This highly regarded textbook provides a unique clinical reference for all pediatric surgeons. This new edition analyzes and updates what is known about long-term outcomes in pediatric surgery and urology. The editors have succeeded in bringing together critical reviews written by leading international experts in pediatric surgery and urology. The second edition of this successful and popular textbook has been completely revised and updated with new chapters on urolithiasis, small bowel transplantation, pancreatitis, breast disorders, and a completely new section on trauma.
An understanding of long-term outcomes is critical if individual surgeons and health policy-makers are to achieve optimum results in current clinical practice. This is an essential reference source for pediatric surgeons and urologists, pediatricians, adult specialists, and others dealing with the sequelae of childhood surgical problems.
Reviews of the First Edition
“It is an excellent book, well written by a host of experienced surgeons reviewing the results of the surgery of their particular subspecialties and interests... This book should not only be bought by departments of pediatric surgery and pediatric urology, but should also be read by all surgeons and trainees who operate on infants and children.” British Journal of Urology
“ . . . institutional experience and expert clinical review of the literature make the text current and applicable to daily practice . . . A book that emphasizes outcome rather than diagnosis and procedures has become essential, as health care moves to measures of efficacy, safety, acceptability, and cost effectiveness . . . I heartily endorse this work to my colleagues.” Robert J. Touloukian, M. D., review in JAMA.
Second Edition
Edited by
Mark D. Stringer, M.S., F.R.C.S., F.R.C.P.C.H.
Professor of Paediatric Surgery, Department of Paediatric Surgery, St James’s University Hospital Leeds, UK
Keith T. Oldham, M.D., F.A.C.S.
Professor and Chief, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin
Marie Z Uihlein Chair and Surgeon-in-Chief, Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
Pierre D. E. Mouriquand, M.D., F.R.C.S. (Eng.), F.A.P.U.
Professor of Pediatric Urology and Head of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Pediatric Urology, Debrousse Hospital, Claude Bernard University Lyon I, Lyon, France
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo
Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/978-0-521-83902-0
© Cambridge University Press 2006
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2006
Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge
A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library
ISBN-13 978-0-521-83902-0 hardback
ISBN-10 0-521-83902-5 hardback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
Every effort has been made in preparing this publication to provide accurate and up-to-date information which is in accord with accepted standards and practice at the time of publication. Although case histories are drawn from actual cases, every effort has been made to disguise the identities of the individuals involved. Nevertheless, the authors, editors and publishers can make no warranties that the information contained herein is totally free from error, not least because clinical standards are constantly changing through research and regulation. The authors, editors and publishers therefore disclaim all liability for direct or consequential damages resulting from the use of material contained in this publication. Readers are strongly advised to pay careful attention to information provided by the manufacturer of any drugs or equipment that they plan to use.
We dedicate this book to our patients and their families.
| List of contributors | page xi | ||
| Acknowledgments | xxi | ||
| Preface | xxiii | ||
| Part I General issues | |||
| 1 | Introduction and historical overview | 3 | |
| (a) North American perspective | 3 | ||
| W. Hardy Hendren | |||
| (b) European perspective | 13 | ||
| Barry O’Donnell | |||
| 2 | Principles of outcomes analysis | 17 | |
| Brigid K. Killelea, Eric L. Lazar, and Michael G. Vitale | |||
