Aalst (Alost, Belgian town)
mutineers at, 253
sacked, 155, 199
accommodation for troops
on the march, 80–90, 139–40
in the Netherlands, 133, 139–41, 167
Acuña, Don Lope de (d. 1573), leads expedition along the Spanish Road in 1573, 76–7 fig. 11, 78 fig. 12, 86, 88, 182 n 16, 237, 240
age of troops in the Army of Flanders, 30–1, 166
Aire-sur-le-Lys, capture of (1641), Plate, 6
Alameda, Alonso de, contador of the Army of Flanders (1567–77), 245
Albert, Archduke of Austria, governor-general (1595–9) and sovereign ruler (1599–1621) of the Netherlands
career, 47, 93, 219, 242
government and opinions of, 27 n 10, 64, 95, 99, 140, 141 n 27, 144, 150 n 57, 211, 213, 215
Albornoz, Juan de, secretary of state and war in the Army of Flanders (1567–73), 97, 247
Alençon, François (d. 1584), duke of
invades the Spanish Netherlands, 202, 206
threatens Spanish Road, 56
Alsace, Habsburg dominion
occupied by France (1637), 219
recruiting ground for Spain, 25, 45
strategic importance to Spain, 47, 60, 219
Alva, Don Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, third duke of (1507–82), governor-general of the Netherlands
and the Army of Flanders, 21–3, 143, 187, 201
career of, 91, 100, 241
finances of, 21, 92–3, 94, 96, 102, 112, 115–16, 142 n 28
government of the Netherlands, 21–3, 91–4, 118–20, 195–6
march to the Netherlands (1567), 9, 28, 29 and n 15, 54, 55, 56, 57, 71 and n 3, 73 and no. 9, 79 and n 14, 80, 83 and n 24, 138, 195, 237, 240
military dress, 138
opinions quoted, 10, 26, 28, 34, 35 n 28, 72–3, 113, 145, 197, 201
American colonies, Europe’s, xiv n 3, 112
a motive for the Low Countries’ Wars, 113–14, 219
treasure from used to finance the Low Countries’ Wars, 204, 217–18
see also individual colonies
Amiens (French town), siege of (1597), 6, Plate 4
Antuñez, Manuel, maestre de campo and poet, 101
Antwerp (Belgian town)
fairs of, 124, 130, 202 n 14
mutiny of Spanish troops at (1574), 159 fig. 16, 161, 162, 163, 166, 172–3, 197, 200, 253
sack of (1576), 155, 173
use of Spanish language in, 149
Antwerp citadel
capture, 112
mutinous garrison of, 160 n 6, 163, 165, 166, 186, 211, 255
Aragon, rebellion of (1591), 209
Aragón, Don Francisco de Mendoza (1547–1623), Admiral of, mayordomo mayor of the Archdukes and military commander, 93, 165 n 21
arbitristas, Spanish reformers in the reign of Philip III, 110
Ardres, mutiny at, 255
Armendáriz, Captain, 188 n 35
Aremberg, Jean de Ligne (1525–68), count of, 187
armies
abuses by, 96
artistic depiction, 103
Dutch, 11, 17, 134 n 4
English, 23, 225
French, 3, 179, 225
Imperial, 36, 65–6
Swedish, 17–18, 45, 218–19, 225
arms and armament of the troops, 3, 40–1, 54, 135, 139
Arras, Treaty of (1579), 203
artillery, use of, 15, 41, 221
Arundel, see Howard, Thomas
asiento system of the Spanish empire, 124–31
Axpe, Don Martín de, secretary of state and war in the Army of Flanders (1634–6), 248
Aytona, Don Francisco de Moncada, marquis of, acting governor-general of the Netherlands (1633–4), 14–15, 25, 111 n 7, 242
Baggage, see transport for the troops, baggage
Bahia (Salvador, Brazilian port), recaptured from the Dutch (1625), 112, 217
Baltic, Dutch-Spanish rivalry in, 217
bandes d’ordonnance, Netherlands cavalry, 21
See also cavalry
bandits, and recruiting, 39–40
Bar, dukes of, see Lorraine
barracks, 139–41
bastion (military fortification), 4–9, 5 fig. 1, Plates 1, 2
battles in the Low Countries’ Wars, 7, 14–17
Baume-les-Dames (town in Franche-Comté), experience of the Spanish Road, 85–6
Benavente y Benavides, Don Crístobal de, veedor general of the Army of Flanders and councillor of Philip IV, 81, 243
Benero, Hilario de, paymaster-general of the Army of Flanders (1651–3 and 1654–6), 245
Bentivoglio, Cardinal Guido, nuncio and historian, 160
Berg, Count Henry van den, commander of the Army of Flanders (1628–32), 15 n 27, 99, 219
Bergen-op-Zoom (Dutch town), sieges of, (1588), 207; (1622) 2, 180–1, 261
Berlaymont, count, regiment of, 185 n 27, 191
Bern, Swiss canton, 56, 58
Berwick-on-Tweed (English town)
barracks of, 140–1 n 24
fortifications of, 6, Plate 1
Besançon (Imperial Free City in Franche-Comté), experience of the Spanish Road, 53, 55, 64, 82, 89
‘Fairs’ of, 124 n 15, 202 n 14
billeting, see accommodation
Biron, Marshal, 59
Bobadilla, Don Francisco de, maestre de campo, 237, 240
Bohemia, revolt of (1618–22), 63, 215
Bommelerwaard (Netherlands island between Waal and Maas)
mutiny at, 188, 207, 253
Spanish occupation of (1589), 188, 207; (1599), 211
booty, 151, 154–5
Bormio (town in the Valtelline), Spanish fort constructed at (1620), 64
Botero, Giovanni, political theorist, 14, 15
Boyle, Roger, baron Broghill, military writer, 15
Braudel, Fernand, historian, 42
Brazil, Dutch, 112, 219
bread, army (pan de munición), 135–6
Breda (Dutch town)
Dutch Republic captures (1590), 11
peace talks at (1575), 113, 198–9
