, 200, 201, 203, 204. See also Paradise; Rewards; World to Come
Genizah, 162
Gerard I, Bishop of Arras-Cambri, 159
Gerald of Avranches, 166
Gerona, 266
Gershom ben Judah, 143, 146, 168, 176, 214, 269
Godfrey of Bouillon, 171
Golden Calf, 168, 169, 172, 173
Gregory IX, 246, 247
Gregory of Tours, 158, 213
Guibert of Nogent, 162, 163, 171, 212
Guillaume de Nangis, 259
Guta, 179
Gutala, 216
Hadrian, 67, 68, 77, 129
Hagiography/ers, 111, 113, 125, 127–132, 133, 210, 226, 227, 228, 272. See also Hagioi Deka; Saints
Hagioi Deka, 112, 113
Halakhah, 4, 13, 30, 31, 81, 87, 89, 90, 91, 94, 97, 98, 132, 133, 140, 141, 151, 154, 155, 167, 168, 176, 178, 182, 225, 230–235, 253–256, 269
Hananiah ben Teradyon, 75, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 86, 87, 88, 89, 98, 99, 100, 112
Hasdai Crescas, 266, 267, 268, 269
Hassday ibn Shaprut, 128, 134, 135, 136
Hasidei Ashkenaz, 197, 255
Hell, 124, 205
Henry of Germany, 147
Henry IV of Germany, 192, 215
Henry V of Germany, 213
Henry of Diessenhoven, 259
Heresy, Christian sects, 109, 110, 112, 124, 129, 136, 137, 138, 139, 142, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 209, 212; Christian equating Judaism with, 248. See also Albigensians, Cathars. For early Christian sects as Jewish heresy see also Minim
Hermann of Prague, Bishop, 214
Holocaust, 275, 277, 278. See also Nazi/sm
Honorius III, Pope, 252
Hugh of Favigny, 162
Ilana, 187
Inquisition, 245, 249, 261
Isaac, 18, 52, 56, 57, 72, 123, 145, 149, 167, 175, 176, 177, 181, 199, 221, 233
Isaac bar David, 186, 187, 200, 228
Isaac bar Elyakim, in First Crusade accounts, 194, 218
Isaac bar Elyakim, in Second Crusade accounts, 218, 219
Isaac bar Joel, 217
Isaac ben Eleazar, 225
Isaac ben Joseph of Corbeil, 253, 254, 268. See also Sefer Mitzvot Qatan
Isaac ben Moses of Vienna, 247, 251. See also Or Zarua
Isaac of Dampierre (Ri), 234
Isaac the Levite, 209
Ishmael, martyr, 76, 77, 111, 112, 170, 171, 189, 274; ruling on martyrdom, 253, 254, 268; and Eleazar b. Dama, 77, 94, 95, 96, 97
Israel Baal Shem Tov, the Besht, 274
Italian Jewry, Chapter 4 passim, 141, 142, 143, 156
Jacob, 145
Jacob bar Sullam, 188, 189
Jacob ben Meir, Tam, 141, 224, 225, 226, 233, 234, 235, 242, 254, 269
Jacob ben Yequtiel, 151, 152
Jacob of Möllin, 251
Jacob of Orléans, 236, 241, 242
Jacob von Königshofen, 261
Jean de Venette, 260, 264
Jean of Soissons, 212
Jerome, St., 64
John of Salisbury, 191
Joseph bar Solomon, 142
Joseph Bekhor Shor, 234
Joseph ibn Yihyya, 272
Joseph Kara, 142
Joseph of Chartres, 242
Joseph Tov Ellem (Bonfils), 146, 153, 154
Joseph Yaabets, 267
Josephus Flavius, 3, 35, 52, 53, 54, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 83, 104, 106, 118, 120, 122, 123, 130, 144, 148, 238, 239, 240, 275; Christian theologians mentioning, 64, 65, 104
Judah bar Aaron, 226, 241, 242
Judah ben Abraham, 201
Judah ben Baba, 75, 76, 77, 81, 85, 86, 88, 99, 111
Judah of Mainz, 217
Judah the Pietist, 253, 254, 268
Kalonymides family, 142
