Aktion Erntefest, 271
Aktion Hase, 96
Aktion Mitte B, 97
Aktion Reinhard, 258
Aktion T4, 226
Allgemeine Ortskrankenkasse (AOK). See General Local Health Insurance Provider.
Annexation of Austria. See Anschluss.
Anschluss (annexation of Austria), xvi, xxii, 3, 105, 107, 136, 278
Anti-Jewish policy
before 1938, xx, xxii, xxiv
central measures in, xxi, xxii, xxiii
consequences of for Jews, xvi, 107, 109, 131, 274
contradiction in, 109
diminished SS role in, 240, 276
division of labor principle in, xvii, xviii, xxiv, 30, 112, 132, 244, 281, 294
effect of war on, 8, 9, 126, 141, 142
forced labor as element of, x, xii, xiii, 3, 4, 177, 276
in Austria, 136
local-central interaction in, xx, xxi, xxii
local measures in, xxi, xxii, xxiii, 150, 151
measures implementing, 151, 172, 173, 280
reformulation/radicalization of, xxiii, xxiv, 5, 30, 87, 105, 106, 149, 161, 277
See also Emigration of Jews, Exclusion of Jews, Impoverishment of Jews, Jewish forced labor, Segregation of Jews, and Unemployment of Jews.
Aryanization, xxiv, 45, 46, 47, 58, 66, 107, 109, 276
“Asocials,” 3, 4, 108, 109
Attack on Soviet Union, 14, 129, 184, 201, 217, 252, 254, 257, 274
Autobahn camps, 286
acceptance/rejection of Jews for, 197, 198
administration of by private companies, 203
closing of, 208, 209, 211
control of by Autobahn authorities, 199, 203, 213, 219
control of by SS (Schmelt), 214, 223
employing Polish Jews, 183, 198, 203, 217, 286
locations of, 203, 212, 219, 220
redesignation of as “Zwangsarbeitslager,” 223
regulations for, 199, 200, 203, 212
See also Führer’s road and Schmelt forced labor camps.
Autobahn construction management headquarters (Oberste Bauleitung der Reichsautobahnen)
in Austria, 127
in Berlin, 199, 200, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206
in Breslau, 204, 205, 211, 212, 220, 222
in Cologne, 205
in Danzig, 203, 204, 205
See also Reich Autobahn Directorates.
Autobahn construction projects
Berlin-Frankfurt an der Oder-Posen-Litzmannstadt, 183, 187, 196, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 209
Breslau-Brieg-Gleiwitz-Krakow, 202, 204, 211
Durchgangstrasse 4, 217, 255, 256, 267, 270, 282
Stettin-Danzig, 202, 203
Barracks camps, 38, 47, 65, 66, 76, 97, 98, 111, 120, 172, 202, 236, 260
Benefits for Jewish forced laborers
denial of, 13, 289
elimination of, 22, 39, 115, 128, 152, 171, 195, 237, 248
lack of, 12, 43, 242
paying for without receiving, 235
See also Health insurance for Jewish forced laborers and Social insurance for Jewish forced laborers.
Beschäftigungsverhältnis eigener Art. See Labor status of Jewish forced laborers, as codified special employment classification.
Bonuses
instead of wages, 191
per performance agreements (Leistungsakkordprämien), 242
prohibition against, 128
See also Wages of Jewish forced laborers.
Border fortification projects, 235, 236, 244, 245, 249, 251
Central Office for Jewish Emigration in Prague (Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung), 151, 161, 172, 173, 281
as central site handling Jewish matters, 148
as model for promoting emigration, 144, 145
management of expropriated property by, 162, 169
planning and organization of forced labor by, xvii, 154, 155, 156, 158, 170
provision of forced laborers by, 152
Central Office for Jewish Emigration in Vienna (Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung), 110, 112, 130
closing of retraining camps of, 134
development and recruitment of forced labor, 118, 119
operation of retraining camps by, 126, 287
role of in expulsion and deportation, 120, 129
Central Office for Jewish Retraining, Nisko am San, 56
“Cleansing” of German territory, 178, 179, 201, 269
Companies using forced labor
AEG Berlin, 17
Askania-Werke AG, 252
Ausbildungswerkstätten A. W. Lemberg, 267
Avia Flugzeugwerke, 163
Bertha Werke Markstädt (Krupp AG), 220.
See also Companies using forced labor, Krupp AG.
Blaupunkt-Werke GmbH Berlin, 41
Buchdruckerei Pleva, 158
Buna-Werke Auschwitz (I. G. Farben), 217.
See also Companies using forced labor, I. G. Farben.
Christoph & Unmack AG Niesky, 71
Dachpappenfabrik Žaček, 158
Deutsche Ausrüstungswerke GmbH, 257
Deutsche Sprengchemie GmbH, Dreetz/Neustadt an der Dosse, 208
Ehrich & Graetz AG Berlin, 17
Fassdaubenfabrik Bolechow, 267
Firma Brockmann, 222
Firma de Boer Emden, 115
Firma Eduard Riedel Mechanische Knopffabriken Görlitz, 71
Firma Emil Schmidt Tief- & Straßenbau, 36
Firma Gans und Hochberger Tarnow, 238
Firma Gottlieb Singer Klatau, 164
Firma Hammel & Westenberger, 18
Firma Hoffmann, 222
Firma Holzverarbeitung Hrdlička, 158
Firma Ingenieur Kindl Predmeritz, 167
Firma Kartonagen Kos, 158
Firma Kulzer & Co. Frankfurt am Main, 29
Firma Kunststoffe Baklax, 158
Firma Mann Lederwaren Wildner, 158
Firma Max Braun Radio Frankfurt am Main, 20, 29
Firma Moll, 222
Firma Nebelung & Sohn Bielefeld, 53
Firma Optische Apparate Matuška, 158
Firma Osterrieth Frankfurt am Main, 25, 29
Firma Pokorny Schüttenhofen, 164
Firma Roggenbuck & Söhne Hamburg, 100
Firma Schwarz & Co. Lemberg, 267
Firma Textilia Lemberg, 267
Firma Wäscherei Seibel Dörnigheim, 25
Firma Walter Többens Warschau, 263, 269
Firma Wilhelm Goebel Golzow, 204
Firma Wurpts-Loga, 39, 115
Flachsröste GmbH München-Lohhof, 42
Frankfurt Asbestwerke AG, 29
Grün & Bilfinger AG Mannheim, 222
Hermann Göring Reichswerke, 183
Holzbau AG-Zweigstelle Lemberg, 267
Hugo Schneider AG (HASAG), 194, 268
I. G. Farben, 224, 225.
See also Companies using forced labor, Buna and Luranil.
Kaolinfabrik Chlumpschau, 158
Kaolinwerke Ledetz, 158
Karl Walter und Co. GmbH, 97
Karpathen-Öl AG, 267, 271
Keramische Fabrik Tschemoschau, 158
Kofferfabrik Singer Klattau, 158
Kohlenbergwerk Gaya, 158
Kohlenbergwerk Midlowar, 158
Krupp AG Essen, 265.
See also Companies using forced labor, Bertha Werke.
Kurmärkische Zellwolle und Zellulose AG (Phrix-Werke) Wittenberge, 208, 209, 210
Landwirtschaftliche Maschinenfabrik Hofherr-Schrans, 158
Luranil (I. G. Farben) Baugesellschaft GmbH Ludwigshafen, 224.
See also Companies using forced labor, I. G. Farben.
Märkische Elektrizitätswerke AG, 209
Märkische Stahlform-Werke Eberswalde, 211
Metallwerke Elektra GmbH Gummersbach, 70
Metrawatt AG Feinmechanische und Optische Werke Nürnberg-Zweigwerk Lemberg, 267
Möbelfabrik Bolechow, 267
Ober Birken Kaolinwerke, 158
Oberschlesische Hydrierwerke, 220, 228
Ostindustrie GmbH (Osti), 271
Prager Eisen AG, 158
Radiofabrik Jiskra, 158
Sägewerk Kusy, 164
Sägewerk Müller & Söhne Rothenburg, 71
Schott & Genossen Jena, 97
Schultz und Co. GmbH, 261, 263, 269
Siemens AG Berlin, 35, 41, 278, 290
Siemens-Schuckert Werke AG Berlin, 15, 16, 183.
See also Companies using forced labor, Siemens AG Berlin
Straßenbaugesellschaft Kemna-Lenz GmbH, 36
Südböhmische Elektrizitätswerke, 158
Teerag-Asdag AG, 125
Vereinigte Nordhäuser Kautabakfabriken-Hanewacker Co., 42
Voltohm Seil-und Kabelwerke AG Frankfurt am Main, 16, 20, 29
Westböhmische Kaolinwerke, 164
Wienerberger Ziegelei AG Wien, 113
Wiener Ziegelwerke AG, 113
Zeiss-Ikon AG Dresden, 78
Zeiss-Ikon Görtz Berlin, 41
Zementwerke Malmeritz, 158
Ziegelindustrie AG “Ziag” Wien, 113
Zuckerfabrik Hatschein, 158
Compensation of Jewish forced laborers. See Wages of Jewish forced laborers.
Compulsory community. See Forced community.
Concentration camps
at Dachau, 108, 109
Austrian research on, 105
control of by Inspectorate of Concentration Camps/SS, xiv, 141, 142
deportation to, xxiii
expansion of, 228, 293
integration of labor camps into, 266, 272, 273, 275, 287
massacre of prisoners in, 97
relationship to forced labor, 3, 4, 98, 109, 120, 224, 265, 277
workshops in, 234, 265, 266, 272
Control of forced labor systems for Jews, xiv, xv
by central authorities, 149
by Gestapo, 16, 286
by labor administration, xviii, 5, 30, 111, 191, 195, 210, 240, 255, 274, 276, 281, 282, 283, 293
by labor offices, 9, 70, 191, 236, 254, 273, 274, 282
by local authorities, 7, 11, 149, 274, 278, 281
by municipal administrations (in ghettos), 195
by Organisation Schmelt (SS), 284, 285
by Reich Autobahn authorities, xviii
by Reichsstatthalter in Posen, 129, 183, 187, 191, 284
by SD (SS), xvii, 259
by SS, xiii, 191, 231, 273, 275, 281, 283, 293
failure of SS in, 266, 267
interference in, 282
lack of uniformity in, 238, 239
parallel operation of by SS and labor administration, 282
struggle over in GG, 239
transfer of to SS, xviii, 261, 283
transfer of from SS to labor administration, 240, 241, 242, 243, 281
transfer of from Wehrmacht to SS, 266
Cooperation/Collaboration
among multiple interests, 21, 112, 282, 294, 295
among multiple agencies and companies, 21, 25, 26, 116, 290
among SS, Security Police, and civilian administration, 235, 236
between Gestapo and labor administration, 120, 136
between Gestapo and local authorities, 39, 133
between Gestapo and private industry, 79
between labor administration and private industry, 39
between labor administration and RSHA, 14, 15
between labor administration and SD, 130, 239, 240
between labor administration and SS, 256, 283
between SS and Wehrmacht, 260, 267, 283, 291
lack of by SS, 244, 246, 249, 250, 257
Court decisions, discriminatory, 13, 14
Craftsmen. See Jewish skilled workers.
