Achenbaum, W.A., 33, 43, 45, 46, 99
Adams, C., 38, 49, 98
Adler, M.J., 5
Albert, R.A., 149
Albino, A., 146
Aldwin, C.M., 193
Allen, J.L., 196
Allport, G.W., 202, 204, 208, 211
Ames, R., 248, 254
Amin, I., 340
Anderson, B.J., 150
Anderson, J.R., 166
Andresen, J., 319
Aquinas, T., 7, 227
Ardelt, M., 23, 45, 51, 85, 130, 177, 202, 212, 228
Aristotle, 5, 22, 66, 68, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 79, 227, 253, 256
Arlin, P.K., 44, 140, 195, 275
Arnett, J.J., 144, 146
Asahara, Shoukou, 41
Ashoka (Indian leader), 299, 315
Asimov, I., 311
Aspinwall, L.G., 111
Assanand, S., 211
Assman, A., 33, 34, 35, 110, 199, 200
Aurelius, M., 299, 315
Austin, E.J., 337
Axelrod, R., 310
Ayduk, O., 337
Bacon, F., 9, 10
Baltes, M.M., 127
Baltes, P.B., 20, 33, 44, 45, 52, 84, 85, 86, 96, 98, 101, 102, 110, 111, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 121, 122, 123, 124, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 139, 140, 141, 144, 146, 150, 151, 154, 161, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 181, 182, 184, 185, 191, 193, 194, 195, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 207, 208, 210, 211, 224, 230, 237, 250, 263, 275, 276, 343, 357, 361, 365
Bandura, A., 141, 148
Barber, C., 22, 86, 98, 356
Barber, J.D., 315
Barclay, C.R., 147
Barenboim, C., 147
Barnes, J., 254
Baron, 100
Barrett, F.L., 220, 228
Barrett, W., 35
Basseches, M.A., 43, 195
Bates, C.A., 3, 6, 7, 9, 10, 25
Beattie, O., 235
Berg, C.A., 163, 166, 170, 171
Berg, S.A., 221
Berlin, I., 312, 321
Berlusconi, S., 332
Bernstein, M., 90
Berry, W., 360
Birren, J.E., 15, 20, 33, 38, 87, 93, 95, 96, 103, 104, 110, 113, 115, 139, 145, 161, 163, 164, 167, 169, 171, 176, 178, 185, 195, 201, 366
Blakeny, R.B., 258
Blanchard-Fields, F.C., 44, 45, 51, 147, 203, 205
Blasi, A., 202
Blenky, M.F., 26
Block, J., 203
Bloom, A., 278, 291
Bluck, S., 99, 151
Bluhm, W.T., 310
Boehmig-Krumhaar, S.A., 122, 154, 198
Boesch, E.E., 48
Bok, D., 311
Bordia, P., 40, 164, 167, 169, 171
Bradley, P., 206
Brenner, H.G., 23, 45, 115, 139, 140, 195, 276
Brewer, G.D., 301
Brickhouse, T.C., 305
Brown, J.D., 131
Brown, W.S., 165, 353, 356
Brownell, H., 46
Brugman, G., 3, 4, 7, 9, 11, 14, 17, 19, 24, 25, 84
Bruner, J., 288, 363
Bryce, G.E., 34
Buddha, 97
Bühler, C., 202, 204, 208
Bulka, D., 207
Burns, J.M., 315, 321
Bush, G. W., 332
Butler, J., 267
Caesar, J., 315
Camacho, J., 93
Campbell, D.T., 226, 321
Campbell, J.D., 211
Carraher, D.W., 340
Carraher, T.N., 340
Carroll, J.B., 340
Cartensen, L.L., 46, 51
Carver, C.S., 193
Case, 142
Caspi, A., 51, 144, 145, 202
Catanzaro, S.J., 52
Cattell, R.B., 116, 340
Cavanaugh, J.C., 33
Ceci, S.J., 340, 341
Chamberlain, N., 332
Chandler, H.M., 24, 38
Chandler, M.J., 23, 33, 86, 88, 90, 93, 94, 95, 113, 139, 141, 145, 195, 201, 276
Chavez, H., 339
Chinen, A.B., 46, 47, 49, 53
Chiodo, L.M., 207
Christie, A., 257
Chrosniak, L.D., 51
Churchill, W.