Spain captures (1580), 203; (1625), 2, 112, 203, 217
Spanish garrison of, 155 and n 75
Breisach (town in Alsace), 47
Breughel, Pieter, artist, 21
Breuil, Carlos de, chaplain-general, 146 n 42
bridges in the early modern period, 71–2
British and Irish soldiers in the Army of Flanders
demobilization of, 158
desertion, 183
military corridors of, 42–3
numbers, 24, 231
recruitment of, 26, 34, 42
unit organization of, 234
value, of, 26
British soldiers in the Dutch army, 42
Brussels, mutiny at, 254
bullion, movement and importance of, 49, 57, 128–9, 164
Burgundy, see Franche-Comté and Charles the Bold
Çabala, Domingo de, secretary of state and war in the Army of Flanders (1573–5), 184
Cadiz (Spanish port), English attack, 67, 217
Calais (French port), 48
Calais, mutiny at, 255
Calderón, de la Barca, Pedro playwright, 103
Callot, Jacques, artist, 103
camarada, see comradeships
Cambrai, mutiny at, 255
camp-followers of the Army of Flanders, 80, 150–1, 252
captain, commander of an army company
power over his men, 29–30, 35, 134–5, 144, 169–70
recruiting methods, 25, 28, 38
captain-general of the Army of Flanders
and mutineers, 162–3
office-holders, 92–5, 177
powers, 29, 93–4
Cardinal-Infante, Don Fernando, brother of Philip IV and governor-general of the Netherlands (1634–41), 66–7, 100, 103, 180
Carnero, Alonso, contador of the Army of Flanders (1584–7 and 1589–95), 133 n 1, 245
Carnero, Antonio, contador (1587–9) and historian of the Army of Flanders, 104 n 38, 246
Castañeda, Don Sancho de Zúñiga y Monroy, marquis of, councillor of Philip IV, 175–6
Castel Rodrigo, Don Manuel de Moura y Cortereal, marquis of, governor-general of the Netherlands (1644–7), 242
Castellanos, Cristóbal de, contador of the Army of Flanders (1567–74), 245
Castrofuerte, Marquis of, councillor of Philip IV, 36
Casuso Maeda, Luis de, contador of the Army of Flanders (1622–30), 181 n 11, 246
Catalonia, revolt of (1640–59), 223
Catholic Church, see papacy, clerical services and religion
cavalry in the Low Countries’ Wars, 2–3, 9, 16–17, 139, 185 n 27, 235
Cedrellas, Bartolomé, soldier, 153
Centurione, Ottavio, financier, 125
Centurione, Vizente, financier, 125
Cerralvo, Marquis of, governor-general designate of the Netherlands (1591–2), 209
Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de (1547–1616), Spanish writer, 33, 103, 137, 157
Channel, English, as military corridor, 44, 48–9, 67–8
Chapeaurouge, François de, Genevan diplomat, 58, 59
chaplains in the Army of Flanders, 103, 104, 145–7, 233–5; see also religion
Charles II, king of England, Scotland and Ireland (1649–85), 193
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1519–58) and king of Spain, 52
financial legacy of, 34, 125
opinions of, 27, 125
Charles VIII, king of France (1483–98), 3
Charles IX, king of France (1560–74), 55–6
Charles the Bold of Burgundy, duke (1463–77), 54, 63
Châtelet, mutiny at, 254
Chézery, val de (Valserine, in Savoy), link between Rhône and Franche-Comté, 59, 64, 71
children see Spanish soldiers in the Army of Flanders, families of
Chile, xiv n, 3
Cigogna, Juan Andrea (d. 1597), superintendent of contributions in the Netherlands 1574–6 and 1579–88, 120, 121
Civil Wars, English (1642–51), 44
Clark, Sir George, historian, 23
Cleves-Jülich, German duchies of
strategic importance, 1, 12 fig. 2, 214
succession struggle (1609–14), 214–15
clothing, military, see uniform
Coignet, Michel, cartographer, 64
Cologne, war of (1583–9), 132, 214
Coloma, Don Carlos (1566–1637), ambassador, military commander and historian, 101, 102, 134 n 4, 158, 160 n 5, 182 n 17
Coloma, Pedro, contador of the Army of Flanders (1580–95), 245
company, army unit, 10–11, 16–17, 29–32, 234–5
comradeship (camarada) in the Army of Flanders, 151–2, 171–2, 188
contador of the Army of Flanders
duties, 94
office-holders, 245–6
contaduría mayor de cuentas, audit office of the Castilian exchequer, 95–6, 98
contributions-system in the Netherlands, 121–2
council of Flanders, 95
council of state, 95, 99, 109, 110, 165 n 22, 199, 213
council of war in the Netherlands, 93
council of war in Spain, 29 n 17, 93, 95, 175
Crespi de Valdaura, Cristóbal, 149
Crèvecoeur fort, mutiny at, 174 n 42, 211, 255
crime in the Army of Flanders, 82, 84–5, 152
Cruickshank, Charles, historian, 135
Cruso, John, military writer, 10
Curiel, Gerónimo de (d. 1578), Spanish factor at Antwerp and Paris, 201
Dávila, Sancho, 101
Davison, William, 7
‘debauchers’, agents paid to entice soldiers from one army to another, 183–4
decrees of bankruptcy (decretos), orders suspending payments from the Castilian treasury
mechanism of, 126–7
in 1575, 116, 127, 199–200
in 1596, 127, 209–10
in 1607, 213
in 1627, 130
Delgadillo, Hernando, Spanish commissary, 88 n 37, 157 n 1
demobilization, 190–4
depositario general, ‘public trustee’ for the Army of Flanders (after 1596), 147