Decrees on forced labor
codifying special employment status of Jews (October 3, 1941), 19, 20, 22, 131, 170, 180, 187, 277, 288
on segregated labor deployment (December 20, 1938), 11, 30, 31, 144, 277
See also Table of Decrees on Forced Labor.
Deportations, 132, 225, 226
conclusion of, 26, 27, 28, 79, 80, 91
exemptions from, xvii, 24, 131, 271, 278
failure of plans for, 8, 9, 121, 122, 123, 129, 153, 182, 214, 274, 281, 284
for extermination, 194, 212, 227, 258, 262, 270
from annexed territories, 121, 122, 178, 180, 232, 250, 251
from eastern Upper Silesia, 226
from Germany, 22, 210, 211
from Protectorate, 146, 169
from Wartheland, 178
negative effect of on production, 20, 21, 263, 278
of Austrian Jews, 122, 129, 134, 279
effects on forced labor by preparations for, 70, 81, 281
postponement of, 148, 181
resumption of, 25, 26, 76, 186, 191
to annexed territories, 277
to East, 161, 169, 170, 173
to foreign-language-speaking Gau, 146, 177, 178
to ghettos, 166, 169
to GG, 131
to Poland, 14, 37, 66, 177
Der Geschlossene Arbeitseinsatz. See Segregated labor deployment.
“Destruction through work,” 291, 292
Deutscher Gemeindetag. See German Council of Municipalities.
Division of labor principle in persecution. See Anti-Jewish Policy.
Economic and Administrative Main Office of SS (WVHA), 209, 210, 222, 228, 259, 262, 264, 270, 272
Economic interests
conflict of with anti-Jewish persecutory policy, 156, 157, 191, 206, 261, 263, 265, 266, 272
importance of forced labor for, x, xviii, 157, 261, 274, 275, 277, 289, 290, 291, 293
influence of on deportation and extermination, 201, 256, 259, 260, 275, 291, 293, 294
See also Labor market and Labor shortages.
Emigration of Jews
preparation for, 44, 46, 47, 118
prevention of, 144, 159
reduction of means for, xxiii, 3
See also Expulsion.
Ernährungs-und Wirtschaftsamt “Ghetto.” See Ghetto food and economic office.
Estates, SS-run, 245 (Lublin), 267 (Galicia), 245, 267
Ethnic German self-defense corps, 235, 236, 244, 245, 251
Exclusion of Jews
from associations, 145
from education, xxi, xxiv, 151
from employment, trade, and professions, xvi, xx, xxi, xxiii, xxiv, 143, 148, 149, 172, 214, 276, 280
from military service and Reich Labor Service, xxii
from organizations influencing public opinion, 145
from public life, 143, 145
under racial laws, xxii, xxiii
See also Anti-Jewish policy and Restrictions affecting Jews.
Expropriation of Jewish property, xxiii, xxiv, 62, 66, 145, 147, 162, 169, 236, 276
Expulsion of Jews
acceleration by force, 5
as goal of persecution, xvi, xvii, xx, xxiv, 3, 44, 112, 120, 146
failure of policy of, 8, 30
forcing, 3, 144
through emigration, xxiv, 110
See also Anti-Jewish policy and Emigration.
Fabrik-Aktion, xvii, 27, 28, 29, 79, 89, 210, 278, 291.
See also Raids.
Fabrik-Aktion, second, 95, 96, 99
Factory labor camps, 208, 271
Fees. See Wage deductions, discriminatory.
“Final solution” of Jewish problem, 85, 126
Fitness-to-work examinations, 28, 118, 154, 155, 158, 164, 165, 167, 172, 256, 265
by Jewish physicians, 200
for women, 166
performed by Jewish community, 166
proof of for Jews, 4
See also Selection of Jewish forced laborers.
Food (rations) for Jewish forced laborers
excluding supplements for heavy labor, 122, 123
improvement in to increase productivity, 190
inadequacy of, 42, 60, 82, 162, 189, 190, 223, 252, 287
in Autobahn camps compared to ghetto, 201
lack of, 245, 252, 253, 283
in smaller amounts than for Poles 186
supplements to for heavy labor, 123, 126
See also Living conditions.
Forced community (Zwangsgemeinschaft), xxiv, 5, 19, 28, 39, 112, 131, 135, 160, 277
Forced laborers
concentration camp prisoners, ix, 97, 165, 197, 209, 210, 228
elderly Jews, 70, 71, 127, 135, 164
foreign workers, 8, 131, 132, 201, 204, 227, 236, 278
incapacitated Jews, 17
Jewish women, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 41, 43, 81, 127, 130, 163, 164, 165, 166, 168, 169, 172, 180, 189, 222, 225, 249, 280
prisoners of war, 91, 98, 130, 132, 184, 185, 187, 188, 205, 217, 222, 247, 249
young Jews, 15, 118, 130, 135, 151, 164, 190
“Free workers,” 98, 100, 101, 242
as Jewish labor classification, 243, 255
as opposed to “not free” eastern Jewish laborers, 206
transfer of to Janowska by SS, 266
wages for, 242
Führer’s road, 142, 196, 197, 206, 212.
See also Autobahn camps.
Gas vans, 190, 208
General Commissioner for Labor Utilization (Generalbevollmächtigter für den Arbeitseinsatz), 92, 94, 101, 265
Generalbevollmächtigter für den Arbeitseinsatz. See General Commissioner for Labor Utilization.
General Inspector for German Roadway System (Generalinspektor für das Deutsche Straßenwesen), 196, 197
Generalinspektor für das Deutsche Straßenwesen. See General Inspector for German Roadway System.
General Local Health Insurance Provider (Allgemeine Ortskrankenkasse), 52, 207
German Council of Municipalities (Deutscher Gemeindetag), xxi, xxii, 23, 24, 84
German Labor Front (DAF), 76, 115, 184
Der Geschlossene Arbeitseinsatz. See Segregated labor deployment.
Ghetto food and economic office (Ernährungs-und Wirtschaftsamt “Ghetto”) (Litzmannstadt), 181, 182
Ghettos
as labor ghettos (“Jewish camps”), 268, 270
as source of labor, 180, 195, 199
closings of, 194, 227, 260, 269, 270
concentration of Jews in (“ghettoization”), xxiii, xxiv, 5, 161, 162, 177
control of by municipal administration, 181, 182, 282
deportation from, 162, 261
establishment of, 151, 161, 162, 169, 180, 181, 183, 251, 274, 283
transfer of control of from municipal administration to SS, 266
work outside, 181, 192, 193, 282
workshops in, 186, 192, 251, 253, 254, 261, 274, 275, 282, 284
self-government of, 180, 181
uprisings in, 90, 269, 270
Guarding of labor camps and ghettos, 72, 76, 81, 98, 99, 100, 101, 120, 126, 203, 210, 219, 224, 242, 245, 263, 267
Guidelines
for reintegration of Jewish professionals, 157
for use of Jews as forced labor, 154, 155, 156, 241, 242
for elimination of Jewish workers (Himmler), 266
on evacuating Jews, 21
Gypsies, 33, 66, 89, 93, 178
“Half-Jews.” See Mischlinge.
HASAG. See Companies using forced labor, Hugo Schneider AG.
Health insurance for Jewish forced laborers
elimination of, 52, 53, 206, 237, 248
lack of, 208
See also Benefits for Jewish forced laborers and Social insurance for Jewish forced laborers.
Humiliation rituals, 105, 230
work in cleaning columns, 108, 136
participation in scouring groups (Reibeparteien), 107, 108, 136
punishment work, 108, 292
Impoverishment of Jews
and deterioration of social support system, 126, 127, 143
as reason for Jewish forced labor, 4, 281
from unemployment, 172, 237, 280
plans to address, 9, 147
resulting from anti-Jewish policy, xvi, 274, 276
severity of in Austria, 110, 136
See also Anti-Jewish policy and Unemployment of Jews.
Infrastructure modernization, role of forced labor in, 106, 122, 123, 136, 217, 249, 274, 277, 279, 282, 291.
See also Otto Program.
IKG. See Viennese Jewish Religious Community.
Israelitische Kulturgemeinde (IKG). See Viennese Jewish Religious Community.
“Jewish camps.” See Ghettos, as labor ghettos.
Jewish communities, 165
as suppliers of Jewish forced labor, 153, 155, 156, 180, 216, 220
as social assistance organizations, 54, 143, 156, 157, 158, 163, 173, 207
depletion of resources of, 238
establishment of labor camps by, 151, 152
provision of social assistance to camps by, 79, 151, 199, 206, 240
supervision of home workers’ work by, 164
under Central Office (SS) control, 148
use of for recruitment, 12, 147, 148
See also Jewish councils and Jewish Religious Association.
Jewish councils
control of by Kreis- and Stadthauptmänner, 240, 241
depletion of resources of, 256
establishment of, 178, 232, 233
exclusion of from provision of laborers, 242
intervention of for Jewish laborers, 237, 244, 245, 252
loss of control by (in ghetto), 192
providing for ghetto by, 253, 282
provision of forced laborers by, 180, 216, 232, 239, 244, 255
payment/receipt of workers wages or fees by, 162, 238, 239, 248
workshops of in Lemburg, 258
See also Jewish communities and Jewish Religious Association.
Jewish forced labor
importance of for war, 271, 290, 291
as element of persecution, 3, 182, 281, 289
as protection against extermination, 282, 288, 291, 292, 293
based on German model, 293
central planning for, xvii, 3, 5, 183
dependence on, 290
depletion of, 127, 128, 164, 165, 170, 198
establishment of in GG, 231, 233, 281
expansion of, 11, 111, 135, 153, 158, 165, 182, 183, 189, 190, 290
local establishment of, 149
replacement of in GG armaments production, 263, 264
statistics on, 17, 18, 128, 135, 157, 158, 165, 166, 170, 188, 189
See also Anti-Jewish policy.
Jewish forced labor, use of
by private enterprise, 183, 184, 199, 283
by municipal administrations for public projects, 13, 110
by Wehrmacht, 230
for armaments production, xviii, 137, 163, 167, 209, 212, 220, 222, 225, 259, 263, 265, 266, 278
for brick production, 113
for hydraulic projects, xv, 7, 33, 36, 37, 39, 40, 51, 114, 115, 246, 252, 256
for mining, 167, 168, 171
for personal services, 247
for railway construction, 152, 249
for road work, 7, 8, 113, 132, 142, 150, 153, 165, 185, 191, 248, 249, 256, 261, 274, 275
for snow and ice removal, 9, 13, 30, 133, 142, 152, 153, 167, 235
for waste management, 13, 28, 30, 135, 136, 153, 165, 277
for Wehrmacht clothing production, 225, 263, 265, 291
in agriculture and forestry, 48, 54, 55, 56, 58, 81, 133, 136, 151, 154, 156, 163, 166, 168, 170, 274, 286
in industry, 12, 13, 123, 132, 155, 166, 167, 172, 222, 275, 280
in construction, 6, 7, 8, 111, 136, 158, 163, 164, 166, 170
Jewish labor offices, 240, 242, 244, 254, 262
Jewish Religious Association, 13.