Clark, A., 361
Clayton, V.P., 19, 20, 33, 38, 87, 93, 95, 96, 103, 104, 110, 113, 139, 145, 161, 163, 164, 167, 169, 171, 176, 178, 185, 195, 201
Clinchy, B.M., 26
Clinton, W., 41, 331
Cloninger, C.R., 208
Cohn, L.D., 146
Colby, A., 147, 235
Collins, S., 257
Confucius, 9, 32, 97, 239, 248, 249, 250, 253, 262, 303, 306
Conroy, P., 310
Conway, B.E., 90
Conway, D., 61
Conway, M.A., 149
Cook, T.D., 321
Cooper, M.L., 146
Cooper, R.N., 313
Cornelius, S.W., 51
Costa, F.M., 146
Costa, P.T., 145, 211
Cottingham, J., 7, 10
Covey, H.C., 41
Cragg, K., 37
Crandall, R., 52
Creel, H.G., 308
Crenshaw, J., 34–35
Csikszentmihalyi, M., 3, 44, 45, 51, 85, 140, 222, 223, 225, 226, 227, 229, 235, 236, 238, 255, 273, 274, 275, 359
Dalai Lama, 97
Damon, W., 144, 147, 148, 235, 274
Davis, 143
Davis, A., 283
Davis, H.G., 34
Davis, M., 52
Dawkins, R., 226
De Gaulle, C., 227
De Grazia, S., 319
De Leon, P., 301
de Leon, Ponce, 160, 186
Deary, I.J., 337
DeLeonardis, D.M., 333
Denney, N., 98, 99
Denton, S.M., 147
Descartes, R., 10, 76, 77, 78, 80
Deutsch, K., 312
DeVoe, M., 50, 203, 207
Dew, J., 98
Dewey, J., 12, 13
Dickinson, E., 231
DiClemente, R.J., 143
Diehl, M., 207, 211
Diessner, R., 177
Diogenes, 305
DiPaula, A., 211
Dittman-Kohli, F., 110, 111, 117
Dixon, R.A., 96, 115, 117, 170
Dodds, E.R., 304, 319
Dorfman, J., 79
Dörner, J., 203, 210, 211
Dorosz, M., 49
Dreyfus, H., 79
Dreyfus, S., 79
Drudge, M., 275
Durant, W., 3, 4, 5, 6, 8
Durkin, K., 202, 203
Dweck, C.S., 335
Dyer, W., 8
Easterly, W., 318
Einstein, D., 204
Elizabeth II (Queen), 97
Elkind, D., 338
Emerson, R.W., 272
Epstein, S., 333
Ericsson, K.A., 119, 173
Erikson, E.H., 19, 46, 47, 48, 50, 52, 114, 128, 144, 191, 193, 202, 204, 208, 211, 273
Erikson, J.M., 47, 144
Etheredge, L.S., 297, 314, 315, 322
Fabricius, W.V., 147
Faherty, R.L., 34
Farrell, A.H., 87, 90, 93, 94, 96
Faulkender, P., 101, 161, 167, 168
Fernandez-Armesto, F., 311
Fischer, K.W., 179
Fischoff, 143
Fisher, D., 204
Fisher, L.M., 15, 33, 115, 366
Flusser, D., 34
Fogel, R.W., 301
Forman, R.K., 319
Frankl, V., 228
Franklin, B., 183
Franks, B.A., 143
Frederic, L., 258
Frederickson, B.L., 220
Freud, S., 208, 309
Freund, A.M., 110, 127
Fuller, J., 250
Gailbraith, J.K., 288
Gallie, W.B., 245
Gamson, W., 304
Gandhi, M., 32, 41, 97, 182, 300
Gardner, H., 111, 129, 273, 274
Gardner, J., 287, 290, 292
Gautama, Siddhartha (Prince), 8
Gibbon, E., 299
Gibbs, J., 147
Gilbert, D., 332
Ginzberg, E., 317
Glück, J., 84, 99, 100, 104, 111, 141, 151, 224
Goguen, L.A., 207
Goldberger, N.R., 26
Goldston, R.B., 50
Goodman, N., 276
Gorbachev, M., 300
Gough, H.G., 199, 203, 206
Graham, A.C., 257
Grant, R.M., 34
Greenwald, A.G., 194
Grigorenko, E.L., 337
Gross, J.J., 124, 220
Gross, R.M., 320
Grühn, D., 125
Habermas, J., 224
Hadot, P., 11, 305
Hakim-Larson, J., 50, 203, 204
Hall, D., 248, 254
Hall, G.S., 110
Halpern, D.F., 337
Halpern-Felsher, B.L., 143