desertion, 177, 181, 182–6, 193–4
Deventer (Dutch town)
fortifications of, 6, Plates 2 and 3
siege of (1591), 208
Diest (Belgian town), mutinies at
in 1590–1, 159, 161, 254
in 1599–1601, 211, 212, 255
in 1606–7, 165, 168, 213, 256
discipline in the Army of Flanders
in mutinies, 164, 165, 170–3, 174, 199–200
in the ranks, 134, 153, 169–70, 184–5, 188
for senior personnel, 98–9
disease in the Army of Flanders, 89, 143, 177
distance, problem of, 42, 95, 240
domino theory of strategy, 109–11
Doria, Juan Andrea, 111 n 7
Doullens, mutiny at, 255
Downs, battle of the (1639), 68, 220
Drake, Sir, Francis, 206–7
drill, 10 n 17, 210
Dunkirk (Channel port mostly controlled by Spain until 1658), 2, 48, 223
fleet of, 2
garrison of, 151
mutiny at, 254
Duplessis-Mornay, Philippe, French Huguenot writer, 57, 58
Dutch Republic, see United Provinces
Eguigerem, Ascención de, contador of the Army of Flanders (1603–10), 246
Eguiluz, Martín de, Spanish soldier and military writer, 138
electo, leader of a mutiny, 160–2
El Greco, see Theotocopoulos, Domenikos
Elizabeth I, queen of England (1558–1603), 32, 117, 206, 212
Empire, Holy Roman
opposition to invasion by Spanish troops (1599), 132
Spanish intervention in (1619–34), 214–16
used as military corridor by Spanish troops, 44–5, 63, 65, 214
engineering in the early modern period
civil, 70–1
military, 4–7, 15
England
foreign policy of, 67, 206–7, 212
military practice, 44, 123 n 13, 133
see also British soldiers
enterprisers, military, see military contractors
entretenidos (staff officers) in the Army of Flanders, 93–4, 99
Épinal (town in Lorraine), experience of the Spanish Road, 82 n 22, 83, 186 n 31
Ernest, Archduke of Austria (1553–95), governor-general of the Netherlands, 241
Escobedo, Juan de (d. 1578) secretary of state and war in the Army of Flanders, 192, 247
étape system, 80–7, 88
fairs of exchange, 124–5, 191, 202 n 14
families of soldiers, see Spanish soldiers, families of
Fawkes, Guy, soldier in the Army of Flanders and Gunpowder conspirator (1605), 34
Ferdinand, Archduke of Styria and later (1618–37) Holy Roman Emperor, 45, 47, 65–6, 215
Feria, duke of, 63 n 46, 137 n 15, 182 n 17
Fernández de Navarrete, Pedro, Spanish arbitrista, 110
finance, public, during the Low Countries’ Wars, 57, 90, 94–9, 109–32, 195–225, 249, 257–60
Finglas, Thomas, ‘debaucher’, 183
fleets
Dutch, 2, 49, 67–8, 188, 213, 217, 218
English, 206–7
French, 48
Huguenot, 49
Ottoman, 195
Spanish, 2, 48–9, 67–8, 196
Spanish Netherlands, 2
Fourquevaux, Raymond de Beccarie de Pavie (1508–74), sieur de, military writer, 7 n 12
France
army of, 3, 29, 179, 222
Spanish deserters and, 186
Spanish intervention in, 220–1
and the Spanish Road, 57, 61–2, 129, 209
war with Spain, 6, 27, 61, Plate 5, 206, 216–17, 218, 219–23
Franche-Comté of Burgundy
soldiers from, 24, 26, 158, 234
Spanish Road in, 72–3, 75–8 (figs. 10, 11, 12), 83, 88
strategic importance of, 51, 52
Francis I, king of France (1515–47), 6
Franciscan Order, in Spanish Netherlands, 146
fraud in the Army of Flanders
by captains, 135–7, 187
by clerical staff, 95–9, 105
control of, 97–8
Frederick V, elector palatine and (1619–20) ‘winter king’ of Bohemia, 45, 215, see also Palatinate
freebooters, operations in the Netherlands, 14, 40
Fronsberg, Count, regiment of, 191
Fuentes, Don Pedro Enríquez de Guzmán, Toledo y Azevedo, count of, governor-general of the Netherlands (1595), 60–1, 113–14, 145 n 38, 209
Fuentes fort, at the mouth of the Valtelline, 61
Galaretta, Francisco de, secretary of state and war in the Army of Flanders (1636–8 and 1644–8), 248
Galaretta Ocariz, Martín de, secretary of state and war in the Army of Flanders (1655–69), 248
garrisons in the Low Countries, 9, 14, 140, 143, 150
Gayangos, Balthasar de, contador of the Army of Flanders (1595–9), 245
Gembloux, battle of (1578), 7, 202
Geneva, city and republic of
Spain and, 53–5, 182 n 16
and the treaty of Lyon (1601), 58
Genoa, city and republic of
financiers of, 48, 51
strategic importance to Spain, 51, 53, 127
gentlemen-rankers (particulares), importance of, 33–4, 101
George III, king of England (1760–1820), 109
German soldiers in the Army of Flanders
demobilization of, 158, 190–1, 192
desertion of, 182
military corridors of, 44, 47
mutinies of, 158
recruitment of, 23, 25, 26, 29, 36, 44
troop size, 22, 24, 231, 236
unit organization of, 233–4
value of, 25
wastage of, 179, 182–3
Germany, see Empire, Holy Roman
Geyl, Pieter, historian, 11 and n 21
Ghent (Belgian town), 40
mutiny at,165, 211, 255
Pacification of (1576), 200
Girón, Don Fernando, Spanish soldier and councillor of Philip IV, 227, 238
Grésin, see pont de Grésin
Grimmelshausen, H. J. C. von, novelist, 150
Granvelle, Cardinal Antoine Perrenot de (1517–86), adviser of Philip II, 49–51, 56, 60, 109 n 2, 110
Grave (Dutch town), 205