| 3 | Outcomes analysis and systems of children’s surgical care | 29 | |
| Keith T. Oldham, Mark D. Stringer, and Pierre D. E. Mouriquand | |||
| 4 | Perinatal mortality and morbidity: outcome of neonatal intensive care | 39 | |
| Janet M. Rennie | |||
| 5 | Psychological aspects of pediatric surgery | 54 | |
| Lorraine Ludman | |||
| Part II Head and neck | |||
| 6 | Cleft lip and palate | 67 | |
| Alistair G. Smyth | |||
| 7 | Lymphangiomas | 79 | |
| Salam Yazbeck and Maria Di Lorenzo† (†deceased) | |||
| 8 | Thyroid and parathyroid (including thyroglossal disorders) | 90 | |
| Jaimie D. Nathan and Michael A. Skinner | |||
| 9 | Salivary glands disorders | 104 | |
| John D. Langdon | |||
| 10 | Head and neck tumors | 117 | |
| Robert Ord and Rui Fernandes | |||
| Part III Thorax | |||
| 11 | Chest wall deformities | 135 | |
| Donald Nuss | |||
| 12 | Congenital diaphragmatic hernia | 150 | |
| Nikki Almendinger, Son Lee West and Jay Wilson | |||
| 13 | Surgical management of airway obstruction | 158 | |
| Dana Mara Thompson and Robin T. Cotton | |||
| 14 | Pulmonary resection and thoracotomy | 184 | |
| Frédérique Sauvat and Yann Revillon | |||
| 15 | Esophageal atresia | 192 | |
| (a) Surgical aspects | 192 | ||
| Spencer W. Beasley | |||
| (b) Nutrition, growth, and respiratory function | 208 | ||
| Philip A. J. Chetcuti and John W. L. Puntis | |||
| 16 | Antireflux procedures | 217 | |
| Adam Goldin | |||
| 17 | Esophageal replacement | 227 | |
| Steven W. Bruch and Arnold G. Coran | |||
| 18 | Esophageal achalasia | 232 | |
| Thomas T. Sato | |||
| 19 | Congenital malformations of the breast | 242 | |
| Younghoon R. Cho and Arun K. Gosain | |||
| Part IV Abdomen | |||
| 20 | Abdominal surgery: general aspects | 255 | |
| Mark D. Stringer | |||
| 21 | Abdominal wall defects | 270 | |
| David K. Magnuson | |||
| 22 | Inguinal and umbilical hernias | 286 | |
| Emma J. Parkinson and Agostino Pierro | |||
| 23 | Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis | 296 | |
| David C. G. Crabbe | |||
| 24 | Small bowel disorders | 305 | |
| Julie R. Fuchs and Jacob C. Langer | |||
| 25 | Cystic fibrosis | 315 | |
| Mark Davenport and Hilary Wyatt | |||
| 26 | Necrotizing enterocolitis | 329 | |
| Marion C. W. Henry and R. Lawrence Moss | |||
| 27 | Inflammatory bowel disease in children | 351 | |
| Frederick Alexander | |||
| 28 | Intestinal failure | 362 | |
| Jacqueline Saito | |||
| 29 | Appendicitis | 374 | |
| Prem Puri and Alan Mortell | |||
| 30 | Hirschsprung’s disease | 385 | |
| Risto J. Rintala and Mikko Pakarinen | |||
| 31 | Anorectal malformations: experience with the posterior sagittal approach | 401 | |
| Alberto Peña and Marc A. Levitt | |||
| 32 | Gastrointestinal motility disorders | 416 | |
| Manu R. Sood and Paul E. Hyman | |||
| 33 | The Malone antegrade continence enema (MACE) procedure | 429 | |
| Ashok Rajimwale and Padraig S. J. Malone | |||
| 34 | Splenectomy | 435 | |
| Jennifer H. Aldrint and Henry E. Rice | |||
| 35 | Biliary atresia | 446 | |
| Edward R. Howard | |||
| 36 | Choledochal cyst | 465 | |
| Takeshi Miyano | |||
| 37 | Biliary stone disease | 480 | |
| Faisal G. Qureshi, Evan P. Nadler, and Henri R. Ford | |||
| 38 | Portal hypertension | 491 | |
| (a) Surgery and interventional radiology | 491 | ||
| Frédéric Gauthier, Danièle Pariente, and Sophie Branchereau | |||
| (b) Endoscopic treatment | 502 | ||
| Mark D. Stringer | |||
| 39 | Persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia in infancy | 510 | |
| Pascale de Lonlay and Jean-Jacques Robert | |||
| 40 | Acute and chronic pancreatitis in children | 519 | |
| Pierre Tissières and Claude Le Coultre | |||
| Part V Urology | |||
| 41 | Introduction | 531 | |
| Pierre D. E. Mouriquand | |||
| 42 | Upper tract dilation | 533 | |
| Venkata R. Jayanthi and Stephen A. Koff | |||
| 43 | Posterior urethral valves | 540 | |
| Peter M. Cuckow | |||
| 44 | Vesicoureteric reflux | 555 | |
| (a) Definition and conservative management | 555 | ||
| Judith H. van der Voort and Kate Verrier Jones | |||
| (b) Surgical treatment | 571 | ||
| †David Gough | |||
| 45 | Genitoplasty in exstrophy and epispadias | 583 | |
| Christopher R. J. Woodhouse | |||