Hamilton, A., 317
Hammond, K., 79
Hanna, S.E., 145
Hansen, W.B., 143
Happe, F.G.H., 46, 51
Harms, P.D., 88, 97
Harrison, L.E., 311
Harter, S., 144, 194
Hartman, P.S., 230, 235
Haselager, G.J., 145
Hashimoto, A., 181
Hashtroudi, S., 51, 333
Hastings, C.T., 211
Hauser, S.T., 202
Heath, D.H., 202
Heath, H.E., 202
Heckhausen, J., 96, 170, 171
Heidegger, M., 319
Helson, R., 45, 110, 114, 130, 193, 202, 203, 206, 207, 230
Henderson, H., 235, 236
Hershey, D.A., 87, 90, 93, 94, 96
Heston, C., 236
Himmelfarb, G., 308
Hira, F., 101, 161, 167, 168
Hirschman, A.O., 318
Hitler, A., 41, 42
Hobart, C.J., 49, 205
Hofer, S.M., 116
Holliday, S., 23, 33, 38, 86, 88, 90, 93, 94, 95, 113, 139, 141, 145, 195, 201, 276
Holmes, J.G., 145, 149
Holt, R.R., 203
Holy Bible: New Revised Standard Version, 6
Horn, J.L., 116, 340
Horowitz, H., 46
Horvath, J.A., 196
Hugo, V., 160
Hui, H.C., 52
Hume, D., 250, 265, 267, 268
Hunsberger, B., 177
Huntington, S.P., 311
Hussein, S., 41, 42, 340
Huxley, A., 319
Hy, L.X., 204, 211
Ide, S., 39, 41
Inghilleri, P., 226
Inhelder, B., 142
Irwin, R.R., 195
Irwin, T., 76
James, W., 12, 315, 316, 319, 320
Janis, I.L., 315
Jason, L.A., 93, 94, 96, 98
Jaspers, K., 308
Jay, J., 317
Jensen, A.R., 340
Jessor, 146
Jesus Christ, 97
Joachim, H., 77
John Paul II (Pope), 41
Johnson, L.B.J., 288
Johnson, M.K., 51, 333
Johnston, R.K., 354
Joiner, T., 220
Jones, A., 52
Jordan, J., 338
Jowett, B., 306
Jung, C., 13, 99, 204, 208
Kahlbaugh, P.E., 50
Kahneman, D., 333
Kant, I., 11, 259
Kaplan, C., 38, 98
Karoly, P., 193
Kasl, S.V., 164
Katz, J., 35
Kaufman, Les, 285
Kawai, H., 36
Keating, D.P., 142, 143
Kegan, R., 46
Kekes, J., 46, 49, 110, 126, 263
Keller, M., 147
Keltner, D., 124
Ketron, J.L., 90
Keyes, C.L., 211
Khan, G., 349
Kihlstrom, J., 79
King, C., 93
King, M.L., 97, 365
Kitchener, K.S., 23, 115, 139, 140, 179, 195, 276
Kitchener, R.F., 34, 44, 45
Kivnick, H.Q., 47
Klaczynski, P.A., 143
Kleinmuntz, B., 79
Klohnen, E.C., 206
Knight, A., 101, 104
Kogan, N., 149
Kohlberg, L., 26, 147, 177, 254
Kramer, D.A., 15, 22, 45, 46, 50, 52, 110, 114, 115, 126, 128, 195, 221, 232, 249, 275
Kramer, S.N., 4
Kroupa, S., 98
Kuhn, T., 273
Kunkel, S.R., 164
Kunzmann, U., 84, 101, 102, 110, 111, 123, 125, 126, 129, 131, 141, 144, 146, 165, 177, 200, 201, 211, 224
Kupperman, J.J., 248, 253, 257, 268
Kyllonen, P.C., 147
Labouvie-Vief, G., 33, 45, 46, 49, 50, 84, 114, 140, 141, 200, 202, 203, 205, 207, 208, 211, 221, 275
Lander, A., 97
Lane, R.E., 318
Langer, E., 338
Lanning, K., 204
Lao Tzu, 8
Lappé, F.M., 283, 292
Lapsley, D.K., 147
Lasswell, H.D., 301
Lau, D.C., 258
Lautry, J., 129
Lave, J., 341
Lazarus, R.S., 220
Lee, D.M., 195
L’Engle, M., 234, 235, 236
Lenski, G., 303
Lerner, R.M., 33
Lévi-Strauss, C., 277
Levitt, H.M., 39
Levy, B.R., 164
Lewinsky, M., 332, 344
Lewis, C.G., 143
Li, J., 37, 51
Li, S., 110
Lichtheim, M., 34
Lieberman, M., 147
Lieberthal, K., 322