See also Jewish communities and Jewish councils.
Jewish reservation, 235
Jewish skilled workers (craftsmen)
closing of Lemberg residential quarter for, 266
exemptions from deportation/ extermination for, 291
high proportion of, 236, 256, 263
importance of for economy, 225, 257, 262, 265, 270
group rental of, 222
use of in industry, xviii, 12, 30, 156, 157, 265
Jewish Social Institute (Jüdisches Soziales Institut), 143
Jewish unskilled laborers, 11, 12, 30, 157, 167, 222
Jewish welfare offices, 40, 59
Gestapo representative of, 11, 15, 16, 25, 31
Jews in mixed marriages
assignment of to manual labor, 28, 89
discriminatory practices against, 91
deportation of, 27, 29, 85, 135, 136
exemptions for, 86, 88, 89, 137
forced labor of, xvii, 30, 93, 94, 136, 168, 171, 172, 278, 279
in labor and residential camps, 67
segregated labor deployment of, 28, 134
treated like “full Jews,” 161, 170, 171
standard wages for
“judenfrei” status, 77, 131, 181, 192, 270
“judenrein” status. See “judenfrei” status.
Judenvermittlungsstelle. See Office for placement of Jews.
Jüdische Kulturvereinigung. See Jewish Religious Association.
Jüdisches Soziales Institut. See Jewish Social Institute.
“Jüdisch Versippte.” See Persons related to Jews by marriage.
Katzmann report, 270
Kreishauptmänner (Kreishauptleute), 234, 236, 239, 240, 242, 244, 251, 258, 282
Kristallnacht. See November pogrom.
Labor and residential camps, 61, 63, 71, 74, 286
control of by Gestapo, 62, 78, 218
dilapidated housing in, 67, 68, 82
dismantling of, 74, 75, 76, 77
deportations from, 77, 78, 82
establishment of, 65, 66, 81, 82
housing of families in, 62, 66, 286
lack of food in, 73, 74
locations of, 63, 65
recruitment for, 69, 70
regulations in, 71, 72
Labor camps for German Jews, 34
closing of, 37
cost reductions in, 57
development of, 278
for segregated labor deployment, 37, 285, 286
locations of, 36, 37
to perform short-term building projects, 34
organized by labor administration, 32
Labor camps for Austrian Jews (in Austria), 105, 134, 287
locations of, 124
Labor camps for Austrian Jews (in Germany), 134, 287
locations of, 117
Labor camps of SS in Austria, 287
locations of, 124
Labor camps in Galicia and GG, 287, 288
closings of, 270
Labor contracts, 115, 137, 202, 216
as collective agreements between Reichsvereinigung and municipalities, 48, 52, 53, 54, 55, 59, 81, 286
as collective agreements between labor office and municipalities, 59, 60
as group arrangements, 213, 228
omitted in arrangement for ghetto workers, 199
with individual “free workers,” 81, 243, 279, 286
See also Rental arrangements for Jewish laborers.
Labor law, special
codification of, 22, 131, 187, 279
de facto evolution of, 7, 31, 81, 137, 142, 277
discrimination against Jews under, xxii, 12, 39, 116, 128
exclusion of eastern Jews from, 200, 286
loss of benefits under in annexed eastern territories, 152, 170, 171, 173, 187
wartime changes in, 9, 10, 238
See also Labor status of Jews and Decrees.
Labor market
labor administration responsibility for, 5
control of Jews’ access to, xiii, 112, 120
in Austria, 106, 129
Jewish labor as factor in, 8, 236, 237, 239, 263
requirements of, xvii, xviii
See also Economic interests and Labor shortages.
Labor shortages, 110
as impetus for forced labor, x, 183, 187, 226, 227, 242, 274, 276, 277, 281
conflict of with ideology, 76, 206, 212
easing of with foreign Jews, 4, 265
effects of on extermination plans, 291
from war mobilizations, 9
from withdrawal of non-Jewish Polish workers, 236, 259
in unskilled construction work, 123, 204, 245, 246
of skilled workers, 12, 157
See also Economic interests and Labor market.
Labor status of Jewish forced laborers
as codified special employment classification, 20, 288
without employment classification or formal labor category, 8, 53, 54
need for definition of, 8, 11, 12, 128
viewed as special labor category, 8, 13
“Lazy Jew” stereotype, xvi, 107, 233, 242, 255
Leistungsakkordprämien. See Bonuses, per performance agreements.
Living conditions, harsh
as cause of forced labor deaths, 292
for women in labor camps, 41, 42
for non-Jewish forced laborers, 289
in ghettos, 200, 201, 251, 253, 254
in labor camps, 38, 60, 79, 81, 98, 99, 193, 210, 216, 223, 228, 245, 248, 252, 253, 271, 285, 288
worsening of, 81, 82
See also Mortality rates, high, and Food.
Lump-sum fees. See Rental arrangements for Jewish laborers.
Marking of Jews, xxiii, 125, 145, 150, 151, 159, 160, 232, 289
using “J” in passports, 148
rejection of, 130
with armbands, 159, 179
with white stars, 224
with Stars of David, 19, 87, 150, 160, 161, 180
See also Segregation of Jews.
Mass murder, 190, 194, 255, 269
acceleration of, 194, 211, 261, 273
based on fitness-to-work determination, 283
construction of facilities for, 257
exemptions from, xviii, 259, 269, 275
rationale for in 1941, 290
Ministerium für soziale und Gesundheitsverwaltung. See Ministry for Social and Health Administration.
Ministry for Social and Health Administration (Ministerium für soziale und Gesundheitsverwaltung), 144, 154, 155, 158, 163
Mischlinge
compensatory payments to, 99
discriminatory practices against, 84, 87, 91, 94, 95
deportation of, 100
exclusion of from military service, 85, 87
exemption of from deportation, 87, 88, 89, 101
exemption of from forced labor, 84, 99
forced community plan for, 88
forced labor of, xvii, 83, 90, 92, 93, 94, 97, 98, 102, 172, 278, 279, 286
in camps, 82, 96, 101, 287
military service of, 84, 85, 88, 90, 92, 94, 101
plans for forced sterilization of, 86, 87, 90, 101
policy discussions regarding status of, 84, 87
racial classification of, 84, 85, 86, 92, 99
research on, 83
segregated labor deployment of, 95, 101, 102
social support of, 84
special labor battalions/groups for, 89, 90, 91, 100, 101
use of for OT service, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 101
See also Sonderkommando J.
Mortality rates, high
in ghettos, 182, 189
in labor camps, 74, 225, 286, 292
See also Living conditions, harsh.
Narodni Arijeká Kulturni Jednotav. See National Aryan Cultural Association.
National Aryan Cultural Association (Narodni Arijeká Kulturni Jednotav), 150
November pogrom (Kristallnacht, November 1938), ix, xvi, xvii, xxiii, xxiv, 5, 30, 34, 45, 81, 83, 84, 112, 132, 136, 277, 279, 293
Nuremberg laws, 84, 145, 148, 280
Oberste Bauleitung der Reichsautobahnen (OBR). See Autobahn construction management headquarters, in Berlin.
Office for placement of Jews (Vienna), 112, 130
“Ohne Hoffnung weiter,” 220
Orders. See Decrees.
Organisation Todt (OT), 89, 90, 219, 252, 278, 286, 291
Osti. See Companies using forced labor, Ostindustrie GmbH.
Otto Program, 184, 185, 217, 248, 249.
See also Infrastructure modernization, role of forced labor in.
Persons related to Jews by marriage (jüdisch Versippte), 83, 85, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 99, 101, 102
Phrix Werke. See Companies using forced labor, Kurmärkische Zellwolle und Zellulose AG.
Prisoner-of-war camps, 254, 257
Profits from forced labor camps
to Autobahn authorities and OT, 220
to local communities and institutions, 40, 41, 82
to private companies, 204, 283
to SS, 228, 275
Prohibitions. See Restrictions affecting Jews.
Property Transfer Office (Vermögensverkehrstelle) (Vienna), 111
“Quarter-Jews.” See Mischlinge.
Racial superiority, SS belief in, 244
Raids, 79, 108, 109, 217, 226, 230, 244
with authorization, 245, 246
without authorization, 244, 255, 256, 257, 274
See also Fabrik-Aktion.
Rations. See Food.
Recruitment of Jewish laborers, 16, 135, 137, 172, 187, 189, 226, 234
Registration of Jews, 9, 28, 127, 182, 255
for war service, 142
for deportation, 147, 161, 178
for labor deployment when unemployed, 5, 7, 117, 119, 153, 163, 165, 172, 198, 200, 279
for forced labor in GG, 231, 232, 233, 236, 237, 242, 250, 251, 258, 268
resistance to, 112, 243, 244, 254
Reich Association of Jews in Germany. See Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland.
Reich Autobahn Directorates, 197, 202, 204, 208, 209, 212.
See also Autobahn construction management headquarters.
Reich Institute for Labor Placement and Unemployment Insurance (Reichsanstalt für Arbeitsvermittlung und Arbeitslosenversicherung), 4, 6, 30, 34, 110, 111, 277
Reich Commissar for Reunification of Austria with German Reich (Reichskommissar für Wiedervereinigung Österreichs mit den Deutschen Reich), 106
Reich Insurance Agency (Reichsversicherungsamt), 206
Reich Labor Service, 238
Reich Labor Service camps, 67, 82
Reichsanstalt für Arbeitsvermittlung und Arbeitslosenversicherung (RAfAA). See Reich Institute for Labor Placement and Unemployment Insurance.
Reichskommissar für Wiedervereinigung Österreichs mit den Deutschen Reich. See Reich Commissar for Reunification of Austria with German Reich.
Reichstreuhänder der Arbeit. See Reich Trustee of Labor.
Reichstreuhänder für den Öffentlichen Dienst. See Reich Trustee for Public Service.
Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland (Reich Association of Jews in Germany), xxiv, 26, 197
exclusion of Polish Jews from membership in, 206
intervention of for Jewish forced laborers, 29, 69, 197, 207
report of on camps, 75
support for Jewish forced laborers by, 58, 69
See also Reichsvereinigung retraining camps.