| 46 | Feminization (surgical aspects) | 595 | |
| Justine M. Schober | |||
| 47 | Hypospadias | 611 | |
| Laurence S. Baskin | |||
| 48 | Bladder exstrophy | 621 | |
| Thomas E. Novak and John P. Gearhart | |||
| 49 | Surgery for neuropathic bladder and incontinence | 631 | |
| Prasad Godbole and Duncan T. Wilcox | |||
| 50 | Non-neuropathic bladder–sphincter dysfunction | 643 | |
| Göran Läckgren and Tryggve Nevéus | |||
| 51 | Undescended testes | 652 | |
| John M. Hutson | |||
| 52 | Circumcision | 664 | |
| Peter M. Cuckow | |||
| 53 | The single kidney | 675 | |
| Adrian S. Woolf | |||
| 54 | Multicystic kidney | 683 | |
| Gianantonio M. Manzoni and Anthony A. Caldamone | |||
| 55 | Urolithiasis | 695 | |
| Bartley G. Cilento, Jr., Gerald C. Mingin, and Hiep T. Nguyen | |||
| 56 | Gonadal tumors | 707 | |
| J. S. Valla | |||
| Part VI Oncology | |||
| 57 | Late effects of the treatment of childhood cancer | 727 | |
| Mark F. H. Brougham and W. Hamish B. Wallace | |||
| 58 | Neuroblastoma | 745 | |
| Joel Shilyansky | |||
| 59 | Wilms’ tumor | 759 | |
| (a) Wilms’ tumor: N. American experience | 759 | ||
| Michael L. Ritchey and Nadeem N. Dhanani | |||
| (b) Wilms’ tumor: European experience | 769 | ||
| Patrick G. Duffy, Gill A. Levitt, and Anthony J. Michalski | |||
| 60 | Rhabdomyosarcoma | 782 | |
| Dave R. Lal, Charles A. Sklar, and Michael P. LaQuaglia | |||
| 61 | Liver tumors and resections | 799 | |
| Jean de Ville de Goyet and Jean-Bernard Otte | |||
| 62 | Extragonadal germ cell tumors | 815 | |
| Christian J. Streck and Andrew M. Davidoff | |||
| 63 | Hemangiomas and vascular malformations | 826 | |
| Adam M. Vogel and Steven J. Fishman | |||
| Part VII Transplantation | |||
| 64 | Renal failure and transplantation | 845 | |
| Maria H. Alonso, Greg Tiao, and Frederick C. Ryckman | |||
| 65 | Liver transplantation | 858 | |
| Paolo Muiesan and Nigel D. Heaton | |||
| 66 | Intestinal and multivisceral transplantation | 884 | |
| Jorge Reyes and Geoffrey Bond | |||
| 67 | Heart and lung transplantation | 897 | |
| Thomas Spray and Stephanie M. P. Fuller | |||
| Part VIII Trauma | |||
| 68 | Introduction scoring and trauma management systems | 915 | |
| Peter F. Ehrlich | |||
| 69 | Prognosis and recovery of pediatric head injury | 926 | |
| P. David Adelson, Neil Buxton, and Richard Appleton | |||
| 70 | Truncal trauma | 936 | |
| Steven Stylianos and Michael G. Vitale | |||
| Part IX Miscellaneous | |||
| 71 | Vascular access | 947 | |
| A. Martin Barrett and Roly Squire | |||
| 72 | Myelomeningocele and hydrocephalus | 958 | |
| Bruce A. Kaufman | |||
| 73 | Outcomes after maternal–fetal surgery | 966 | |
| Preeti Malladi, Karl Sylvester, and Craig T. Albanese | |||
| 74 | Conjoined twins | 1005 | |
| Lewis Spitz | |||
| Index | 1015 | ||
| Colour plates between pages 648 and 649 |
†deceased
P. David Adelson
Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery
Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh and
The University of Pittsburgh
3705 Fifth Avenue
Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2583, USA
Craig T. Albanese
Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital
Stanford Medical Center
780 Welch Road, Suite 206
Stanford, CA 94305-5733, USA
Jennifer H. Aldrint
Division of Pediatric Surgery
PO Box 3815
Duke University Medical Center
Durham, NC 27710, USA
Frederick Alexander
Department of Pediatric Surgery
Cleveland Clinic
Children’s Hospital
9500 Euclid Avenue M14
Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
Nikki Almendinger
Department of Surgery
Children’s Hospital
300 Longwood Avenue
Fegan 3
Boston, MA 02115, USA
Maria H. Alonso
Department of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery
Transplantation Division
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
3333 Burnet Avenue
Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
Richard Appleton
The Roald Dahl EEG Unit
Department of Paediatric Neurology
Royal Liverpool Children’s Hospital
Alder Hey, Eaton Road
Liverpool L12 2AP, UK
A. Martin Barrett
Department of Paediatric Surgery
Royal Victoria Infirmary
Queen Victoria Road
Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK
Laurence S. Baskin
Department of Urology