Liepold, B., 198
Light, P.C., 301
Liker, J., 341
Lindblom, C.E., 317
Lindenberger, U., 44, 116, 117
Lindsay, D.S., 333
Linville, P.W., 210, 211
Little, T.D., 131
Locke, J., 10, 11
Lockery, D., 337
Loevinger, J., 24, 145, 202, 203, 204, 207, 208, 211
Lombardo, M.M., 336
Lopez, D.F., 142, 181, 199
Lopez, S.J., 111, 129
Lorr, M., 203
Lowns, B., 289
Lubart, T.I., 21, 129
Luther, M., 222
Lynch, C., 179
Lyster, T., 228, 232, 235
Machiavelli, N., 308, 309
Maciel, A.G., 122, 142, 164, 198, 199
MacIntyre, A., 75, 362, 365
Madison, J., 317
Madsen, D., 93
Maeda, D., 41
Maercker, A., 98, 121, 162, 198, 207
Magee, B., 4, 10, 11
Mandela, N., 32, 43, 97, 300, 301, 303
Manis, F.R., 143
Manners, J., 202, 203
Manning, T.T., 203
Mansbridge, J., 304
Marchese, W., 93
Markovits, H., 143, 312
Maslow, A.H., 51, 204, 208, 211, 305, 306, 319
Mayer, J.D., 129
Mayhew, D.R., 317
McAdams, D.P., 24, 100, 212
McCauley, C.D., 336
McClelland, D.C., 311
McCrae, R.R., 211
McCullough, L., 203
McDougal, M.S., 301
McGinn, B., 35
McKee, P., 22, 86, 98, 356
McRae, R.R., 145
Meacham, J.A., 22, 41, 44, 45, 139, 140, 161, 171, 224, 230, 275
Mearns, J., 52
Medler, M., 200, 207
Melko, M., 311
Menander, 162
Mencius, 255, 258, 262
Mencken, H.L., 162
Merton, R.K., 319
Mickler, C., 203, 205, 208, 209, 211
Milgram, S., 260
Mill, J.S., 252
Millenson, M.L., 322
Millstein, S.G., 143
Mischel, W., 337
Misra, G., 36
Moffitt, T.E., 202
Moldoveanu, M., 337
Montagu, A., 311
Montaigne, M., 9, 222
Montgomery, A., 87, 98
Montgomery, J.D., 301
Moody, H.R., 36
Moore, G.E., 78
Morrison, F.J., 143
Moshman, D., 143
Mother Teresa, 41, 97, 183
Muck, T.C., 320
Mugabe, R., 339
Muir, W.K., 316
Muller, J.Z., 318
Murdoch, I., 252, 306, 319
Murphy, M.N., 147
Murray, C.A., 311
Myers, D., 79
Nakamura, J., 229
Narasimham, G., 143
Nehrke, M.F., 212
Neisser, U., 88
Nesselroade, J., 172
Nieman, S., 303
Niemoller, M., 347
Nietzsche, F., 51, 309
Nigro, C., 142
Nisbett, R.A., 39, 41, 312
Nitobe, I., 37
Nixon, R.M., 300, 315, 344
Noam, G., 202, 210
Nolan, P., 303
Nolde, S.F., 333
Norris, L., 44, 45
Northrop, F.S.C., 36
Nuegarten, 204
Nuñes, T., 340
Nyquist, L., 38, 98
Ober, J., 305, 317
O’Connor, D.J., 76
Odajnyk, W., 306
Oelmüller, W., 110
Ogletree, C., 281, 283, 292
Ohta, K., 36
Okagaki, L., 349
Oppenheimer, R., 222
Orcutt, H.K., 146
Orwoll, L., 33, 38, 43, 45, 46, 99, 113, 115, 139, 167, 207, 211, 250, 275
Ostrom, E., 310
Overton, W.F., 32, 34, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 85, 143
Palmore, E., 41
Pals, J.L., 144
Pancer, S.M., 177
Pankove, E., 149
Paranjpe, A.C., 36, 48
Parr, W., 101, 104
Parrott, W.G., 220
Pasupathi, M., 122, 139, 141, 142, 144, 148, 150, 151, 164, 165, 177, 182, 198, 199, 200
Paulhus, D.L., 88, 97
Peirce, C., 76
Pennebaker, J.W., 110
Pericles, 299
Perkins, D.N., 336
Perlmutter, M., 38, 98, 103, 113, 115, 139, 167, 211, 250, 275
Peters, R.S., 12
Peterson, B.E., 206