mutiny at, 256
Graz, Treaty of (1617), 47, 215
‘great rivers barrier’ idea (in the Netherlands), 11 and n 21
Gregorian Calendar, adopted by the Army of Flanders in 1583, 134
Grisons, the league of Protestant landowners controlling the south-eastern corner of modern Switzerland, 61–3, 65–6
Grol, siege of (1595), 15
Groningen (Dutch town)
reconciliation with Spain (1580), 203
captured by Dutch (1594), 11, 173
guerilla warfare in the Low Countries’ Wars, 10–11, 14–15, 185
Guerra de la Vega, Gonzalo, contador of the Army of Flanders (1610–22), 246
Gunpowder Plot (1605), 34 n 25, 44
Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden (1611–32), 17, 45, 218, 219
Gutiérrez, Alonso, 2 n 3
Haarlem (Dutch town)
mutiny at (1573), 169, 172, 253
siege of (1572–3), 7, 139, 169
Hainaut (Belgian province), 160, 185 n 27
Hal (Belgian town), centre for wounded veterans, 143
Hale, Sir John, historian, 3
Hamont, mutiny at, 173 n 40, 255, 256
harvests
Low Countries, 157, 174, 207, 210
Spain, 34, 210, 218
Hauser, Henri, historian, 56
Heiligerlee, battle of (1568), 187
Henríquez de Castro, Don Diego, paymaster-general of the Army of Flanders (1653–4 and 1656–60), 245
Henry, king of Portugal (1578–80), 203
Henry III, king of France (1574–89), 207
Henry IV, king of France (1589–1610)
government of, 100, 205, 209, 210, 225, 235
Spain and, 57–9, 60, 125, 206, 207, 208
Herenthals, mutiny at, 255
Hernani, Diego de, contador of the Army of Flanders (1630–51), 246
Hexham, Henry, soldier and lexicographer, 148–9
high command of the Army of Flanders, structure and powers of, 91–108, 136, 145, 154, 235
Hinojosa, Marquis of La, 79 n 13
histories of the Low Countries’ Wars written by officers, 101
Hohenems, Count Hannibal von, German military enterpriser (d. 1587), 45
Holland (province of the Netherlands), 15
mutiny of Spaniards in, 158–9, 161 n 9, 169 n 32, 171 fig. 18, 253
Spanish plans to burn or flood, 114
see also United Provinces
Holstein, Adolph duke of, 32
Honnecourt, battle of (1642), 111
Hoogstraten (Belgian town), mutiny at, 160, 173 n 40, 212, 256
hospitals, military, 141–4
horses, 135, 139; see also cavalry
Howard, Thomas, Lord Arundel, 44
Hugo, Herman, chaplain and writer, 103
Huguenots, French, 196
attack Spanish shipping, 48, 49
threaten the Spanish Road, 56, 57
Hundred Years’ War between England and France, 10 n 17, 123
Ibarra, Don Diego de, inspector-general of the Army of Flanders (1593–9), 243
Ibarra, Esteban de, secretary of state and war in Madrid and Brussels, 114 n 13, 148 n 49, 173, 243
Ibarra, Francisco de, commissary-general of the Army of Flanders (1567), 71
Ieper (Ypres: Belgian town), siege of, 186
Ijzendijk fort, mutiny at, 256
Indies (Spain’s overseas empire), see American colonies
inspector-general, see veedor general
‘Invincible Armada’, see Spanish Armada
Irish soldiers, see British and Irish soldiers
Isabella Clara Eugenia, Infanta, regent in the Netherlands (1621–33), 47, 99, 175 n 43, 180, 210–11, 219
Isendijk fort, mutiny at, 174 n 42, 256
Italian soldiers in the Army of Flanders
demobilization of, 158
desertion of, 185
military corridors of, 48, 60
mutinies of, 166, 168
recruitment of, 26, 27, 38, 184
troop size, 24, 50, 177, 178, 179
unit organization of, 234
value of, 27
Italy
importance to Spain, 53, 109, 132, 195–6, 218
Spanish rule in, 28, 182
Jesuit Order in the Spanish Netherlands, 146
Jews, Sephardic, 130–1
John of Austria, Don, natural son of Charles V and governor-general of the Netherlands (1576–8), 7, 93, 95, 99, 177, 192, 193 n 7, 196, 200, 202, 241
John José of Austria, Don, natural son of Philip IV and governor-general of the Netherlands (1656–9), 242
Joinville, Treaty of (1584), 207
juros, government bonds issued by the Castilian treasury, 126, 128, 202
Kerpen fort, mutiny at, 255
Kortrijk (Belgian town)
capture of, 203
mutiny at, 134, 159 fig. 16, 160 n 5, 253
La Chapelle, mutiny at, 163 n 14, 253, 254
Lannoy, Don Fernando (d. 1579), nobleman of Franche-Comté
maps of, 72–3
prepares the duke of Alva’s march, 57, 73, 83 n 24, 87 n 33
Laloo, Alonso de, 181 n 13
languages in the Low Countries, 148–9
Lastur, Juan de, paymaster-general of the Army of Flanders (1579–80 and 1585–90), 243
La Torre, Don Diego de, secretary of state and war in the Army of Flanders (1641–4), 248
Lausanne (Swiss town), 58, 64
Laws of War, 8
Leiden (Dutch town), siege of (1574), 181, 184, 198
Lens, battle of (1648), 222
Lepanto, battle of (1571), 28, 196
Leyva, Don Sancho Martínez de, 135 n 8, 238
Liège (Luik) prince-bishopric of, 52–3, 132
Lier, mutiny at, 165, 166, 211, 255
ligue of French Catholics, 1585–98, and Spanish support, 11, 58, 183, 207
Lira, Don Juan de, paymaster-general of the Army of Flanders (1634–41), 95, 141 n 27, 244
Lixalde, Francisco de, paymaster-general of the Army of Flanders (1567–77), 95–6, 115 n 17, 197 n 5, 243