University of California
400 Parnassus Avenue, A640, Box 0738
San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
Spencer W. Beasley
Department of Paediatric Surgery
Christchurch Hospital
Private Bag 4710
Christchurch, New Zealand
Geoffrey Bond
Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery
Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh and
The University of Pittsburgh
3705 Fifth Avenue
Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2583, USA
Sophie Branchereau
Division of Surgery
Federation of Paediatrics
78 rue du Général Leclerc
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Bicêtre
Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
Mark F. H. Brougham
Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology
Royal Hospital for Sick Children
17 Millerfield Place
Edinburgh EH9 1LW, UK
Steven W. Bruch
University of Michigan Medical School
C. S. Mott Children’s Hospital
Section of Pediatric Surgery F3970
1500 E. Medical Center Drive
Ann Arbor, Mi 48109-0245, USA
Neil Buxton
Department of Paediatric Neurosurgery
Royal Liverpool Children’s Hospital
Alder Hey, Eaton Road
Liverpool L12 2AP, UK
Anthony A. Caldamone
Division of Pediatric Urology
Hasbro Children’s Hospital
Brown University School of Medicine
Providence, RI, USA
Philip A. J. Chetcuti
Clarendon Wing
Leeds General Infirmary
Leeds LS2 9NS, UK
Younghoon R. Cho
Department of Plastic Surgery
Medical College of Wisconsin
9200 West Wisconsin Avenue
Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
Bartley G. Cilento, Jr.
Department of Pediatric Urology
The Children’s Hospital
300 Longwood Avenue
Boston, MA 02115-5737, USA
Arnold G. Coran
University of Michigan Medical School
C. S. Mott Children’s Hospital
Section of Pediatric Surgery F3970
1500 E. Medical Center Drive
Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0245, USA
Robin T. Cotton
Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
3333 Burnet Avenue
Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
David C. G. Crabbe
Department of Paediatric Surgery
Clarendon Wing
Leeds General Infirmary
Leeds LS2 9NS, UK
Peter M. Cuckow
Department of Paediatric Urology
Institute for Child Health and
Great Ormond Street Hospital
for Children NHS Trust
30 Guilford Street
London WC1N 3JH, UK
Mark Davenport
Department of Paediatric Surgery
King’s College Hospital
Denmark Hill
London SE5 9RS, UK
Andrew M. Davidoff
St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital
332 N Lauderdale
Memphis TN 38105, USA
Pascale de Lonlay
Département de Pédiatrie
Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades
149 rue de Sèvres
75743 Paris Cedex 15, France
Jean de Ville de Goyet
Transplant and Paediatric Surgery
St. Luc University Hospital
10 Avenue Hippocrate
B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
Nadeem N. Dhanani
Department of Urology
University of Texas
Houston Medical School
6431 Fannin Street, Suite 6018
Houston
Texas 77030, USA
Maria Di Lorenzo†
(formerly) Department of Surgery
University of Montreal
Hôpital Sainte-Justine
3175 Côte Ste-Catherine
Montreal
Quebec
Canada H3T 1C5
Patrick G. Duffy
Department of Paediatric Urology
Institute of Child Health and Great Ormond Street Hospital
for Children NHS Trust
30 Guilford Street
London WC1N 3JH, UK
Peter F. Ehrlich
University of Michigan Medical School
C. S. Mott Children’s Hospital
Section of Pediatric Surgery F3970
1500 E. Medical Center Drive
Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
Rui Fernandes
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
University of Maryland
666 W Baltimore Street
Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
Steven J. Fishman
Department of Surgery
Children’s Hospital
300 Longwood Avenue
Fegan 3
Boston, MA 02115, USA
Henri R. Ford
Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles
University of Southern California
Los Angeles, CA, USA
Julie R. Fuchs
Department of Pediatric Surgery
J. W. Riley Hospital for Children
Indianapolis, IN, USA
Stephanie M. P. Fuller
Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery
Heart, Lung, and Heart Transplant Services
Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
34th Street and Civic Center Blvd.