Peterson, C., 224, 227
Piaget, J., 26, 142, 147, 207
Plato, 5, 62, 74, 75, 78, 81, 227, 250, 305, 306, 307
Plotkin, H., 359
Pollack, R., 71
Polyanyi, M., 196
Ponton, L.E., 143
Post, J.M., 315
Powell, C., 316
Pratkanis, A.R., 194
Pratt, A., 177
Pratt, M.W., 177
Prinz, J., 62
Pythagoras (mathematician), 78
Quadrel, 143
Rad, G., 34–35
Rankin, J.L., 196
Rathunde, K., 3, 44, 45, 51, 140, 223, 227, 275, 359
Rawls, J., 252
Readers Digest Association, 4
Reeve, C.D.C., 35
Reichenbach, 78
Reichler, A., 93
Renshon, S., 315
Reps, P., 247
Rest, J.R., 24
Riediger, M., 127
Riegel, K.F., 50, 115
Roazzi, A., 340
Robbins, T., 305
Roberts, B.W., 144, 145, 202
Robinson, D.N., 13, 32, 33, 35, 69, 167
Rogers, C., 51, 204, 208, 211
Rohlen, T.P., 36
Rokeach, M., 301
Rondinelli, D.A., 301
Roosevelt, F.D.R., 315
Röper, G., 202, 210
Rosch, E., 88
Rosengarten, T., 360
Rosenmayr, L., 27, 32
Ross, 76
Rubin, D.C., 142, 149
Ruderman, M.N., 336
Rudolph, K., 169
Russell, B., 10, 11
Ryff, C.D., 199, 200, 202, 204, 205, 206, 211
Rylaarsdam, J.C., 34
Ryle, G., 246
Sadat, A., 317
Safranski, R., 310
Salovey, P., 129, 131, 220, 228
Sander, E.T., 34
Sarna, N.M., 34
Schaie, K.W., 162, 175, 182
Scheier, M.F., 193
Schell, D., 49
Schliemann, A.D., 340
Schloss, J., 359
Schmutte, P.S., 205, 206
Schneider, 238
Schoeberlein, S., 50, 203
Schopenhauer, A., 11
Schrauf, R.W., 149
Schulkind, M.D., 142, 149
Schwanenflugel, P.J., 147
Scott, L.R., 311
Searle, J.R., 191
Searles, H.F., 317
Seligman, M.E.P., 85, 224, 227
Selman, R.L., 147
Senzaki, N., 247
Shames, V., 79
Sharp, A., 145
Sheldon, W.H., 34, 36
Short, J.C., 145
Silver, C.B., 180
Simon, H.A., 119
Simonton, D.K., 311
Sinnott, J.D., 33, 43, 45, 50, 196
Slade, M.D., 164
Smith, D.G., 298, 317
Smith, J.E., 20, 33, 52, 86, 98, 101, 110, 111, 114, 115, 117, 121, 122, 131, 139, 140, 142, 150, 151, 161, 163, 164, 165, 166, 168, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 178, 182, 184, 185, 191, 193, 194, 195, 197, 198, 199, 207, 208, 250, 275, 276, 343, 357, 361, 365
Smith, N.D., 61, 305
Snyder, C.R., 111, 129
Socrates, 5, 27, 32, 78, 97, 261
Solomon (King), 7, 97
Sophocles, 160
Sorrentino, R.M., 145
Sowarka, D., 38, 85, 98, 99, 104, 110, 113, 139, 201
Srivastava, S., 193, 206, 207
St. Augustine, 7, 35, 78, 227, 303
Stange, A., 101, 102
Stanislaw, J., 318
Stanovich, K.E., 337
Stanton, J.M., 211
Staudinger, U.M., 20, 44, 45, 51, 85, 98, 110, 111, 114, 115, 116, 117, 121, 122, 123, 126, 128, 129, 131, 139, 140, 142, 144, 145, 146, 148, 150, 151, 154, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 172, 173, 174, 175, 177, 178, 179, 181, 182, 184, 185, 191, 193, 194, 195, 197, 198, 199, 200, 203, 204, 205, 207, 208, 209, 211, 230, 237, 263, 343, 361
de St. Aubin, E., 212
Steigmann-Gall, R., 222
Stein, G., 87
Stendahl, K., 34