Lombardy, see Milan
London
first peace of (1604), 67, 212
second peace of (1630), 44, 67
Londoño, Don Sancho (d. 1569), Spanish soldier and military writer, 61 n 41, 101, 145 n 39
Lons-le-Saunier (French town), 88
Lope de Vega Carpio, Felix (1562–1635), playwright, 103, 147
López de Aliri, Juan, visitador and contador (1599–1603) of the Army of Flanders, 98 n 19, 246
López de la Cueva, Balthasar, secretary of state and war in the Army of Flanders (1575–6), 247
López de Ulloa, Thomas, paymaster-general of the Army of Flanders (1626–32 and 1642–51), 96, 143 n 32, 244
López Hierro de Castro, Don Sebastián, paymaster-general of the Army of Flanders (1648), 143 n 32, 244
Lorraine, duchy of
French occupation of, 55
Spanish Road and, 52–3, 55, 75 fig. 10
strategic importance to Spain, 47, 52, 53
Lorraine, dukes of, and Spain, 37, 52–3
losses of troops, see wastage
Louis XIII, king of France (1610–43), 111, 218
Lutheran troops, 37
Luxemburg (Belgian province), 84
mutiny in, 254
Lyon, League of (1623), 65
Lyon, peace conference and treaty of (1601), 58–60
Maastricht (Dutch town), sieges of, (1579), 7; (1632), 47
mutiny at, 256
Macchiavelli, Niccolò, Florentine writer and politician, 3, 4–6
Mancicidor, Juan de, secretary of state and war in the Army of Flanders (1595–1618), 93, 248
Manrique, Don Antonio, tercio of, 154, 237
Mansfelt, Count Charles of (d. 1596), commander of the Army of Flanders, 188
Mansfelt, Count Peter-Ernest de, governor-general of the Netherlands (1592–3), 65, 184
Mantua (Italian duchy), disputed succession to (1627–31), 218
maps in the early modern period, 72–5, 76–8 figs. 11–12, Plate 5
march, military, speed of, 87–89, 240
marriage of troops in the Army of Flanders, 135, 147, 149–50
Martigny (town in Switzerland), 58
Masi, Cosme, secretary of state and war in the Army of Flanders (1580–92), 105, 247
Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor (1612–19), 47
Mayenne, Charles of Lorraine, duke of, leader of the French Catholic ligue, 58
Mechelen (Belgian town)
sack of (1572), 155
Spanish military hospital at, 141, 143
medicine, military, in the Army of Flanders, 141–3, 179
Medina Celi, Don Juan de la Cerda, duke of, governor-general designate of the Netherlands (1571–3), 73, 237
Medina del Campo (Spanish town), ‘Fairs’ at, 124, 125
medio general, see decrees of bankruptcy
Melo, Don Francisco de, governor-general of the Netherlands (1641–4), 100, 220–1, 242
Mendieta, Tomas de, paymaster-general of the Army of Flanders (1621–5), 244
Mendoza, Bernardino de, Spanish soldier, diplomat and writer, 101
Metz, city of, French enclave in Lorraine (after 1552), opposition to Spain’s military movements, 53
Mexía, Don Agustín, Spanish soldier and councillor of Philip IV, 37, 237, 240
Mexía, Don Ambrosio, Spanish colonel, 37
Milan, Spanish duchy of, 46–7, 51, 58–67, 150
military careers, 100–2, 104
military contractors, 32–3, 38, 44, 134–5, 138, 151, 191
military corridors, see military movements
military dress in the Army of Flanders, 41, 138–9, Plate 6
military justice in the Army of Flanders
exercise of, 93–4, 99, 135 n 6, 175, 184–5, 188
officers of, 233
military leave, 156, 179
military life, quality of, 120, 133–56, 169–70, 175, 180–2, Plate 6
military movements
cost, 90
itineraries: land, 42, 45–68;;
sea, 42, 48–9, 67–9
numbers involved, 237–9
problems: political, 42–69, 175; practical, 70–90
speed, 42, 87–9, 240
‘military revolution’ concept, 17
military treasury, see pagaduría
militia, used by the Army of Flanders, 40
mobilization of the Army of Flanders, 21–41, 67
Mondoucet, Claude de, French diplomat, 115, 182 n 15
Mondragón, Cristobal de (1504–96), Spanish military commander, 101, 120, 192 n 6
Mons (Belgian town), siege of (1572), 7, 22, 23, 196–7
Mook (Netherlands town), battle at (1574) 116, 162, 169
Morán, Isidro, secretary of state and war in the Army of Flanders (1595), 248
Moriensart, Lord, minister of state, 40
moriscos, rebellion of (1568–71), 92, 119, 196
mutinies, 117, 134, 144, 152, 157–76
demands of, 162, 167, 168
in the Army of Flanders, 49, 100, 127, 157–76, 198, 199, 207, 209, 211–12, 213, 253–6
in the Dutch army, 167–8, 174 n 42, 199, 202–3
in the French army, 182 n 18
in the Swedish army, 17–18
motives, 168–70
protocols, 163–4
punishment, 165, 169, 170–3, 174, 187; see also military justice in the Army of Flanders
Naples, Spanish viceroyalty
contributions to the Low Countries’ Wars, 223
Spanish troops’ love of, 182
Nassau, Louis count of (d. 1574), 23, 56, 162 n 12, 187, 191, 196
Nassau, Maurice count of (d. 1625), 208, 211
Nassau, William count of, see Orange, William of Nassau, prince of
national feeling in the Army of Flanders
strength of, 152
weakness of, 168
Navarrete, Juan de, paymaster of the artillery (1567–74) and contador (1574–80) of the Army of Flanders, 105, 177 n 3, 245