Suite 8527, Main Building
Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
Frédéric Gauthier
Division of Surgery
Federation of Paediatrics
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Bicêtre
78 rue du Général Leclerc
Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
John P. Gearhart
Brady Urological Institute
The Johns Hopkins Hospital
600 North Wolfe Street
Baltimore, MD 21287-2101, USA
Prasad Godbole
Department of Paediatric Urology
Sheffield Children’s NHS Trust,
Sheffield, UK
Adam Goldin
Division of Pediatric Surgery
Department of Surgery
University of Washington
Seattle, WA, USA
Arun K. Gosain
Department of Plastic Surgery
Medical College of Wisconsin
9200 W. Wisconsin Avenue
Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
†David Gough
Department of Paediatric Urology
Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital
Pendlebury
Manchester M27 4HA, UK
Nigel D. Heaton
Liver Transplant Surgical Service
King’s College Hospital
Denmark Hill
London SE5 9RS, UK
W. Hardy Hendren
Children’s Hospital
300 Longwood Avenue
Boston, MA 02115, USA
Marion C. W. Henry
Section of Pediatric Surgery
Yale University School of Medicine
333 Cedar Street, FMB 132
PO Box 208062
New Haven, CT 06520-8062, USA
Edward R. Howard
(formerly) Department of Surgery
King’s College Hospital
Denmark Hill
London SE5 9RS, UK
John M. Hutson
Department of General Surgery
Royal Children’s Hospital
Flemington Road
Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
Paul E. Hyman
Department of Pediatrics
University of Kansas Hospital
3901 Rainbow Boulevard
Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
Venkata R. Jayanthi
Division of Urology
Children’s Hospital
Room ED343, Ed Building
700 Children’s Drive
Columbus, OH 43205-2696, USA
Bruce A. Kaufman
Department of Neurosurgery
Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin
9000 W Wisconsin Avenue
MS 405
Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
Brigid K Killelea
In-CHOIR (International Center for Health
Outcomes and Innovation Research)
600W. 168th Street, 7th Floor,
New York, NY10032, USA
Stephen A. Koff
Division of Urology
Children’s Hospital
Room ED343, Ed Building
700 Children’s Drive
Columbus, OH 43205-2696, USA
Göran Läckgren
Department of Paediatric Urology
Uppsala University
Akademiska Sjukhuset Ing 95
S-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
Dave R. Lal
(formerly) Department of Surgery and Pediatrics
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
C-1176, 1275 York Avenue
New York
New York 10021, USA
John D. Langdon
(formerly) Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
King’s College London
London, UK
Jacob C. Langer
Room 1526
Department of Surgery
Hospital for Sick Children
University of Toronto
555 University Avenue
Toronto ON M5G 1X8, Canada
Michael P. LaQuaglia
Department of Surgery and Pediatrics
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
C-1176, 1275 York Avenue
New York
NY 10021, USA
Eric L. Lazar
Children’s Hospital of New York
3959 Broadway
Room 201 South
New York
NY 10032, USA
Claude Le Coultre
Paediatric Surgery Department
Children’s Hospital
6 rue Willy Donze-HUG
CH-1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
Gill A. Levitt
Department of Paediatric Urology
Great Ormond Street Hospital
for Children NHS Trust
30 Guilford Street
London WC1N 3JH, UK
Marc A. Levitt
Colorectal Center for Children Cincinnati
Children’s Hospital for Pediatric
Surgery
3333 Bunet Avenue, ML 2023
Cincinnati, OH 46229, USA
Lorraine Ludman
Institute of Child Health
Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust
30 Guilford Street 46229, USA
London WCIN 3JH, UK
David K. Magnuson
University Hospital Health System
Rainbow Babies & Childrens Hospital
1100 Euclid Ave, Room RBC 122
Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
Preeti Malladi
Stanford University Pediatric Surgery
780 Welch Rd., Ste. 206
Stanford, CA 94305-5733, USA
Padraig S. J. Malone
Southampton University Hospitals
Tremona Road
Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
Gianantonio M. Manzoni
Sezione Urologia Pediatrica, Divisione di Urologia
Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi
Varese
Italy
Anthony J. Michalski
Department of Paediatric Urology
Great Ormond Street Hospital
London WC1N 3JH, UK
Gerald C. Mingin
Department of Urology
Denver Children’s Hospital
Colorado, CO, USA
Takeshi Miyano
Department of Pediatric General and Urogenital Surgery
Juntendo University School of Medicine
2-1-1 Hongo
Bunkyo-ku
Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
Alan Mortell
Children’s Research Centre
Our Lady’s Hospital for Sick Children
Crumlin
Dublin 12, Ireland
R. Lawrence Moss
Section of Pediatric Surgery
Yale University School of Medicine
333 Cedar Street, FMB 132
PO Box 208062
New Haven, CT 06520-8062, USA
Pierre D. E. Mouriquand
Department of Paediatric Urology/Surgery
Debrousse Hospital
29 rue Soeur Bouvier
69322 Lyon Cedex 05, France
Paolo Muiesan
Liver Transplant Surgical Services
King’s College Hospital,
Denmark Hill
London SE5 9RS, UK
Evan P. Nadler
New York University School of Medicine
530 First Avenue, Suite 10 W
New York, NY 10016, USA
Jaimie D. Nathan
Division of Pediatric Surgery
Duke University Medical Center
PO Box 3815
Durham, NC, 27710, USA
Tryggve Nevéus
Department of Paediatrics
Uppsala University
Akademiska Sjukhuset Ing 95
S-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
Hiep T. Nguyen
Department of Pediatric Urology
The Children’s Hospital
300 Longwood Avenue
Boston, MA 02115-5737, USA
Thomas E. Novak
Brady Urological Institute
The Johns Hopkins Hospital
600 North Wolfe Street
Baltimore, MD 21287-2101, USA
Donald Nuss
Pediatric Surgery
Children’s Hospital of the King’s Daughters
601 Children’s Lane, Suite 5A
Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
Barry O’Donnell
28 Merlyn Road,
Ballsbridge
Dublin 4, Ireland
Keith T. Oldham
Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin
9000 W Wisconsin Avenue
PO Box 1997
Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
Robert Ord
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
University of Maryland
666 W Baltimore Street
Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
Jean-Bernard Otte
Transplant and Paediatric Surgery
St. Luc University Hospital
10 Avenue Hippocrate
B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
Mikko Pakarinen
Children’s Hospital
University of Helsinki
PO Box 281
FIN-00029 HUS, Finland
Danièle Pariente
Division of Radiology
Federation of Paediatrics
Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Bicêtre
78 rue du Général Leclerc
Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
Emma J. Parkinson
Department of Paediatric Surgery
Institute of Child Health
30 Guilford Street
London WC1N 1EH, UK
Alberto Peña
Colorectal Center for Children
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital for Pediatric Surgery
3333 Bunet Avenue ML 2023
Cincinnati, OH 46229, USA
Agostino Pierro
Department of Paediatric Surgery
Institute of Child Health
and Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust
30 Guilford Street
London WC1N 1EH, UK
John W. L. Puntis
Clarendon Wing
Leeds General Infirmary
Leeds LS2 9NS, UK
Prem Puri
Children’s Research Centre
Our Lady’s Hospital for Sick Children
Crumlin
Dublin 12, Ireland
Faisal G. Qureshi
University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
300 Halket Street, Suite 5500
Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
Ashok Rajimwale
Southampton University Hospitals
Tremona Road
Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
Janet M. Rennie
Department of Neonatal Medicine
Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Obstetric Hospital
University College London Hospitals
Huntley Street
London WCIE 6 DH, UK
Yann Revillon
Service de Chirurgie Pediatrique
149 rue de Sevres
75743 Paris Cedex 15, France
Jorge Reyes
Transplant Surgery
University of Washington
Seattle, USA
Henry E. Rice
Division of Pediatric Surgery
PO Box 3815
Duke University Medical Center
Durham, NC 27710, USA
Risto J. Rintala
Department of Pediatric Surgery
Children’s Hospital
University of Helsinki
PO Box 281
FIN-00029 HUS, Finland
Michael L. Ritchey
Department of Surgery and Pediatrics