Sternberg, R.J., 21, 32, 38, 41, 42, 44, 84, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 93, 94, 95, 101, 110, 111, 113, 114, 115, 118, 126, 128, 129, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 146, 148, 161, 165, 167, 170, 171, 176, 193, 196, 199, 201, 210, 211, 221, 223, 232, 237, 246, 250, 251, 263, 265, 268, 275, 333, 335, 338, 339, 340, 341, 343, 344, 345, 348, 349, 353, 361–362, 365
Stone, L.D., 110
Strausser, D.I., 97
Strawson, P.F., 253
Strivastava, A.K., 36
Stroll, A., 79
Sutton, K.J., 193
Suvasini, C., 36
Suzuki, D.T., 36, 51
Taft, L.B., 212
Takahashi, M., 33, 39, 40, 41, 46, 85, 164, 167, 169, 171
Takayama, M., 38, 39
Taranto, M.A., 21
Tarule, J.M., 26
Taylor, C., 340
Taylor, S.E., 131
Tertullian, 74
Tolkein, J.R.R., 298
Toynbee, A.J., 311
Tuchman, B.W., 297, 300
Turbin, M.S., 146
Turiel, E., 141, 147
Turner, F.M., 306
Tversky, A., 333
Twain, M., 261
United States Catholic Conference, 318
Vachon, R., 143
Vaillant, G.E., 193, 203, 238
Valdez, J.M., 39
Van Buren, A., 162
van Lieshout, C.F., 145
Vandenberg, B., 44
Wagner, R.K., 196, 336, 349
Waldmeir, P., 301
Ward, S.L., 143
Waterman, A.S., 201
Waynryb, C., 147
Weaverdyck, S., 49
Weber, M., 316, 366
Webster, J.D., 85, 202, 212
Wehr, P., 88, 97
Wessler, R., 202, 207
Westenberg, P.M., 203
Whitehead, A.N., 321
Wiese, B.S., 127
Wilber, K., 319
Wilde, O., 160
Will, G., 315
Williams, B., 253
Williams, W.M., 196
Wilson, E.O., 226, 233
Wilson, J.Q., 321
Winfrey, O., 97
Wink, P., 45, 110, 114, 130, 193, 203, 206, 207, 230
Winner, E., 46
Wittgenstein, L., 78
Wolman, B.B., 13
Wood, J., 34
Wood, P., 147, 179
Wood, P.K., 146
Woodruff, D.S., 195
Woodruff-Pak, D.S., 33
World populations prospects population database, 2000–2020, 163
Worthington, I., 317
Wulff, D.M., 319, 320
Yagananda, P., 48
Yalom, I.D., 44
Yang, S., 38, 39, 41
Yee, C., 52
Yergin, D., 318
Yutang, L., 9
Zeno (philosopher), 75
Zubek, J.M., 145
“acknowledged dependence, ”, 362, 365
ad baculum (appeal to force) argument, 334
Ad Hoc Committee to Defend Health Care, 290
ad hominem (against the person) arguments, 333–3+34
abusive, 334
“guilt by association, ”, 334
vested interest, 334
“you too, ”, 334
ad verencundiam (appeal to authority) argument, 334–335
adolescence
analogy solving during, 142
autobiographical experiences and, 149–150
creativity development during, 148–149
decision-making competence and, 143
deductive reasoning development during, 143
intellectual development during, 142–144
knowledge development during, 147
knowledge-action differentiation during, 356
moral reasoning and, 147–148
open-mindedness and, 142
personality development and, 144
perspective taking during, 147
relationship patterns during, 151
risk considerations during, 143
wisdom development during, 141–144, 150–152
The Advancement of Learning (Bacon), 10
affect complexity, 207
affect optimization, 207
Age of Enlightenment
wisdom during, 10, 11
aging
in Berlin wisdom paradigm, 166
cognitive mechanics growth and, 170