Navarro Burena, Dr Antonio, secretary of state and war in the Army of Flanders (1648–55), 248
navies, see fleets
Nervèse, Pierre de, Captain, 180 n 9
Netherlands, Spanish
finances of, 118–32, 250
geography, 11–14
government of, 91–108
Netherlands soldiers in the Army of Flanders
demobilization of, 192
mutinies of, 168, 199
recruitment of, 29, 36, 37
troop size, 22, 24
unit organization of, 235
value of, 25
wastage of, 179
Nevers, Charles of Gonzaga, duke of, 218
New Model Army, in England, 133
Nieuwe Tijdinghe (Antwerp newspaper), 64
Nieuwpoort, battle of (1600), 141, 210, 211
Nonsuch, Treaty of (1585), 206
Nördlingen, battle of (1634), 66–7
Nuñez Saravia, Juan, banker, 130 n 28
Olave, Pedro de, paymaster-general of the Army of Flanders (1580–5), 95, 243
Olivares, Don Gaspar de Guzmán (1587–1645), count-duke of, favourite and chief minister of Philip IV, 65–7, 93, 102, 112, 132, 175, 219
O’Neill, Henry, Irish colonel, 44
Oquendo, Don Antonio de (1577–1640), Spanish admiral, 78, 131 n 29, 220, 239
Orange, William of Nassau (1533–84), prince of, stadholder of Holland and Zealand, 11, 22, 32, 92, 115, 169, 191, 196, 206
Ossorio, García, contador of the Army of Flanders (1652–71), 246
Ostend (Belgian town), Spanish siege of (1601–4), 1, 212
Ottoman Empire, and Spain, 28, 34–5, 92, 195–6, 201
Oudenaarde, mutiny at, 253
Oxenstierna, Axel, Swedish Chancellor, 17
Oxenstierna, Gabriel, 17–18
pagaduría, military treasury of the Army of Flanders
as deposit bank, 131–2
receipts of, 94, 137, 196 fig. 21, 199, 203 fig. 22, 205 fig. 23, 211 fig. 24, 215 fig. 25, 216 fig. 26, 220 fig. 27, 221 fig. 28, 223 fig. 29, 224, 251, 257–8
Palatinate, Rhineland state
and Cleves-Jülich succession, 214
invaded by Spain (1620), 214–15
strategic importance of, 45, 218
papacy, 59, 65, 112, 208; see also religion
Parma, Alessandro Farnese, prince and later duke of, governor-general of the Netherlands (1578–92)
and the Army of Flanders, 191, 203, 204–5, 206–9
career of, 2, 7, 97, 100, 202, 241
finances, 102, 121, 144, 191
government of, 95, 99, 145, 152, 203, 205
opinions quoted, 89, 123, 154, 208
Parma, Margaret of Austria, duchess of, regent of the Netherlands (1559–67), 91, 118, 120
patriotism, 152
Pavia, peace of (1617), 63, 64
pay in the Army of Flanders, 98–9, 117, 133–4, 154–5, 164, 177, 190, 192–3, 214
paymaster-general of the Army of Flanders
office of, 94, 95–6
office-holders, 243–5
see also pagaduría
‘Pays de Waes’, mutiny in, 253
Paz, Pedro de, maestre de campo, 134 n 5, 237, 240
peace in the Low Countries, proposals for, 94, 109, 199–200, 208, 220, 221, 222
Philip II, king of Spain (1556–98)
finances of, 100, 109–32, 197, 198, 204
foreign policy towards;
England, 11, 206–7;
France, 110, 207–8, 209;
Geneva, 53;
Germany, 35–7;
Netherlands, 91, 114–17, 118, 195, 200–1, 203, 208
government of, 198
opinions quoted, 26, 200–1, 204
religious beliefs, 113–14
and the Spanish Road, 51–8
Philip III, king of Spain (1598–1621), 47, 113, 210–14
Philip IV, king of Spain (1621–65), 1
finances of, 100
foreign policy of, 216–23
opinions of, 39, 65 n 51, 102, 134, 144 n 36, 214, 220–1, 226
pícaro, rise of the, 153–4
Piedmont, duchy of, see Savoy
plague
effects on recruiting, 36
in Spain, 210, 223
spread by troops, 49, 89
spread by others, 56
plunder, see booty
Polwiller (Polweiler), Baron Nicolas von (d. 1588), grand bailiff of Alsace and German military enterpriser, 45
pont de Grésin, bridge over the Rhône, 59, 61, 72 n 7, Plate 5
Pont-sur-Sambre (French town), mutiny at, 159, 164, 168, 254
Pontarlier (town in Franche-Comté) experience of the Spanish Road, 58, 86
Portugal
conquest of (1580–2), 203
financiers of (1625 onwards), 131, 217
revolt of (1640–68), 193, 219
Prada, Andres de, secretary of state and war in the Army of Flanders (1578–80), 247
prisoners of war, 14, 15, 143, 144
prostitutes in the Army of Flanders, 150
provisioning, military
on the march, 79–90
in the Netherlands, 134–5, 207, 251
see also étapes
Pyrenees, peace of the (1659), 56, 65, 193, 223
quarter, granted to prisoners, 143–4
quarters, quartering, see accommodation
Queralt, Don Luis de, maestre de campo, 39 n 42, 237, 240
Quevedo, Francisco de (1580–1645), author, 130 n 28
Quiroga, Gaspar de (1512–94), Cardinal-Inquisitor of Spain and councillor of Philip II, 113
Raleigh, Sir Walter (d. 1618), English explorer and historian, 195
ransoming prisoners, 14, 48, 144
recruiting methods of the Army of Flanders, 25–45, 182, 188
‘reformation’
suppressing jobs, 99, 187, 188
suppressing payments, 99
suppressing units, 186–9
regiment, army unit, 14–15, 29–30, 233–5
religion
in the Army of Flanders, 103–4, 145–6, 152–4, 160 n 5, 179, 233–5
a motive for the war, 56, 112, 113–14, 202, 206, 208, 223
see also chaplains
Religious Orders and the Army of Flanders, 145–7