Division of Urology
University of Texas
Houston Medical School
6431 Fannin Street, Suite 6018
Houston
Texas 77030, USA
Jean-Jacques Robert
Département de Pédiatrie
Hôpital Necker – Enfants Malades
149 rue de Sèvres
75743 Paris Cedex 15, France
Frederick C. Ryckman
Department of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery
Transplantation Division
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
3333 Burnet Avenue
Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
Jacqueline Saito
Division of Pediatric Surgery
University of Alabama
Birmingham, AL, USA
Thomas T. Sato
Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin
9000 W Wisconsin Avenue
C320
Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
Frédérique Sauvat
Service de Chirurgie Pediatrique
149 rue de Sevres
75743 Paris Cedex 15, France
Justine M. Schober
333 State Street, Suite 201
Erie, PA 16506
USA
and
Department of Urology
Hamot Medical Center
Erie, PA, USA
Joel Shilyansky
Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin
9000 W. Wisconsin Avenue
C320
Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
Michael A. Skinner
Division of Pediatric Surgery
Duke University Medical Center
PO Box 3815
Durham, NC 27710, USA
Charles A. Sklar
Department of Surgery and Pediatrics
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
C-1176, 1275 York Avenue
New York
New York 10021, USA
Alistair G. Smyth
Northern and Yorkshire Cleft Lip and Palate Service
Clarendon Wing
The General Infirmary at Leeds
Gt. George Street
Leeds LS2 9NS, UK
Manu R. Sood
Department of Pediatric Gastroent erology
Children’s Hospital of Wisconsin
9000 W. Wisconsin Avenue Milwaukee,
WI 53226, USA
Lewis Spitz
Department of Paediatric Surgery
Institute of Child Health
and Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust
30 Guilford Street
London WC1N 1EH, UK
Thomas Spray
Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery
Heart, Lung, and Heart Transplant Services
Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
34th Street and Civic Center Blvd.
Suite 8527, Main Building
Philadelphia, PA 19104
USA
Roly Squire
Department of Paediatric Surgery
Gledhow Wing
St. James’s University Hospital
Beckett Street
Leeds LS9 7TH, UK
Christian J. Streck
St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital
332 N Lauderdale
Memphis TN 38105, USA
Mark D. Stringer
Children’s Liver and GI Unit
Gledhow Wing
St. James’s University Hospital
Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
Steven Stylianos
Department of Pediatric Surgery
Miami Children’s Hospital
3200 SW 60th CT-Suite 201
Miami, FL 33155, USA
Karl Sylvester
Stanford University Pediatric Surgery
780 Welch Rd., Ste. 206
Stanford, CA 94305-5733
USA
Dana Mara Thompson
Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology and the Aerodigestive and Sleep Center
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
3333 Burnet Avenue
Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
Greg Tiao
Department of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery
Transplantation Division
Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center
3333 Burnet Avenue
Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
Pierre Tissières
Multidisciplinary Paediatric Intensive Care Unit
Bicêtre Hospital
78 rue de Genberal Leclerc
92475 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
J. S. Valla
Service de Chirurgie Pediatrique
Hôpital Lenval
56 avenue de Californie
06200 Nice, France
Judith van der Voort
KRUF Children’s Kidney Centre for Wales
University Hospital of Wales
Heath Park
Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
Kate Verrier Jones
KRUF Children’s Kidney Centre for Wales
University Hospital of Wales
Heath Park
Cardiff CF14 4XW, UK
Michael G. Vitale
Children’s Hospital of New York
3959 Broadway, 8 North
New York, NY 10032, USA
Adam M. Vogel
Department of Surgery
Children’s Hospital
300 Longwood Avenue
Fegan 3
Boston, MA 02115, USA
W. Hamish B. Wallace
Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology
Royal Hospital for Sick Children
17 Millerfield Place
Edinburgh EH9 1LW, UK