Kalonymous bar Meshullam, 168, 175, 189, 193, 194, 251
Kalonymous bar Mordecai, 217, 218
Knights, 166, 190, 191, 192, 196, 197; Jews describing themselves as, 194, 196, 197, 198. See also Chivalry
Koblenz, 254
Lawrence, St., 226
Le Mans, 143
Leo Baeck, 277
Libels, 274. See also Blood libels, Well-poisoning
Life of Mari d’Oignies, The, 204, 223
Limoges, 143, 145, 146
Liturgy, Jewish, 72, 244, 250–253, 255, 258, 264, 265, 272, 273
London, 236, 241, 242
Louis VII, 215, 222
Lulianus and Pappus, 77, 78, 79, 80
Lynn, 236
Mahzor Vitry, 250
Maimonides, 268, 269, 275
Mainz, 142, 146, 161, 162, 168, 175, 178, 181, 183, 186, 189, 193, 194, 200, 206, 215, 216, 217, 232, 262, 264
“Mainz Anonymous,” 161, 169, 170, 172, 178, 182, 187, 193, 195, 197, 218
Majorca, 267, 268
Masada, 62, 63, 120, 123, 163, 173, 174, 238
Master of Hungary, crusade of, 247
Megillat Amraphel, 269, 272. See also Abraham ben Eliezer ha-Levi
Meir ben Baruch of Rothenburg, 254, 255, 258, 259, 261, 269, 270, 271, 274
Menahem Zembah, 276
Meshullam ben Isaac, 175, 201, 202
Meshullam ben Kalonymous, 116, 117, 142
Midi, 162
Millenarism, 156, 157
Militia Christi, 159, 165, 187, 191, 192, 198
Mina of Speyer (in Ephraim’s reports), 218; in the “Mainz Anonymous,” 179, 218
Minim, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 102, 103, 104
Miriam, 69, 70, 73. See also Mother of the seven sons
Monieux, 162, 163
Moses the Cohen, 188, 205
Moses Galante, 270
Moses of Zurich, 262, 263
Mother of the seven sons, 24, 32, 34, 44, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 64, 65, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 78, 91, 92, 118, 119, 123, 131, 150, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 220, 254, 257. See also Miriam
Mysticism, 172
Nathan Nata Hanover, 273
Natronai ben Isaac, 206
Nazi/sm, 275, 276, 277. See also Holocaust
Nemiro, 273
Neusse, 220
Nicaea, 183
Normandy, 146, 152
Norwich, 236
Obadyah the Norman, 162
Or Zarua, 247, 251. See also Isaac ben Moses of Vienna
Orderic Vitalis, 166, 208
Orhot Hayyim, 268
Origen, 64, 65, 104
Orléans, 145, 146, 147, 150, 156, 158, 212, 242, 250, 259
Otranto Jewry, 129, 130, 131, 132, 134, 135, 136, 137, 139, 140, 141, 153, 163, 174
Otto of Freising, 215, 216
Paradise, 95, 102, 114, 122, 199, 200, 205, 251, 252, 261. See also Gan Eden, Reward, World to Come
Paris, 229, 241, 248, 249
Paul, 97, 102, 121, 157
Paul Christian (the Franciscan), 248
Paul of Chartres, 158, 159
Pedro IV of Aragon, 266
Pelagius, 223
Peretz of Corbeil, 259, 270
Peretz ha-Cohen, 268
Peter, Rabbi, 224
Peter Alfonsi, 116
Peter of Blois, 206
Peter Damian, 227
Peter of Cluny, 216
Peter of Zittan, 256
Peter the Venerable, 222
Peter Tudebode, 187
Petronius, 37, 38, 39, 40, 49, 50, 51, 52, 144
Pforzheim, 247
Philip II Augustus, 229
Philip IV, 249, 265
Philo of Alexandria, 34, 35, 49, 50, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 64, 65, 104, 106, 117, 118, 129, 130, 144, 145, 148, 275
Polish Jewry, 235, 265, 273, 274
Polycarp, 29, 96, 223, 226, 227, 249