Requesens y Zúñiga, Don Luis de (1528–76), governor-general of the Netherlands
career of, 56, 94, 100, 241
and contributions-system, 133
government of the Netherlands, 157, 195–200
horses of, 139
opinions quoted, 114, 123 n 13, 134, 142, 152, 157, 181 n 12, 182, 198, 199
rewards for soldiers, 133–4, 154–5, 166, 180
Richardot, Jean (d. 1609), minister of the Brussels government, 140 n 23, 204, 208 n 24
Richelieu, Armand-Jean du Plessis, Cardinal-Duke of Richelieu (1585–1642), 19, 221
Rijnberg, mutiny at, 254
roads in the early modern period, 70–1, 72
Roberts, Michael, historian, 17, 115 n 16
Rocroi, battle of (1643), 15–16, 221–2
Rodríguez Alva, Cristóbal, Spanish soldier and poet, 101
Rodrigues de Malvenda, Pedro, banker, 193 n 7
Roermond, mutiny at, 256
Romero, Julián, (1518–87), Spanish military commander, 101, 102, 103, 142
Roose, Pieter (1586–1673), minister of the Brussels government, 34
Rubens, Sir Peter Paul, artist, 103
Ruiz, Simón, banker, 201
Ruíz de Pereda, Don Gaspar, veedor general of the Army of Flanders (1622–9), 99
Saarbrücken, 58
Saavedra, Don Fernando de, captain, 177 n 3
Sailly, Thomas SJ, chaplain, 146
St André fort, mutiny at, 174 n 42, 211, 255
St Claude (town in Franche-Comté), 59
St Jean de Maurienne (town in Savoy), 87
St. Pol, mutiny at, 253
St Truiden (Belgian town), 161
Salamanca, Gerónimo de, banker, 128 n 21
Salamanca, Don Miguel de, secretary of state and war in the Army of Flanders (1638–41), 248
Saluzzo, marquisate of, 9 n 16, 37, 58, 248
first Alpine tunnel in (1480), 70
San Juan, Pedro de, secretary of state and war in the Army of Flanders (1618–33), 248
Sánchez de Bahamonde, Diego, electo, 161 n 9
Sandoval, Hernando de, staff officer, 184
santelmos, false soldiers at muster, 135
Santa Clara fort, mutiny at, 174 n 42, 256
Santa Isabella fort, mutiny at, 256
Santesteban, Gabriel de, paymaster-general of the Army of Flanders (1590–5 and 1600–3), 209 n 27, 244
Savoy, duchy of
French occupation of, 52, 58, 210
and Geneva, 54
Spanish Road in, 52–3, 64, 75 fig. 10, 83, 210, Plate 5
and the treaty of Lyon (1601), 58
Savoy, Charles Emmanuel, duke of (1580–1630), 54, 58–9, 63–4, 65 n 51
Savoy, Emmanuel-Philibert, duke of (1559–80), 52, 56
Schenck, Martin, military enterpriser (k. 1589), 14
Sea Beggars, the, 22, 48–9, 196
Sebastian, king of Portugal (1554–78), 203
secretaries, military, see clerical services
secretaries of state and war of the Army of Flanders, 247–8
Serbelloni, Gabrio, military engineer, 87 n 36, 237, 240
service-money (servicio de casa, servitiegeld) paid by civilians to troops, 122, 133
’s Hertogenbosch (Dutch town)
taken by the Dutch (1629), 15, 218
besieged (1601), 15
Spanish garrison of, 140
sieges, 4–8, 9, 15, 22, 23, 139, 169, 180–1, 184, 186, 196–7, 198, 199, 207, 208, 212
Simancas, archives of, 91
Simplon Pass, 58, 64
Sluis, mutiny at, 253
Spain
financial position of, 115–16, 123–32, 195–227 passim
military organization, 9, 11, 14, 25–41
national ‘device’, 138 and n 18
policy in the Netherlands, 2–3, 21, 95–6, 97–100, 102–5, 109–17
and sea-power, 2, 67–8, 207
see also Philip II, III, IV
Spanish Armada (1587–8), 11, 23, 35, 207
Spanish language, use in Netherlands, 148–9
Spanish Road
artistic depictions, 71, Plate 5
described, 42–69, 70–90
number of troops using, 64, 237–9
Spanish soldiers in the Army of Flanders
brutality by, 153
families of, 144, 146, 148, 150
demobilization of, 192–3
and Italy, 182
life of, 79–82, 120, 153, 154
military corridors of, 42–69
mutinies of, 134, 152, 156, 157–76
numbers, 9, 21–3, 24, 27, 50, 177, 235, 236
recruitment of, 23, 30, 33–5, 38–40, 153, 154
relations with the Netherlanders, 148–9
unit organization of, 40, 233, 235, 236
value of, 27, 163
wastage of, 177–9, 186–8
Spínola, Ambrosio (1569–1630), banker and maestre de campo general of the Army of Flanders
commands expeditions to the Netherlands, 1–2, 59, 93, 184, 212, 218, 238
military achievements and opinions, 102, 136, 140 n 38, 147, 165, 174–5, 180, 214–15
Spínola, Don Gaston, count of Bruay, maestre de campo, 167
Spínola, Lorenzo, banker, 145 n 38, 201
Stanley, Sir William (1548–1630), English colonel in Dutch and Spanish service, 183
States-General, see United Provinces
Strasbourg, 56
strategy in the early modern period, 109–32
Struzzi, Alberto, soldier and designer of toy-soldiers (1614), 1–2, 151 n 61
Suleiman, Ottoman Sultan (1520–66), 195
Sully, Maximilian de Béthune (1560–1641), duke of, chief adviser of Henry IV of France, 205 n 19, Plate 5
Swedish troops, see armies, Swedish
Swiss Confederation
political neutrality of, 52, 53, 54, 56, 60
pro-Spanish Catholic cantons, 60
see also Grisons, Valtelline
Swiss infantry, 2
Tassis, Juan Bautista de, Spanish soldier and diplomat, 2 n 2, 97 n 15, 206 n 21
Tellier, Michel le, French secretary for war, 136 n 10
‘Tenth Penny’, tax imposed on the Netherlands (1572), 118–19