Reichsvereinigung retraining camps, 43, 49, 286
administration of by Reichsvereinigung, 14, 46, 47
administration of by forestry offices, 59
age breakdown of workers in, 50, 51
closing of, 40, 41, 45, 57, 58, 79, 80, 81
control of by RSHA and Gestapo, 42, 52, 81
deportations from, 78
instruction and social activities at, 56
lack of training in, 50, 55
locations of, 50
relationship to segregated labor deployment, 47
removal of Reichsvereinigung from administration of, 57, 58, 59, 60
transfers among, 51
transformation of into labor camps, 75, 76, 78
work performed at, 47, 48, 55, 56, 81
See also Reichsvereinigung der Juden in Deutschland and Reichsvereinigung training estates.
Reichsvereinigung training estates, 44, 45, 46
as agricultural training sites, 44
lease of, 47, 56, 58
sale and lease-back of, 46
compared to self-supporting estates in Austria, 47
See also Reichsvereinigung retraining camps.
Reichsversicherungsamt. See Reich Insurance Agency.
Reichsvertretung, 45
Reich Trustee for Public Service (Reichstreuhänder für den Öffentlichen Dienst), 23, 24
Reich Trustee of Labor (Reichstreuhänder der Arbeit), 39, 115, 125, 128
Rental arrangements for Jewish laborers 193
with labor administration, 195, 228, 284
with Schmelt Organisation, 220, 222, 229, 284, 285
with SS in GG, 195, 262, 283
with SS WVHA for concentration camp prisoners, 223, 262
See also Labor contracts and Wages of Jewish forced laborers.
Reorganization
of forced labor camp system, 57, 75, 81
of forced labor for Jews in mixed marriages, 28, 134, 135
Resettlement. See Deportations.
Restrictions affecting Jews
causing loss of voting rights, 145
on changing residences, 179, 180
on eating, 41
on economic activity, 153
on freedom of movement, 38, 39, 42, 130, 148, 151, 160, 233, 286
on hospital admission, 207
on leaving camp, 39, 41, 45, 52, 61, 71, 72, 82, 99, 101, 125, 134, 287
on owning firearms, 146
on shopping hours, 150
on use of public establishments and facilities, xxi, xxii, 145, 149, 159
See also Exclusion of Jews.
Retraining. See Training, vocational
Retraining camps in Austria (Viennese Central Office for Jewish Emigration of SD), 137, 279, 287
closing of, 129
administration of by Viennese Jewish Religious Community, 118, 126, 136, 137
administration of by forestry administration, 118
location of, 119
Retraining camps of SS (Austria), 126, 137, 287
Schmelt forced-labor system, 217, 218, 222, 223, 275, 282, 286, 287
camp network of, 228, 285
camp hierarchy, 224
closing of camps, 224, 225, 227
distribution of Polish Jews by, 285
diversion of wages by, 76, 220, 284
elimination of wages in, 223
recruiting by, 217
registration of Jews for, 216
workshops of, 220, 227
See also Autobahn camps and Special Commissioner of Reichsführer SS for Utilization of Foreign Nationals as Labor in Upper Silesia.
Segregated labor deployment (Der Geschlossene Arbeitseinsatz), 3, 31
and public support, 4, 5, 38
as applied to non-Jewish workers, 289
as “free” worker placement, 98, 243
as Gestapo front for transports, 29, 30
as mobilization of labor potential, 294
as model for forced labor, xvii, 280, 288, 289
Austrian model for, 8, 105, 106, 136, 137, 278, 279
beginnings of, xvii, 8
camps for, 7, 81, 199, 218
conditions under, xiv, 200
definition of, ix
end of in Germany, 210
expansion of, 9, 11, 12, 123, 153, 280
lack of indemnification for, xv, xvi, 288
organized by labor administration, 9, 31, 47, 80, 118, 196, 218, 277
regulations for, 6, 154, 187
requirements for, 57, 58
sources on
supervision of by Gestapo, 155
statistics on, 14, 18, 19, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31, 131
variants of in eastern territories, 149, 150, 181, 240, 280, 281, 285
under individual contracts, 277
Segregation of Jews, 110, 156, 260
as anti-Jewish policy, xxii, xxiv, 112, 120, 232
as prerequisite to deportation, 131
by concentration in “Jewish houses,” xxiv, 66, 91, 159
by concentration in separate residential areas, xxiii, 5, 26, 62, 151, 161, 162, 177, 266, 267
by placement in labor camps, 33, 34, 81, 156, 233, 268
in separate work columns, x, 6, 30, 34, 112, 114, 120, 136, 163, 188, 232, 278, 280
in workplaces, 6, 111, 154
not strictly enforced, 150, 172
with goal of social isolation, xvii, xxiii, 145, 157, 278, 294
See also Anti-Jewish policy, Ghettos, and Marking of Jews.
Selection of Jewish forced laborers
according to fitness to work, 258, 283
by Jewish community, 155
by labor offices, 256, 275
for extermination, 262
in Schmelt camps, 226, 286
multi-agency/multi-company cooperation in, 278
See also Fitness-to-work examinations.
Social insurance for Jewish forced laborers
elimination of, 267, 281
lack of, 53, 242
provision of, 59, 125
paying for without receiving, 248
See also Benefits for Jewish forced laborers and Health insurance for Jewish forced laborers.
Soviet Union as source of slave labor 290
Sonderbeauftragter des Reichsführers der SS für fremdvölkischen Arbeitseinsatz in Oberschlesien. See Special Commissioner of Reichsführer SS for Utilization of Foreign Nationals as Labor in Upper Silesia.
Sonderkommando J, 100.
See also Mischlinge.
Special Commissioner of Reichsführer SS for Utilization of Foreign Nationals as Labor in Upper Silesia (Sonderbeauftragter des Reichsführers der SS für fremdvölkischen Arbeitseinsatz in Oberschlesien), 220, 223, 275, 286
appointment of, 216, 284
assumption of control by, 217, 218, 275
camps withdrawn from, 228
end of career of, 228
expansion of control by, 199, 212, 223, 226, 227
peak of power of, 227
See also Schmelt forced-labor system.
SS organization
corruption of, 249
mission of, 249
SS Organisation Schmelt. See Schmelt forced-labor system.
Stadthauptmänner, 238, 240, 241, 244, 247, 248
Taxes on Jewish forced laborers, 199
anti-Jewish tax on income (Austria)
“head taxes” for losses from Jewish resettlement, 69
social equalization taxes, 17, 40, 152
special taxes, 289
wage taxes, 267, 289
See also Wage deductions, discriminatory.
Training, vocational, 44
cancellation of, 60, 130
financed by forced labor, 19
in agriculture for emigration, 118, 151, 152
Jews’ need for, 46, 47
of skilled workers, 225
of replacements for Jewish craftsmen, 264
provision of by Reichsvereinigung, 58
reduction of funds for, 58
Training estate at Linden, 152
Transfer of Jewish forced laborers
among camps in Schmelt sytem, 223
from Autobahn camps to armaments work, 208, 209, 212, 222
from labor camps to concentration camps, 228, 264, 270, 271
to external camp sites, 8, 31, 34, 137, 253, 279
to industry, 59, 209
Transfer of Jewish forced laborers, interregional, 8, 29, 59, 75, 117, 129, 130, 168, 269
ban on by Hitler, 130, 185, 201, 202
from Austrian to German camps, 112, 113, 114, 115, 279, 287
from Poland to Reich, 196, 201, 202, 275, 291
involvement of labor administration in, 285
violations of Hitler’s ban on, 202, 291
Unemployment of Jews
as basis for forced labor, 6, 112, 118, 279, 281
as consequence of anti-Jewish policy, xvi, 143, 274, 276
growth of, 113, 122, 214
need for social assistance due to, 110, 111, 136, 148, 149, 153, 157, 237, 277, 280
resulting in exclusion from social support, 236
See also Anti-Jewish policy and Impoverishment of Jews.
Vermögensverkehrstelle. See Property Transfer Office.
Viennese Jewish Religious Community (Israelitische Kulturgemeinde), 118, 126, 127, 128, 129, 131
employees of, 131, 133
liquidation of, 134
provision of forced laborers by, 133
recruitment by, 119
social support from, 52, 123
Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz. See Ethnic German self-defense corps.
Wage deductions, discriminatory, 40, 187, 204, 270
camp costs, 52, 53, 54
costs for camp repairs, 67
fees for administrative expenses, 69
fees for family maintenance, 262
fees for worker maintenance, 262, 267
fees for food, 76, 126, 199
rent for housing, 68, 69, 82
“social charges,” 199.
See also Taxes on Jewish forced laborers.
Wage level determination for Jewish forced laborers, 13
at set minimum wages, 12, 17, 81, 122, 125
by exclusion from contractual wage scales, 128
by special wage scale, 39, 40, 240, 243
by proposed special wage scale, 115
by standard wage scale, 23, 24, 52, 54, 57, 59, 81, 156, 182
without wage scale, 56
without observing minimum wages, 284
See also Wages of Jewish forced laborers.
Wages of Jewish forced laborers
as reimbursement, 81
elimination of, 262, 283
inadequacy of, 7, 17, 33, 98, 127, 204, 220, 247, 248, 252, 253, 287
in government share certificates, 171
intervention to prevent reduction of, 40
lack of, 43, 52, 118, 137, 191, 235, 237, 242, 256, 274, 283
need for clarification of, 241
payment of to community collective fund, 200, 204
payment of to ghetto account, 187, 199
redirection of to controlling agency, 76, 254, 267, 283
reduction of, 22, 23, 24, 125, 126, 152, 156, 171, 173, 195
replacement of by bonuses, 54
replacement of by group rental systems, 195, 284
used to finance ghettos, 220
See also Bonuses, Rental arrangements for Jewish laborers, and Wage level determination for Jewish forced laborers.
Wannsee Conference, 24, 86
Wirtschafts-und Verwaltungshauptamt der SS (WVHA). See Economic and Administrative Main Office of SS.
Work performance
as affected by exhaustion, 191, 192
as reason for continued employment 168
inadequacy of, 29, 115, 125, 193
linkage of to wage level, 17, 23, 76, 156
negative effect of incapacitated workers on, 17
relationship of to food, 74, 182, 190, 191, 252, 262
repressive measures for when poor, 190, 191, 251
See also Food (rations) for Jewish forced laborers.
WVHA. See Economic and Administrative Main Office of SS.
Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung (Prag). See Central Office for Jewish Emigration in Prague.
Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung (Wien). See Office for Jewish Emigration in Vienna.
Ziag. See Companies using forced labor, Ziegelindustrie AG “Ziag.”
Zwangsarbeitslager. See Schmelt forced-labor camps.