cohort effects and, 185
Crystallized wisdom model and, 161–162
decline wisdom model and, 161
future demographics for, 163
isolation and, 181, 184
life experience and, 169
life planning tasks and, 172
life review tasks and, 174
medical technologies’ effects on, 181–182
normative/nonnormative life decisions as part of, 172
positive wisdom model and, 161
professional specializations as result of, 174
wisdom and, 27, 96–97, 106, 171, 184
ambiguity
wisdom and, 196
Analects (Confucius), 37, 248, 249, 253, 254, 255, 263
analogy solving
during adolescence, 142
appreciative wisdom, 354–355
problems with, 354
arguments from ignorance, 335
argumentum ad misericordium (appeal to pity) arguments, 335
argumentum ad populum (appeal to popularity) arguments, 335
Aristotelian wisdom, 66–70
five conditions for, 67
“immediate” propositions in, 73
practical wisdom as part of, 67–70
scientific knowledge vs. philosophy in, 71–73
Atharva-veda, 8
assassination, 303
autobiographical narratives
adolescence and, 100, 149–150
empathy/support as part of, 100
flexibility in, 100
“reminiscence bumps” as part of, 149
self-determination as part of, 100
wisdom and, 99–100
automatic processing systems
intuition and, 79
balance theory (wisdom), 196–197, 246, 251, 252, 268, 275, 348
academic intelligence in, 196
in reasoning, 21
tacit knowledge as part of, 21
belief-independent spiritual growth, 321
Berkeley Guidance Study, 228
Berlin wisdom paradigm, 20, 111, 116–127, 148, 153, 166, 172, 179, 180, 185, 191, 195, 197–201, 208, 224
age-related limits in, 166
cognitive style in, 199–200
communal wisdom in, 361
creativity and, 166, 178
expert knowledge as part of, 166, 178
factual knowledge as part of, 197
five components as part of, 20
general factors within, 166
historical background for, 116–117
life expertise as part of, 197
lifespan contextualism as part of, 197
modifying factors within, 166
person centered paradigm within, 20
personal growth within, 199
personality in, 198–201
procedural knowledge as part of, 197
specific factors within, 166
uncertainty management in, 197
validation of, 198
value relativism in, 197
wisdom measurement as part of, 197–198
Bhagavad Gita, 256, 257
biological conservation, 286–287
Book of the Way and Virtue, 8
boundary-crossing, 273
generative wisdom and, 277
in uncommon behavioral wisdom, 359
in wisdom literature, 275
“worldmaking” and, 277
Bowling for Columbine, 236
Brett’s History of Psychology (Peters), 12
bricolage (concept)
definition of, 277
bricoleurs (handyman), 277, 292
retrospection and, importance of, 277
British Empire
platonic influences on, 306
Buddhism
anatman doctrine as part of, 257
Four Noble Truths as part of, 8
hachido as part of, 36
satori as part of, 36
teaching basis for, 8
Zen, 37, 247, 258
California Psychological Inventory. See CPI
Catholicism, 225
Chinese civilization
age of, 8
choice
in practical wisdom, 69–70