Son Lee West
Department of Surgery
Children’s Hospital
300 Longwood Avenue, Fegan 3
Boston, MA 02115, USA
Duncan T. Wilcox
Department of Pediatric Urology
The University of Texas
Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas
Dallas, Texas, USA
Jay Wilson
Department of Surgery
Children’s Hospital
300 Longwood Avenue
Fegan 3
Boston, MA 02115, USA
Christopher R. J. Woodhouse
Institute of Urology
Gower Street Campus
48 Riding House Street
London W1W 7EY, UK
Adrian S. Woolf
Nephro-Urology Unit, UCL
Institute of Child Health
30 Guilford Street
London WC1N 1EH, UK
Hilary Wyatt
Department of Child Health
King’s College Hospital
Denmark Hill
London SE5 9RS, UK
Salam Yazbeck
Department of Surgery
University of Montreal
Hôpital Sainte-Justine
3175 Côte Ste-Catherine
Montreal
Quebec H3T 1C5, Canada
We are indebted to our partners, Emma, Karen, and Jessica, and to our children, Paul, Stephen, Catherine, Christian, Brian, David, and Caroline. Without their support and encouragement, our endeavors as pediatric surgeons would not be possible.
We also wish to thank Peter Silver, Senior Editor at Cambridge University Press, for his steadfast support and encouragement throughout the project and Joseph Bottrill, Production Editor, and Mary Sanders (Copyeditor), for their expertise in collating the material for this second edition.
The second edition of this book attempts to bring together and analyze what we currently know about the long-term effects of conditions and operative procedures in pediatric surgery and urology. The subject of long-term outcomes has been relatively neglected in the past. However, the realization that there is an ever-expanding cohort of children reaching maturity with a variable legacy from childhood surgical problems has prompted a more critical and detailed study of outcomes with the aim of optimizing current surgical practice. Encouragingly, all major international pediatric surgical meetings now include data on long-term outcomes. Furthermore, in the decade since the first edition of this text was conceived, the quality and relevance of the data are substantially more robust. Much more is now known about long-term function and quality of life. Data on outcomes provide a barometer for healthcare, indicating its efficacy, safety, acceptability, and sometimes its cost-effectiveness. Such data will be used increasingly to shape public policy and guide surgical practice. Perhaps, more than in any other field of surgery, it is necessary for pediatric surgeons and urologists to look critically at long-term outcomes and the effect these have on the quality of life of their patients and their families.
By inviting contributions from leading experts around the world including the USA, Europe, Australia, and Japan, we have collected together critical analyses of the literature, framed within the context of a wealth of institutional and personal experience. We are grateful to our many authors for their outstanding efforts. We hope that the second edition of this text is reasonably comprehensive, but it is not intended to be encyclopedic. A completely new section on trauma has been added, together with new chapters on the organization and delivery of pediatric surgical care, urolithiasis, pancreatitis, intestinal motility disorders, small bowel transplantation, and pediatric breast disorders.
Since the first edition was published, Professor Ted Howard has retired and stepped down from the editorial team. He was a major influence in the initiation of this project and a keen advocate of the importance of long-term follow-up. We are much indebted to him and wish him a long and happy retirement.
This book is intended to be a unique reference work for pediatric surgeons and urologists, but it should also be of value to pediatricians, adult specialists, and others who are involved in the long-term follow-up of patients with congenital malformations. We hope that clinicians will continue to be stimulated to look critically and honestly at their long-term results so that we can better inform our patients and their families in the future.