Zwangsgemeinschaft. See Forced community.
| Table of Decrees of Orders on Forced Labor | ||||
| Date | Source | Region | Subject | Pages |
| May, 1938 | Hitler | Reich | on forced labor for “criminal” Jews | 108 |
| Dec 20, 1938 | Reich Institute | Reich | on segregated labor deployment | See Index of Subjects, Decrees on forced labor |
| May 19, 1939 | Labor Ministry | Reich | on segregated labor deployment | 8 |
| Oct 26, 1939 | GG | GG | on forced labor for Jews | 231, 242 |
| Dec 2, 1939 | HSSPF | GG | creating Jewish work columns | 231 |
| Dec 11, 1939 | GG | GG | implementing forced labor | 233 |
| Jun 3, 1940 | Labor Ministry | Reich | reducing social benefits | 12 |
| Jul 5, 1940 | GG | GG | on transition of forced labor | 247 |
| Jul 27, 1940 | Greiser | Warthegau | on wage scales for Jews | 182 |
| Jan 23, 1941 | Czech Gov | Protectorate | requiring forced labor for Jews | 153 |
| May 9, 1941 | Czech Ministry | Protectorate | on forced labor procedures | 154 |
| Aug 29, 1941 | Czech Ministry | Protectorate | expanding compulsory labor | 158 |
| Sep 9, 1941 | Czech Ministry | Protectorate | on segregated labor deployment | 163 |
| Aug 14, 1941 | Rosenberg | Occupied SU | on labor obligation of Jews | 255 |
| Sep 20, 1941 | GG | Galicia/GG | on labor obligation of Jews | 255 |
| Oct 3, 1941 | Körner BVP | Reich | codifying special labor law for Jews | See Index of Subjects, Decrees on forced labor |
| Oct 31, 1941 | Labor Ministry | Reich | implementing October 3 decree | 22 |
| Jun 25, 1942 | Reichsstatthalter, Labor dep | Warthegau | on employment of Jewish forced labor | 186, 191 |
| Jun 25, 1942 | GG/Labor Dep | GG | transition of forced labor to SS | |
| Jul 17, 1942 | Czech Gov | Protectorate | reducing social benefits | 171 |
| Feb 24, 1943 | Gestapo | Reich | ordering Fabrik-Aktion | 79 |
| Oct 6, 1944 | RSHA | Reich | second Fabrik-Aktion | 95 |
Adler, H.G., xi
Bach, Werner, 96
Balzer, Erich, 93
Bamberg, Herbert, 97
Barkai, Avraham, xi
Baur, Gerhard, 96
Bayerl (Zlín district administrator), 149
Bechtoldt (Entrepreneur in Kelkheim), 7
Becker, Günter, 97
Biebow, Hans, 181, 189
Bloch, Klaus, 96
Blumenstein, Georg, 97
Böck, Malvine, 135
Böhme, Horst, 160, 161, 162
Bormann, Martin, 85, 88, 90
von Brauchitsch, Walther, 178
Breitkreuz, Günther, 97
Briesemeister, Arthur, 96
Browning, Christopher, xii, 182, 253, 260, 292
Budy, Kurt, 97
Bürckel, Josef, 106, 110–111, 112, 113, 120–121
Byk, Dietrich, 96
Cahn, Mathilde, 12
Cahn, Robert, 12, 16
Conti, Leonardo, 85, 99
Darré, Richard Walther, 54
Drechsel (mayor of Petrikau), 180
Eckart (city commissioner Tarnow), 238
Eichmann, Adolf, 21, 78, 109, 110, 119, 120, 121, 126–127, 146–147, 161, 169
Eliaš, Alois, 141, 142, 161
Felix, Ruth, 151
Ferencz, Benjamin, xvi
Fischl, Rudolf, xv
Forster (Wehrmacht Senior Quartermaster), 263
Frank, Hans, 231, 257, 269
Frank, Karl Hermann, 141, 151, 159–160, 161
Frauendorfer, Max, 239–241, 245, 247, 259
Frick, Wilhelm, 160, 177
Gärtner, Friedrich, 108, 110–111, 112–113, 118, 119, 136
Gerlach, Christian, 260
Gerteis, Adolf, 264
Gimpel, Abel, 230
Globocznik, Odilo, xiii, 234, 235, 244, 246, 249, 257, 265, 271, 273
Goebbels, Joseph, 89, 90–91, 101, 160, 291
Goldhagen, Daniel J., x
Göring, Hermann, xvii, xxiv, 45–46, 92, 108, 120, 136, 177, 183, 201, 260
Graf, Wilhelm, 7
Greiser, Arthur, 180, 182, 183, 185, 194, 196, 201
Groß, Walter, 86
Gschließer (General Governor’s office), 248–249
Günther, Hans, 168
Hácha, Emil, 141, 161
Hartmann (SS officer in Lublin), 257
Heine (Lublin district official), 235
Heydrich, Reinhard, xxii, 3, 21, 45, 46, 85, 86–87, 109, 144, 146, 161, 162, 169, 170, 177–178, 232
Hilberg, Raul, xi
Himmler, Heinrich, 29, 90, 91, 95, 99, 101, 121, 148, 177, 178, 183, 192, 194, 200, 210, 214, 220, 228, 235, 240, 259, 260, 261, 263, 265, 266, 269, 270, 278, 284, 291
Hitler, Adolf, ix, 3, 14, 25, 76–77, 85, 86, 87, 90–92, 94, 101, 106, 108, 121, 130, 142, 146, 160, 161, 177, 185, 202, 206, 227, 235, 257, 265, 275, 277, 278, 291, 294
Höfle, Hermann, 258
Holland, Ernst, 16, 25
Hollitscher, Hedy, 108
Jacoby, Heinz, 59
Jezek, Josef, 125
Kahn, Walter, 59
Kaienburg, Hermann, x
Kaiser (Lublin district official), 235
Kaltenbrunner, Ernst, 89–90, 92, 95, 101, 255–256, 269
Katzmann, Friedrich, 255–256, 258, 261–262, 266, 270
Keitel, Wilhelm, 85, 86, 89, 91, 263
Klemperer, Victor, 28, 79
Koch, Karl Otto, 257
Kolmar, Gertrud, xiv
Krainer (Lublin district official), 235
Krause (Leer hydraulic construction office employee), 114
Krüger, Answald, 98
Krüger, Friedrich, 231, 233, 240, 245, 259, 264, 265, 269
Krüger, Helmut, 98
Krurup (Siemens employee), 41
Kufner (carpenter in Neugedein), 164
Kwiet, Konrad, xi
Lammers, Hans Heinrich, 86, 159–160
Landré, Berta, 171
Lasch, Karl, 256
Lautrich, Rudolf, 193
Lischka, Kurt, 46
Lösener, Bernhard, 21, 141–142
Lustig, Walter, 206
Magier, Itla, 51
Manheimer, Max, 150
Marder, Karl, 186
Matthäus, Jürgen, 293
Müller, Heinrich, 121, 125, 146
Muth (Lublin district official), 235
N., Herbert, 51
Nadir, Ehud, 107
von Neurath, Konstantin, 141, 142, 161
Opitz, Walter, 125
Parnes, Jozef, 258
Pohl, Oswald, 209, 264–265, 270–271
Rafelsberger, Walter, 111
Rei, Elias, 251
Reuter, Fritz, 258
Rosenberg, Arthur, 255
Rosenberg, Heinz, 38
Rosenkranz, Herbert, xii
Rumkowski, Mordechai Chaim, 181
Sauckel, Fritz, 92–93, 95, 101, 265
Scherner, Julian, 269
Schiffer (mayor of Lodz), 181
Schindler, Max, 259
Schmelt, Albrecht, 216–217, 220, 226, 228, 275, 285
Schönberg, Rudolf, 223
Schönleben, Eduard, 202
Schriesheimer, Hugo, ix, 294
Schubin (Altburgund District Commissar), 192
Schulte, Jan Erik, 272
Schultz, B.K., 90
Sierakowiak, Dawid, 200
Slawik, Alfred, 126
Smagon, Albert, 224
Specht (SS officer in Krakau), 268
Speer, Albert, 62, 89, 194, 264–265
Spiegel, Marga, xiv
Stahlecker, Franz Walther, 144
Steinbacher, Sybille, 285
Streckenbach, Bruno, 239
Stuckart, Wilhelm, 85, 86, 87, 88, 145–146, 160
Syrup, Friedrich, 6, 14, 177
Tidow, Walter, 238–239
Todt, Fritz, 183, 196–197, 198
Türk, Richard, 235
Uebelhör, Friedrich, 179, 180–181
Walcher, Robert, 126
Walter, Margarete, 40
Wisliceny, Dieter, 224
Wolf, Karla, xiv
Wolff, Reinhard, 208
Wurm (police official in Galicia), 254
Zörner, Ernst, 258
Aachen (camp), 62, 63
Absdorf (camp), 119
Aggsbach (camp), 118–119
Aggstein (camp), 118–119
Ahlem near Hanover (camp), 49, 58, 63, 66
Ahrensdorf near Luckenwalde (camp), 49, 58
Altenburg, 96
Altenhain (camp), 219
Altburgund, 192
Altlandsberg in Niederbarnim Kreis (camp), 49
Alt Ratibor, 162
Alt Tabor, 158
Amersfoort in Holland (camp), 96
Anhalt (camp), 219
Annaberg (camp), 212, 219, 220, 223, 228
Annexed Czech territories. See Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
Annexed Polish territories. See Occupied Polish territories
Arnsberg. See Neheim Hüsten in Arnsberg-Im Ohl 76
Arnstadt, 97
Aschaffenburg, 95
Aschendorf-Hümmling, 36
Aschersleben (camp), 41, 116, 134
Assel near Stade (camp), 49
Atsch near Aachen. See Stolberg-Atsch near Aachen
Auenrode (camp), 219
August Street. See Berlin-August Street
Aurich, 114
Auschwitz (Oświçcim) (camp), 80, 193, 194, 211, 219, 226–228, 264, 269, 273, 285, 286–287, 291
Auschwitz (Oswiecim) (town), 217–218, 230
Aussig, 65
Austria, xii, xv, xvi, xvii, 4, 27, 47, 88, 106, 121, 127–128, 137, 142–143, 144, 148, 149, 152, 155, 159, 160, 163, 170, 173, 177, 186, 190, 197, 209, 216, 276, 279, 280, 287–288, 290, 291, 293
Baden, 93
Bad Ischl. See Mitterweißenbach-Ebensee, Bad Ischl
Baltic States, 281
Barnim, 50
Barrandow, 158
Baurowitz, 158
Bavaria, 96, 273
Bedburg, 93
Bedzin. See Bendsburg
Beelitz (camp), 203, 207, 209
Beerfelde near Fürstenwalde (camp), 49
Beeskow
Behlenfelde (camp), 49, 80
Belgrade, 18
Belsyce (camp), 248
Belzec (camp), 244, 249, 257–258, 262