tercio, military unit, 10, 15, 16, 17, 89, 138, 234
tercio of Sardinia, ‘reformed’ in 1568, 187–8
tercio viejo de Lombardía, ‘reformed’ in 1589, 158, 188
Terranova, Duke of, 52 n 19
testaments of soldiers, 145, 146–7
Theotocopoulos, Domenikos (El Greco) painter, 103
Thirty Years’ War in Germany (1618–48), 17–18, 65, 215–22
Tienen (Tirlemont: Belgian town), 173
Tilly, Johan Tserclaes, Count of, 36
Toledo, Don Fadrique de (d. 1585), son of the duke of Alva and commander of the Army of Flanders, 148 n 49, 172, 173
Toul, French enclave in Lorraine (after 1552), 53, 55
Tournai (Belgian town in Belgium), 203
towns captured by the Army of Flanders, 7–8, 261; see also names of individual towns
transport for the troops’ baggage, 86–7, 155
treaties, see name of treaty
Tribunal de la Visita, 98
Tribunal de las cuentas de Flandes (1581–4), 98
Tromp, Maarten Harpertszoon, Dutch admiral, 67–8
tunnel, first Alpine (1480), 70
Turkish empire, see Ottoman Empire
Twelve Years’ Truce, 1609–21, 21, 67, 193, 214
debate over, 21, 193, 110
debate over renewal of, 193, 216
Tyrol, Habsburg dominion, recruiting ground of the Army of Flanders, 25, 45
Ugarte, Hortuño de, paymaster-general of the Army of Flanders (1608–21), 244
Unceta, Martín de, paymaster-general of the Army of Flanders (1577–9 and 1600–3), 94 n 10, 141 n 27, 201 n 13, 244
uniforms, see military dress
‘Union of Arms’ scheme (1625–8), 132
United Provinces of the Netherlands (the Dutch Republic)
costs of war to, 118–23, 192, 226
foreign support of, 206
fortresses, 11
growth of, 11–12, 198, 200, 203, 209–10
overseas trade of, 112, 210, 217
and Spanish deserters, 175
and the Spanish Road, 57–8, 219
Urquina, Matheo de, secretary of state and war in the Army of Flanders (1618–25), 248
Utrecht (Dutch city), 15
Valdés, Francisco de, maestre de campo and military writer, 101, 153
Valdés, Jordán de, inspector-general, 96–7 n 13, 243
Valenciennes, mutiny at, 253
Valtelline, Alpine valley controlled by the Grisons, 61, 62 fig. 9, 63, 64, 66, 74
Vauban, Sébastien le Prestre de, French military engineer, 16
Vázquez, Mateo, private secretary to Philip II, 97
veedor general (inspector-general) of the Army of Flanders
office of, 96–7
office-holders, 243
Veere (Dutch town), naval arsenal at, 2
Vega, Don Hernando de, president of the council of Finance, 204
Velada, Antonio Sancho Dávila Marquis of, 97 n 15, 102–3
Velasco, Don Luis de, maestre de campo, 93 n 5
Velázquez, Diego, artist, 2, 103
Vélez de Guevara, Luis, playwright, 103
Vélez de Medriano, Gerónimo, secretary of state and war in the Army of Flanders (1633–4), 248
venereal diseases in the Army of Flanders, 143
Verdugo, Francisco (1536–95), Spanish officer and historian, 10 n 17, 101, 192 n 6
Vervins, peace of (1598), 58, 209
victuallers, military, 251
on the march, 79–81, 137
in the Netherlands, 137, 151
see also provisioning
Vieilleville, Marshal, 73
Vigenère, Blaise de (d. 1596), French military writer, 35, 136
Virginia, English colony in America, xiv n, 3
Visita, government enquiry in the Netherlands 1593–1602, 98
Vitelli, Chiappino, marquis of Cetona (d. 1575), senior officer of the Army of Flanders, 120, 188 n 35
wages of soldiers
in the Army of Flanders, 104, 115–16, 133–56
in the Dutch army, 134 n 4
Wake, Isaac, English Ambassador, 38 n 36, 54
Wallenstein, Albrecht von (k. 1634), Imperial general, 36, 217, 218
Walloons, see Netherlands troops
Walter Zapata, Don Gerónimo, paymaster-general (1595–1600) and inspector-general (1600–3) of the Army of Flanders, 93, 94 n 9, 209 n 27, 244
warfare in the early modern period
armies, size and composition of, 3, 21–41, 231–2
battles, see under individual engagements
cost of, 115–16, 118–33, 195–227
methods of, 3–18
‘war-game’, made for prince Philip (IV) of Spain in 1614, 1–2, 151 n 61
wartegeld (waiting money) system, 32–3
wastage of troops in the Army of Flanders, 177–86
weapons see arms and armament of the troops
Wedell, Antonio, paymaster-general of the Army of Flanders (1633–4), 244
Weert (Belgian town), mutiny at, 159 fig. 16, 161 n 8, 168, 212, 255
Williams, Sir Roger (d. 1595), English soldier and military writer, 9, 28
wills of soldiers in the Army of Flanders, 144–8, 151–2
women in the Army of Flanders
marriage of, 149–50
numbers of, 141, 252
paid ‘marriage allowance’, 136
prostitutes, 150
Wright, Benjamin, English merchant engaged in shipping Spanish troops to Flanders, 67–8
Wylkes, Thomas, Queen Elizabeth’s agent in the Netherlands, 107, 117
Ysla, captain Hierónimo de (d. 1596), 151 n 62
Zichem (Belgian town), mutiny at, 160, 161 n 7, 163 n 15, 167, 168, 170 n 37, 173, 174, 209, 253
Zierikzee, siege of (1576), 199
Zúñiga, Don Antonio de, tercio of, 154, 237, 240
Zúñiga, Don Baltasar de, Spanish soldier and diplomat, 60, 63, 64, 65
Zutphen (Netherlands town), capture of, 22, 208
Zweibrücken, dukes of, 45