Pontius Pilate, 39, 48, 49, 51, 52, 115–116
Prague, Jews of, 214
Profet Duran, 269
Pulcellina, 225
Qaddish, 250, 251, 252
Qorban, 116, 117–125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 139, 142, 149, 151, 168, 174, 176, 220, 222, 230. See also Sacrifices; Burnt offerings
Rabbi from France, The, 163, 164, 167, 173
Rachel of Mainz, 180, 181, 182
Radom, 151. See also Rouen
Rainald Porchet, 187, 199
Ralph of Diceto, 236, 237, 238, 241
Ramerupt, 224
Raoul Glaber, 137, 138, 139, 145, 147, 150, 156, 157, 158, 159, 212
Rashi, 142, 146, 153, 214
Reims, 152, 153
Resurrection, 9, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, 32, 43, 59, 61, 62, 63, 95, 98, 100, 206, 251, 252. See also Reward, World to Come
Reward (heavenly), 59–65, 95, 96, 97, 101, 121, 122, 123, 151, 159, 160, 166, 174, 185, 188, 198–205, 210, 232, 251, 252, 273, 276. See also Abraham’s bosom; Gan Eden; Paradise; Resurrection; World to Come
Rhine River, 161, 165, 169, 170, 189, 207, 209, 210. See also Baptism
Rhineland, 141, 142, 143, 159, 162, 181, 243, 251. See also Ashkenazic Jewry
Richard I, 235
Richard Malebysse, 237
Richard of Poitiers, 162
Rindfleisch, 256
Robert of France, 145, 146, 147, 148, 156, 158
Rouen, 151, 152, 162, 163, 164, 171
Rudesheim, 175, 189
Rudolf, 215, 216
Russia, pogroms in, 274
Sacrifices of self, Christians, 95, 97, 100, 102, 105, 106, 125, 159, 163, 165, 172, 176, 177, 192, 198, 213, 222, 229, 257; Heretics, 136, 142, 157, 159, 212; Jews, 38, 39, 41, 50, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 64, 72, 73, 90, 104, 105, 107, 114, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 145, 149, 151, 152, 157, 167, 168, 169, 170, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 180, 181, 182, 197, 201, 202, 203, 206, 207, 208, 211, 221, 222, 228, 230, 234, 238, 239, 240, 242, 244, 247, 250, 254, 255, 256, 257, 267, 272, 273, 276, 277, 278; Romans, 39, 40, 42, 47, 48, 51, 52, 55, 56, 57, 58, 63, 65. See also Qorban; Burnt offerings
Saints, 65, 105, 113, 140, 152, 163, 165, 166, 199, 202, 213, 227, 252, 264. See also hagiography, Hagioi Deka; Jewish, 105, 121, 130, 140, 179, 181, 201, 203, 221, 227, 228, 229
Samuel ben Gedalia, 170, 171, 189, 190, 200, 201, 207, 208
Samuel ben Isaac, 217
Sammuel ben Yehiel, 207, 208
Samuel ha-Qatan, 76
Saragossa, 267
Sarit, 201, 202
Saul, King, 189, 190, 253, 255, 268
Scholaster, 179
Second Crusade, 215, 216, 218, 219, 222, 224, 225, 235, 243
Sefer Hasidim, 197, 230, 231, 232, 233, 235
Sefer Mitzvot Qatan, 253, 254, 262. See also Isaac ben Joseph of Corbeil
Sefer Yosippon, 117–125, 127, 128, 129, 130; and French Jewry, 142, 143, 144, 148, 149, 150, 151; and Ashkenzaic Jewry, 163, 173, 174, 178, 179, 181, 186, 198
Sefer Zekhirah, 215, 216, 222, 224. See also Ephraim of Bonn
Sehoq ben Esther, 143, 145, 152
Sens, 153, 154