Bendsburg (Bedzin), 217–218, 220, 225, 227, 284
Beneschau, 164
Berg am Laim. See Munich-Berg am Laim
Bergheim near Cologne, 65
Bergkamen-Zur Grünen Eiche (camp), 94
Berkenbrück (camp), 49
Berlin, 4, 15–16, 21, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 41, 44, 57, 60, 62, 63, 75, 76–77, 80, 86, 92, 98, 120, 121, 130, 131, 142, 147, 159, 183, 187, 199, 200, 202–204, 205, 206–207, 209, 228, 250, 264, 269–271, 272, 278, 290–291
Berlin (Siemens camp), 35
Berlin-August Street (camp), 77
Berlin-Brandenburg, 34, 122
Berlin-Große Hamburger Street (transit camp), 80
Berlin-Schöneweide, 17
Berlin-Wannsee (camp), 49, 58, 75, 209
Beuel, 76
Biala Polaska, 230
Bialystok (ghetto), 270–271
Bielefeld (town), 51
Bielefeld I-4 Koblenzer Street/73a Schloßhof Street (camp), 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 56, 60, 66, 75, 79
Birkesdorf near Aachen (camp), 96
Bitterfeld, 45
Blankenburg in the Harz Mountains (camp), 97
Blaschkowitz near Aussig (camp), 64
Blechhammer-Ehrenforst (camp), 220, 226, 228
Bobrek, 228
Boelcke Street. See Halle an der Saale
Bohemia, 161–162. See also Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
Bolechow (camp), 270
Bolechow (town), 267
Bomsdorf, 45
Bonn (Kreis), 50
Bonn (town), 73–74
Bonn-6 Kapellen Street (camp), 63, 64, 67, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73–74, 76, 77
Boosen (camp), 49, 80
Borki Wielki (camp), 270
Bornheim, 76
Borowosee (camp), 203, 204
Borstel near Stendal (camp), 97
Boryslaw (camp), 270
Boulogne (camp), 93
Brande (camp), 212, 219, 222, 226
Brandenburg, 48, 49–50, 53, 59, 60, 62, 75, 78, 79, 80, 81, 184, 197, 203, 206, 208, 209, 210–213, 286
Brätz (camp), 203
Braunlage (camp), 97
Braunschweig, 27, 96
Breckenheim, 18
Bremen, 29, 181
Breslau (town), 26, 27, 63, 65, 67, 69, 73, 94, 185, 202, 204, 205, 211–212, 216, 217, 218, 220, 222, 226, 285
Breslau-Herrenprotsch, 223
Breslau-New Graupen Street (camp), 64
Brieg, 65, 204
Britz near Eberswalde (camp), 208
Brno. See Brünn
Broschnikow (camp), 270
Bründlgschütt near Eisenerz (camp), 124
Brünn (Brno) (camp), 228
Brünn (Brno) (district), 158
Brünn (Brno) (town), 145, 148, 149, 167
Buchenwald (camp), 273
Bug (river), 235
Burgenland, 124
Burg near Magdeburg (OT camp), 97
Burg Veynau. See Euskirchen near Bonn
Buxtehude an der Röbke (special labor camp), 33, 35
Cäcilien Street. See Cologne-18–12 Cäcilien Street
Carinthia, 123–124
Chelm, 253
Chelmno. See Kulmhof
Christianstadt (camp), 208
Cologne (town), 26, 62, 67, 93, 205
Cologne-18–22 Cäcilien Street (camp), 64
Cologne-Ehrenfeld, 85 Otto Street (camp), 64
Cologne-Müngersdorf, Fort V (camp), 26, 64, 67, 73, 78, 82
Cottbus, 49
Czech Republic, 137, 141–173, 280. See also Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
Czestochowa, 194, 248, 260
Dachau (camp), 109, 273
Danzig, 178, 201, 202–204, 205, 280
Danzig Corridor, 203
Dellmensingen (camp), 64, 67
Dembica (town), 242. See also Pustkow near Dembica
Dembica-Lignose camp, 243
Denzburg (camp), 116
Deutsch Brod, 167
Deutsch Brod-Linden Estate (camp), 152, 170
Deutschhöhe (camp), 203
Diepholz, 115
Dönigheim, 25
Doppl. See Rohrbach-Doppl
Doppl near Altenfelden (camp), 124, 126, 152
Dortmund, 38, 94
Dreetz near Neustadt an der Dosse (camp), 208
Dresden, 18, 27, 78, 79
Dresden-Hellerberg (camp), 64, 78–79
Drevnica, (camp), 251
Drohobycz (camp), 270
Drohobycz (town), 256
Drösing near Marchegg (camp), 124
Duisburg, 4, 27, 93, 96
Dumpte near Borghorst (camp), 35
Düsseldorf, 22, 27
Dyhernfurt (camp), 224
Eastern Poland, xiii
Eastern Upper Silesia, 147, 178, 204, 205, 214–228, 231, 284–285, 286
East Friesland, 41, 117
East Prussia, 185, 213
Ebenfurth, 124
Ebensee. See Mitterweißenbach-Ebensee, Bad Ischl
Eberswalde (camp), 210, 211
Ebmatten. See Kaprun at Ebmatten-Limberg Dam
Ehrenfeld. See Cologne-Ehrenfeld, 85 Otto Street
Ehrenforst. See Blechhammer-Ehrenforst
Eichkamp (camp), 93
Eichow-Krieschow (camp), 49, 56, 58
Eichsfeld. See Hüpstedt in Eichsfeld
Eichtal (camp), 212
Eintrachthütte (camp), 228
Eisenerz (camp), 124
Eisenerz (town), 125, 287
Elbe (river), 158
Elben (camp), 94
Ellguth (town), 45
Ellguth near Steinau (camp), 49, 57, 58
Emigrant Retraining Camp. See Gänserndorf-Emigrant Retraining Camp
Ems (river and dikes), 114–115
Emsland, 112
Ernstbrunn (camp), 124
Eschenau near Heilbronn (camp), 64
Eschwege near Kassel (camp), 64
Eschweiler-Stich near Aachen (camp), 64
Essen (town), 220, 265
Essen-Steele, Holbeckshof (camp), 63, 64, 67
Europe, 273, 290, 293
Euskirchen (town), 77
Euskirchen near Bonn-Burg Veynau (camp), 64
Falkenberg, 49
Falkenberg-Westmark (camp), 94
Faulbrück (camp), 219, 223, 226
Finkenheerd (camp), 203, 209
Fischamend Kafka (camp), 119
Fischamend Pecina (camp), 119
Flössingen (camp), 219
Fort V. See Cologne-Müngersdorf, Fort V
France, 9, 93, 94, 96, 101, 278
Frankenberg, 35
Frankfurt am Main, xiv, 7–8, 10–11, 12–13, 15, 16, 17, 18–19, 20, 21–22, 23–24, 25–26, 28–30, 31, 34, 40–41, 96, 278
Frankfurt an der Oder, 49, 79, 81, 198–200, 201, 203, 207, 210
Freideck (district), 151
Freienstein, 45
Friedrichssegen near Koblenz (camp), 63, 64, 67
Fulda, 49
Fürstenberg (camp), 208
Fürstengrube (camp), 228
Fürstenwalde, 48–49, 59
Galicia, xiii, xviii, 217, 256, 258, 261–262, 266–267, 269, 270, 271, 273, 274, 282, 283, 288, 291
Gänserndorf (camp), 124
Gardelegen (camp), 97
Garzau at Straußberg near Berlin (camp), 49
Garzin (camp), 49
Gaya, 159
Gehringshof near Fulda (camp), 45, 49, 56, 58
General Government, xii–xiii, xv, xvii–xviii, 9, 14, 20, 121, 128, 129–130, 160, 173, 183, 191, 195, 202, 216, 217, 229, 230–275, 276, 281–285, 288, 290, 291, 293
Geppersdorf (camp), 212, 219
Germany, xiv, xv, xvi, xvii, xviii, xx, xxii, xxiii, 3–31, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 44, 46, 47, 55, 62, 65, 71, 77, 79, 80, 86, 87, 88, 92, 93, 94, 101, 105, 107, 110, 113, 116, 117, 118, 119, 121, 122, 127, 128, 130, 131, 132, 135, 136–137, 143, 144, 146, 147, 149, 152, 155, 156, 159, 160, 163, 170, 173, 177, 180, 183, 185–186, 187, 190, 191, 195, 196–213, 214, 216, 217, 224–225, 229, 231, 240, 254, 259, 263, 264, 274, 276–278, 279, 280–281, 282, 284, 285–291, 293–294
Gerolding (camp), 119
Gleidingen near Sarstedt (camp)
Gleiwitz (town), 204, 211
Gleiwitz I, II, and III, (camps), 228
Gnesen, 178, 188
Godesberg, 76
Gogolin (camp), 212, 219
Göllersdorf (camp), 124
Golleschau (camp), 228
Görlitz, 63, 67, 71
Gotenhafen, 251
Gräditz (camp), 219
Graz, 125
Greater German Reich, 146, 160, 173, 180, 288, 291
Greimerath near Wittlich (camp), 205
Groß-Breesen near Obernigk (camp), 45, 49, 57, 78
Groß-Gaglow near Cottbus, 44
Groß-Kamsdorf (camp), 97
Groß-Krut (camp), 124
Gross Ossek, 158
Groß-Rosen (camp), 228, 287
Groß-Sarne (camp), 212, 219
Grüner Weg. See Paderborn-86 Grüner Weg
Grünheide (camp), 212, 219
Grunow near Wutschdorf, (camp), 203
Grüsen near Frankenburg, 45
Grüssau near Waldenburg (camp), 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 78, 79, 80
Günthergrube (camp), 228
Güttland an der Weichsel (camp), 280
Haigerloch (camp), 64, 68, 69, 75
Haina Monastery (camp), 35
Halberstadt, 45
Haldensleben (camp), 41, 117
Halle an der Saale (town), 29, 74, 94
Halle an der Saale-Boelcke Street (camp), 29, 64, 72, 76, 97
Hamburg, 4, 26, 29, 33, 38, 40, 60, 91, 94, 95, 99–100, 102
Hamburger Street. See Berlin-Große Hamburger Street
Hamburg-Horner Racetrack (camp), 100
Hamburg-Ohlsdorf Cemetery (camp), 100
Hamm (camp), 64, 66, 77, 93, 97
Hammerhof Estate. See Ottertal-Hammerhof Estate
Hanau, 25
Hangelsberg an der Spree-Wulkow Estate (camp), 49, 53, 55, 59, 78, 80
Hanover, 66, 112, 114, 205
Hasenfelde (camp), 49
Havelberg (camp), 47, 49, 58
Hechaluz, 119
Heidebreck, 226
Hermannsdorf (camp), 219
Hesse, 6, 8, 16, 24, 35–36
Hesse-Nassau, 7, 184