Seven sons, in 2 Maccabees, 24, 25, 27, 29, 30, 32, 59; and 4 Maccabees, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 63, 64, 70; ignored by Philo and Josephus, 34, 36, 44, 52, 54; in rabbinic literature, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 78, 91, 92; in Sefer Yosippon, 118, 123, 131, 142, 150; as paradigms in medieval martyrology and conduct, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 254, 257; as Christian heroes, 32, 36, 45, 64, 65; Taxo’s, 53, 54, 56
Seville, 266
Shabbettai Donnolo, 114, 115, 117, 128, 129, 131, 142, 172
Shemaiah of Frnace, 142
Shemarya, 186, 206
Shepherd’s Crusade, 259
Sherira Gaon, 128
Shevet Yehudah, 246, 267. See also Solomon ibn Verga
Shimon ben Isaac, 142, 146, 149, 167, 176
Shneor, 142, 148, 149, 150
Sigebert of Gembloux, 162
Simhah ha-Cohen, 194, 195, 196
Simon of Trier, 216, 217
Solomon, Rabbi, 220
Solomon bar Simson, 161, 164, 169, 172, 196, 208, 220, 228
Solomon Cohen, 268
Solomon ha-Bavli, 116, 142, 149
Solomon ibn Verga, 246, 267. See also Shevet Yehudah
Solomon Luria, 234, 270
Spain, 124, 138
Spanish Jewry, 133–136, 246, 248, 259, 265–271
Speyer, 170, 172, 179, 182, 215, 218, 220, 221, 260
Stanford, 236
Stephen Martyr, 213
Strasbourg, 215, 260, 262, 263
Tarragon, 266
Taxo, 53, 54, 56
Te Deum Laudamus, 252
Ten Martyrs (harugei malkhut), 77, 78, 80, 84, 89, 102, 107, 108, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115–116, 117, 128, 169, 170, 172, 173, 177, 182, 185, 202, 254, 258, 273, 274
Tertullian, 65, 95, 96, 104
Theobald of Champagne, 246
Theobald of Blois, 225
Theolphilus, Jewish, 125, 126, 143, 251; Christian, 126, 127, 135, 251
Theresienstadt, 277
Toledo, 269
Tosaf/ot/ists, 198, 214, 224, 233, 234, 235, 239, 242, 243, 253, 255, 268, 269, 270, 271
Third Crusade, 243
Toulouse, 143, 156
Trajan, Emperor, 67, 70, 77
Trial, 233, 256, 266; First Crusade as divine, 188; Second Crusade as a divine, 222; by fire, 225, 226, 227; by water, 225; inquisition’s, 259, 261
Trier, 146, 158, 178, 183, 214
Troyes, 142, 146, 153, 154, 248, 249, 250–253
Ukrain, 274
Un thanne tokef, 250, 251
Urban II, 165, 166, 167, 174, 182, 183, 188, 191, 192, 198, 203, 212, 264
Valencia, 267
virginity, 202
Vision of Daniel, 110, 127
Warsaw ghetto, 276
Weddings, as martyrological metaphor, 202, 261
Well-poisoning, 212, 213, 259, 260. See also Blood libels
William II, 215
William Carpenter, 187, 191
William Godell, 146
William of Newbury, 35, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 242
William of York, 252
Wolkenburg, 215, 216
World to Come, 74, 78–79, 100, 101, 102, 114, 142, 203, 231, 253, 269, 275. See also Resurrection; Gan Eden; Paradise
Worms, 165, 180, 194, 201, 206, 212, 215, 217, 254, 260
Würzburg, 218, 219, 227, 258
Xanten, 163, 164, 173, 174, 188, 189, 203, 205, 206, 214, 220, 273
Yghi Siyan, Emir, 199
Yahrzeit, 250, 251
Yehiel bar David, 226, 241, 242
Yehiel bar Samuel, 170, 171, 189, 190, 200, 201, 207, 208
Yehiel ha-Cohen, 245
Yehiel of Rome, 154
Yental, 180, 182
Yequtiel bar Judah, 226, 241, 242
Yequtiel bar Meshullam, 189, 200
Yizhak Nissenbaum, 276
Yom Tov of Joigny, 240, 242
York, 235, 236, 237, 238, 240, 241, 242, 245
Zevadiah Hazzan, 116
Zipporah, 175, 201