Hildesheim, 37
Hinterwalden (camp), 192
Hluboczek (camp), 270
Hluboš (camp), 152
Hofheim im Taunus, 18
Hohegaste (camp), 117
Hohe Tauern
Hohensalza, 178, 188, 193
Hohenwalde near Frankfurt an der Oder (camp), 49
Hohenwarte-Saale Dam (camp), 35–37, 40, 75
Holbeckshof. See Essen-Steele, Holbeckshof
Hölingen near Wildeshausen (camp), 36, 115, 117, 123
Holland, 96
Holleschau, 149, 159
Homberg
Höringshausen im Sauerland (camp), 35, 38
Horner Racetrack. See Hamburg-Horner Racetrack
Hrubieschow, 249
Hundsfeld, 226
Hungarian Brod, 159
Hungary, 273
Hüpstedt in Eichsfeld (camp), 64, 66, 67, 77
Iglau (district), 165, 167
Iglau (town), 142, 163
Im Ohl 76. See Neheim Hüsten in Arnsberg-Im Ohl 76
Irsch (camp), 64
Jägerslust Estate near Flensburg (camp), 45
Jakobsdorf near Frankfurt an der Oder (camp), 49, 80
Jaktorow (camp), 270
Jänichendorf (camp), 51
Janinagrube (camp), 228
Janowska. See Lemberg-Janowska
Jawischowitz (camp), 228
Jedrzejow (camp), 192
Jena (camp), 63, 64
Jena (town), 97
Jerichow, 50
Jessen-Mühle near Sommersfeld (camp), 49, 58
Jewish Labor Home. See Radinkendorf-Jewish Labor Home
Jezernia (camp), 270
Jitschin, 167
Johannsdorf (camp), 212 (∗ Ch 7, note 80 puts this camp in Lower Silesia), 219, 226
Jößnitz (camp), 35
Judenburg, 124
Jülich (camp), 96
Jungbunzlau, 165
Jüterbog, 50
Kaisermühl (camp), 49, 78, 80
Kalek, 172
Kalisch (district), 179
Kamienna, 171
Kamionki (camp), 270
Kammwald, 168
Kapellen Street. See Bonn-6 Kapellen Street
Kaprun (camp), 124
Kaprun at Ebmatten-Limberg Dam (camp), 122, 124
Kassel (town), 8, 27, 36, 99
Kassel-Bettenhausen (camp), 97
Kassel-Niederzwehren, Wartekuppe (camp), 64
Kattowitz (Katowice), 121, 122, 146, 214, 249, 251
Kelkheim im Taunus (camp), xv, 36, 39, 40–41, 285
Kelkheim im Taunus (town), xiv–xv, 7–8, 34, 40, 41
Kersdorf near Briesen (camp), 49, 59, 80
Kielce, 252, 273
Kladno, 158, 168, 169
Klagenfurt (camp), 124
Klattau, 158, 163–164, 165
Klein-Kuntschitz, 151
Klein-Mangersdorf (camp), 212, 219
Klettendorf (camp), 219, 223
Klomna near Lask (camp), 192
Klumtschau, 164
Kobbensen (camp), 117
Kobenz near Knittelfeld (camp), 124, 125
Koblenz, 36, 93
Koblenzer Street. See Bielefeld-4 Koblenzer Street/73a-Schloßhof Street
Kolín, 158, 164, 165
Kolmar, 188
Kolomea, 262
Komotau, 172
Königgrätz, 164, 165, 167
Königsberg, 27, 184–185, 202
Kosaki (camp), 270
Kosel, 227
Kostel, 159
Kottingbrunn (camp), 119
Krakow (district), 231, 233, 240, 242, 244, 245–246, 252, 268–269, 271
Krakow (ghetto), 260, 268, 269
Krakow (Kreis), 251, 268–269
Krakow (town), 147, 178, 202, 217, 232, 238–239, 241, 248, 249, 261, 283
Kremplhof near Eisenerz (camp), 124
Krenau, 223
Kreuzsee near Reppen (camp), 203, 207–208, 210
Krieschow. See Eichow-Krieschow
Krosno, 252
Kulmhof (Chelmno), 190
Kunzendorf, 158
Kurowice (camp), 270
Küstrin near Neustadt (camp), 203, 208, 211
Kutno, 188
Lackie (camp), 270
Laer (camp), 36
Lagischa (camp), 228
Lahde at Petershagen (camp), 36
Landersdorf (camp), 118–119
Langbielau (camp), 223
Laupheim near Ulm (camp), 64, 67, 75
Laurahütte (camp), 228
Lautawerk near Senftenberg, 208
Lavamünd (camp), 124, 134
Lebus, 48, 49–50, 60
Leda (river), 114
Leda-Jümme, 114–115
Leer (town), 36, 39, 116, 117
Leer I (camp), 117
Leer II (camp)
Leimnitz (camp), 203
Leipzig, 4, 123
Lemberg (ghetto), 268
Lemberg (Lvov) (town), 254–255, 256, 258, 261–262, 266–267, 270
Lemberg-Janowska (camp), 262, 266, 270, 271, 273
Leoben near Eisenerz (camp), 124
Leslau, 188
Letnian, 158
Leuna (camp), 97
Liebenau I near Schwiebus (camp), 203
Liebenau II (camp), 203
Lignose. See Dembica-Lignose camp
Limberg Dam. See Kaprun at Ebmatten-Limberg Dam
Limburg, 63
Linden Estate. See Deutsch Brod-Linden Estate
Lindenhain (camp), 219
Lipowa (camp), 257
Lissa, 188
Litzmannstadt (ghetto), xvii, xviii, 132, 162, 166, 169, 184, 187, 189–192, 193–195, 199–200, 202, 205, 210, 212, 253, 274–275, 282, 286
Litzmannstadt (Lodz) (town), 188, 251
Lodz. See Litzmannstadt
Lohhof near Munich (camp), 36, 42, 75
Losenitz, 158
Löwenstadt (camp), 183
Lower Danube, 47, 124, 130
Lower Lahn, 63
Lower Rhine, 123
Lower Saxony, 7, 33, 35, 36, 37, 80, 96, 113, 114–117, 136, 183
Lower Silesia, 65, 212, 216, 218, 222, 223, 228, 275
Lublin (camp), 265, 269, 273
Lublin (district), xiii, xviii, 148, 231, 233, 235–236, 238–239, 247, 249–251, 253, 268–269, 270–272, 273, 274, 282, 288
Lublin (ghetto), 260, 282
Lublin (town), 129, 178, 192, 217, 234, 244, 256–257
Luxemburg, 205
Lvov. See Lemberg
Magdeburg, 41–42, 130
Mährisch-Ostrau (Moravská Ostrava), 56, 121, 122, 146–148, 151, 164, 165–166
Mainz
Majdanek (camp), 257, 270–271
Malmeritz (camp), 158
Mannheim, 34
Marchegg I (camp), 124
Marchegg II (camp), 124
Marchfeld (camp), 111
Mark Brandenburg. See Brandenburg
Markendorff (camp), 50
Markhof (camp), 119
Markstädt-Fünfteichen (camp), 209, 219, 220, 223, 225, 227
Marxheim, 18
Masselwitz (camp), 226
Mauthausen (camp), 273, 280–287, 292
Mechtal (camp), 219, 223, 226
Meschede (camp), 38
Miechów, 247
Milbertshofen. See Munich-Milbertshofen
Miltitz-Roitzschen (camp), 98
Minsk, 134, 169
Mitterweißenbach-Ebensee, Bad Ischl (camp), 124
Moldova (Vltava) (river), 158
Moosbrunn (camp), 119
Moravia, 172. See also Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
Moravska, 171
Moravská Ostrova. See Mährisch-Ostrau
Mortier near Paris, 96
Moscow, 208
Much at Siegkreis (camp), 65, 67, 68, 70, 71–72, 74, 77
Mühle near Sommerfeld. See Jessen-Mühle near Sommerfeld
Müncheberg (camp), 50
Müngersdorf. See Cologne-Müngersdorf
Munich (town), 27, 62, 67
Munich-Berg am Laim (camp), 65, 67, 69, 70, 72–73, 75
Munich-Milbertshofen (camp), 63, 65, 67, 70, 77–78
Münichholz near Steyr (camp), 124, 287. See also Waidhofen-Sandhof Estate
Münster, 36
Neheim Hüsten in Arnsberg-Im Ohl 76. (camp), 65, 66, 79
Neisse (river), 71
Neu-Dachs (camp), 228
Neudorf, 158
Neuendorf near Fürstenwalde an der Spree (camp), 44, 45, 50, 51, 53, 56, 59, 60, 75, 78, 79–80
Neufeld an der Leitha (camp), 124
Neugedein, 164
Neukirch, 226
Neumühle Estate near Straußberg (camp), 50, 80
Neu-Sandez (Nowy Sacz), 240–241
Neutrebbin (camp), 50
Nieder-Absdorf (camp), 119
Niederbardenberg near Aachen (camp), 37–65
Niederbarnim, 49
Niederkirch (camp), 212, 220
Niederlausitz, 49–50, 208
Niederzwehren. See Kassel-Niederzwehren, Wartekuppe
Niesky, 71
Nisko am San (camp), 56, 121, 147, 214
Njebielow (camp), 270
Nordhausen (camp), 41–42, 117, 134
Nordmark, 33
North Africa, 293
Nowy Sacz. See Neu-Sandez
Nuremberg, 27
Oberbarnim, 50
Oberlausitz, 35–65
Obernigk (camp), 219
Obersdorf (camp), 50
Oberstotzingen near Ulm (camp), 65, 67, 68
Occupied Eastern Territories, 75, 237, 284
Occupied Polish territories, xiii, xvi, 173, 177–195, 196, 230, 232, 248, 280–288, 290, 293. See also Poland
Occupied Soviet territories, 290, 293. See also Soviet Union
Oderbruch-Seelow National Research Estate (camp), 50, 78
Oersdorf (camp), 36, 38
Ohlsdorf Cemetery. See Hamburg-Ohlsdorf Cemetery
Oldenburg, 117
Old Reich. See Germany
Olmütz, 150, 163, 164
Oppeln, 214, 216, 217
Ornontowitz (camp), 220
Ossowa (camp), 251
Osterburg (camp), 41, 117
Ostmark. See Austria
Ostravice. See Ostrawitza
Ostrawitza (Ostravice) (river), 158
Ostrow (camp), 270
Ostrowiec, 273
Oświçcim. See Auschwitz
Otterndorf near Cuxhaven (camp), 36
Ottertal-Hammerhof Estate (camp), 119
Ottmuth (camp), 212, 220
Otto Street. See Cologne-Ehrenfeld, 85 Otto Street
Pabianitz (camp), 183
Paderborn-86 Grüner Weg (camp), 47–48, 50, 51–52, 55, 59, 75, 79
Palestine, 51, 56
Pardubice. See Pardubitz
Pardubitz (Pardubice), 158, 166
Paris, xxiii, 93, 94
Petershagen, 36
Petrikau (Piotrków), 180
Piaski, 248, 258
Pillgram (camp), 50
Pilsen, 164, 165, 167
Pinnow near Reppen (camp), 203, 207
Piotrków. See Petrikau
Plaszow (camp), 268, 269, 273
Plettenberg (camp), 65
Plosk (camp), 253
Pluhow (camp), 270
Pogum (camp), 117
Poland, xiii, xiv, xviii, 9, 15, 37, 56, 66, 120, 131, 137, 146, 149, 150, 161, 173, 214, 231, 232, 233, 237, 255, 259, 270, 272, 273, 274, 277, 282, 283, 291–292. See also Occupied Polish territories
Polenzwerder (camp), 50
Pomerania, 9, 197, 236, 245
Poniatowa (camp), 269, 271
Posen (Poznán), 91, 129–130, 178, 184, 185, 190, 191, 193, 196, 199–200, 201, 202–203, 284
Potsdam, 53, 84
Potzhausen (camp), 117
Poznán. See Posen
Präbichl near Eisenerz (camp), 124, 125
Prague, xvii, 87, 131, 142–143, 144, 145, 147–148, 149, 150, 152, 153–154, 156, 158, 159, 161, 162, 163, 165, 166, 168, 169–170, 171–172, 173, 281
Prague-Rusin, 153, 167
Predmeritz, 167
Prettin (camp), 36
Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, xii, xvi, xvii, 27, 86, 121, 137, 173, 177, 186, 190, 209, 276, 281, 290, 291, 293. See also Czech Republic
Przemysl (camp), 263
Przyrów (camp), 253
Pustków near Dembica, 252, 273
Quirrenbach near Siegburg (camp), 65
Rabi, 164
Radinkendorf-Jewish Labor Home (camp), 50, 53, 75
Radom (district), 231, 233, 245, 246, 249–250, 252, 255, 263, 268, 269, 271–272
Radom (ghetto), 260
Radzyn, 253
Rakovnik, 169
Rappbodetal Dam, 37, 113, 134. See also Wendefurt near Blankenburg
Rathenow, 55–56, 78
Reichenbach (camp), 223
Reichshof-Rzeszew, 251
Rendsburg (camp), 38
Reppen (camp), 50, 207
Reppen (town), 207
Retschowits, 158
Rheingau, 36
Rheingau-St. Goarshausen, 63
Rhineland, 26, 64–65, 82, 122
Riebnig (camp), 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 79, 218
Riga, 169
Rissen near Hamburg (camp), 50, 58
Rogau (camp), 220
Rogsen (camp), 203
Rohrbach-Doppl (camp), 124, 134
Rongard near Kelberg (camp), 36
Rossitz, 167
Rostiz (camp), 220
Rothenburg, 65, 71
Rothenhaus, 172
Roznow, 241, 245
Rüdnitz near Bernau (camp), 50, 51, 58
Rudolstadt, 97
Saale (Kreis), 76
Saalfeld, 35–36, 97. See also Hohenwarte-Saale Dam
Sackenhoym (camp), 220
St. Andrä Wördern (camp), 119
St. Annaberg. See Annaberg
St. Valentin (camp), 124, 287
Sakrau (camp), 212, 220, 223
Salzburg, 27, 106, 124, 135
Samter, 188
Sandhof Estate. See Waidhofen-Sandhof Estate
San Domingo, 152
Sarstedt near Hanover (camp), 96
Sassau-Grosse, 158
Sauerland. See Höringshausen im Sauerland
Saxony, 97, 98, 117
Saxony-Anhalt, 96, 116–117
Schaumburg-Lippe, 117
Scherowitz, 170
Schieratz, 188
Schleswig-Holstein, 36, 38
Schloßhof Street. See Bielefeld-4 Koblenzer Street/73a-Schloßhof Street
Schneeberg near Beeskow (camp), 50
Schniebinchen near Sommerfeld (camp), 50, 56, 58
Schöneweide. See Berlin-Schöneweide
Schönfelde (camp), 50, 59, 80
Schönwald (camp), 65, 67, 69–70
Schüttenhofen, 164
Schwadorf (camp), 119
Schwerte near Dortmund (camp), 65
Schwiebus (camp), 208
Sdroien (camp), 203
Seelow National Research Estate. See Oderbruch-Seelow National Research Estate
Selchow (camp), 203, 209
Sennfeld, 45
Siegburg, 70
Siegkreis, 67
Siems near Mieste (camp), 41, 117
Silesia, 34, 49–80, 82, 117, 122, 184, 197, 204, 211–213, 214, 217, 218–219, 225, 229, 262, 275, 285, 291, 293
Silingthal, 45
Sitzendorf (camp), 97
Skaby near Friedersdorf (camp), 47, 50, 79
Skazysko-Kamienna (camp), 273
Skole (camp), 270
Slovakia, 204, 224
Sobianowice (camp), 245
Sobibor (camp), 270
Söhre near Bergshausen (camp), 36
Soldau, 251
Sophienhöhe (camp), 65
Sosnowitz (camp), 228
Sosnowitz (Sosnowice) (district), 217–218
Sosnowitz (Sosnowice) (town), 147, 216, 220, 225, 227, 284
Soviet Union, 12, 14, 19, 129, 131, 159, 184, 197, 201, 217, 235, 252, 254, 257, 260, 274, 281, 290, 291. See also Occupied Soviet territories
Spiegelberg (camp), 203
Sprakebüll in Südtondern (camp), 36
Spreenhagen, 50
Srnojed, 158
Stade, 36, 38, 40
Stadthagen, 117
Stalingrad, 90
Stanislau (Stanislawow), 254, 255
Stanislawow. See Stanislau
Stanonitz, 168
Staporków (camp), 253
Steckelsdorf (camp), 45, 50, 52, 55–56, 58, 60, 75, 78
Steele. See Essen-Steele, Holbeckshof
Steinfurt, 35–65
Steinhaus near Wels (camp), 124
Steinhöfel (camp), 50
Stendal (camp), 41, 117
Stentsch (camp), 203
Sternberg (camp), 203
Stettin, 27, 202–203
Stich near Aachen. See Eschweiler-Stich near Aachen
Stiechowitz Dam, 158
Stolberg-Atsch near Aachen (camp), 36, 77
Strakonice. See Strakonitz
Strakonitz (Strakonice), 165, 166, 168
Straußberg near Berlin. See Garzau at Straußberg near Berlin
Stráznice, 151
Strielek, 158
Stryj (camp), 270
Stubach (camp), 124
Stuttgart, 27, 100
Stutthof (camp), 273
Styria, 123–124, 125, 128, 248
Sudeten. See Sudetengau
Sudetengau, 64, 65, 67, 141, 143, 172, 173, 216, 222, 225, 228, 229, 275, 284, 287
Sudetenland. See Sudetengau
Südtondern. See Sprakebüll in Südtondern
Sulinger Swamp, 33
Sundern, 77
Tabor, 165, 166
Tangermünde (camp), 117
Tarnopol (camp), 254, 270
Tarnow, 237, 238, 242, 252, 261
Tauern, 118
Taunusblick. See Kelkheim im Taunus (camp)
Teerag I (camp), 124
Teerag II (camp), 124
Terezin. See Theresienstadt
Teuplitz (camp), 50, 80
Thalheim (camp), 119
Theresienstadt (ghetto), 29–30, 162, 168, 172
Theresienstadt (Terezin) (town), 26, 87, 101, 135, 211
Thuringia, 35–36, 64, 97, 117
Thurmberg (camp), 203
Tigerfeld near Ulm (camp), 65
Tomersdorf near Görlitz (camp), 63, 65, 67, 68, 70–71, 72, 74, 79
Topper (camp), 203
Torgau, 36
Trachtenberg, 94
Traunkirchen. See Traunsee-Traunkirchen
Traunsee-Traunkirchen (camp), 123, 124, 125
Trawniki (camp), 269, 271
Treblinka (camp), 270
Treffling (camp), 124
Treplin (camp), 50
Trier, 205, 212
Turek, 183
Tyscowce (camp), 245
Uckermark, 50
Ulm, 64, 68
Unterdiessen (camp), 75
Untertannwald in the Erz Mountains (camp), 97
Upper Danube, 132
Upper Saale, 40
Upper Silesia, xviii, 187, 198, 209, 212, 216, 217–219, 222, 223, 226, 228, 271, 272, 274–275, 282, 284
Urfeld (camp), 50
Vienna, 4, 27, 41, 42, 56, 92, 93, 96, 100, 102, 105, 106–109, 111, 112–113, 114, 115, 117, 118, 120–122, 123, 127, 129–130, 131–137, 172, 250–251, 278–279
Vistula (Weichsel) (river), 146, 235. See Güttland an der Weichsel
Vltava. See Moldova
Vogtland, 36
Waiblingen, 36
Waidhofen-Sandhof Estate (camp), 124, 126, 152. See also Münichholz near Steyr and Windhag
Walheim near Stolberg (camp), 36
Wallnow (camp), 50
Walpersdorf (camp), 118–119
Walsheim (camp), 36
Wannsee. See Berlin Wannsee
Warsaw (camp), 265, 273
Warsaw (district), 231, 233, 238, 245–246, 249, 251, 252, 268–269, 271, 272
Warsaw (ghetto), 186, 232, 253–254, 260, 261, 263, 266
Warsaw (town), 178, 253
Wartekuppe. See Kassel-Niederzwehren, Wartekuppe
Warthbrücken, 188
Warthegau, xv, xvii, xviii, 129–130, 162, 173, 177–195, 196, 198, 200, 201–202, 205, 210, 214, 231, 232, 237, 262, 274, 276, 281, 282, 284, 286, 287, 293
Wartheland. See Warthegau
Weimar (town), 100
Weinbergen (SS labor camp), 270
Weissenfels (camp)
Weissenfels (town), 94
Weissenstein (camp), 65
Wels (camp), 124
Welterod (camp), 36
Welungen, 188
Wendefurt near Blankenburg (camp), 36, 37, 39, 117, 134. See also Rappbodetal Dam
Wendelinsgrube near Laupheim (camp), 66
Werlte (camp), 36, 37
Werlte-Rastdorf (camp), 36, 51, 117
Western European territories, 290
Westerwald (camp), 63
Westphalia, 35–36, 64–65, 66, 123
West Prussia, 178
Weststernberg, 202, 207
Wiener Wald, 133
Wiesau (camp), 219
Wiesbaden, 27
Windhag (camp), 124. See also Waidhofen-Sandhof Estate
Winkel Estate (camp), 44, 50, 51, 79
Wischau, 170
Wittenberge (camp), 208, 209
Wohlerst near Harsefeld (camp), 33, 36, 38
Wolsztyn (camp), 193
Wulkow Estate. See Hangelsberg an der Spree-Wulkow Estate
Wuppertal-Wichlinghausen (camp), 96
Württemberg, 64–65, 82
Würzburg, 22
Wutschdorf (camp), 203
Zagacie (camp), 252
Zamość (camp), 253
Zamość (Kreis), 230, 253
Zborow (camp), 270
Zeitz (camp), 94
Zerbst (camp), 97
Ziechenau, 187
Zinsendorf, 158
Zlín, 149, 159, 163, 165, 166
Züllichau (camp), 203
Zur Grünen Eiche. See Bergkamen-Zur Grünen Eiche