Christianity
wisdom history within, 7
Chuang Tzu (Zhuangzi)(Dao text), 257
The City of God (St. Augustine), 303
Civil Rights Act, 281
civilizations
Egyptian, 4
Greek, 4–5, 6
Mohenjo-daro, 8
Cocoon, 160
cognition
conservative, 200
epistemic, 44
personality development and, 146–147
progressive, 200
in wisdom, 95
cognitive mechanics
aging and, 170
of intellectual development, 116
unsystematic, 223
College Bowl, 331
common behavior wisdom, 357–359
in Berlin wisdom paradigm, 358
examples of, 357–358
metacognition in, 358
procedural knowledge in, 358
related actions for, 357
Common Cause, 288
communal wisdom, 360
“acknowledged dependence” in, 362
in Berlin wisdom paradigm, 361
“scaffolding” as part of, 362
competence
wisdom and, 170, 247
Confucian ideal
behavioral attitudes in, 265
Confucianism, 9
“constructive melancholy, ”, 124
coping research, 193
Corporation for Public Broadcasting, 288
CPI (California Psychological Inventory), 203, 206
creativity
academic achievement and, 149
in adolescence, 148–149
Berlin wisdom paradigm and, 166, 178
ideational flexibility as part of, 148
intuition and, role in, 79–80
uniqueness and, 165
“Creativity in Later Life” study, 234
Crystallized wisdom model
aging and, 161–162
culturally inclusive developmental wisdom model, 43–46
analytic mode within, 43, 44
empirical studies for, 51–53
epistemic cognition in, 44
expert knowledge systems in, 44
“knowing and doubting” as part of, 44
problem solving as part of, 44
synthetic mode within, 43–44
WAIS-R and, 52
“whole-part relationships” in, 43
culture
in implicit wisdom theories, role of, 38–39
wisdom perceptions and, 169–170
Daoism, 257–258
darshana, 36
decline wisdom model
aging and, 161
deductive reasoning
in adolescence, 143
deliberation
in wisdom, 68
democracies, 316–317
history of, 302–303
public policy and, role in, 319
as system, 316
descriptor-rating studies, 91–93, 102
characteristic generation in, 93
data analyses for, 94–95
factor analysis in, 94
MDS and, 94, 95
ratings for, 93–94
subcomponents’ role in, 95–96
dialectical thinking
psychological wisdom models and, 115
Dialogues (Plato), 248
Diet for a Small Planet (Lappé), 284
discernment (in wisdom), 355–357
intuition formulations as part of, 356
“discovered life” theme, 235
Doctrine of the Mean (Confucius), 254
dysrationalia, 337
Eastern wisdom, 7–9, 36–37
darshana as part of, 36
goi as part of, 36
Mohenjo-dara civilization and, role in, 8
Upanishads as part of, 8
“Vedas” and, role in, 8
economic markets, 317–318
moral arguments for, 318
public policy and, role in, 319
as system, 316
ego development, 145
levels of, 203
“openness to experience” and, 204
personal maturity and, 204
personality characteristics and, 203–204
social maturity and, 204
wisdom and, 202–204
ego integrity (wisdom development), 49
despair vs., 19
ego levels, 203
neuroticism’s effect on, 204
egocentrism fallacy, 338
Egyptian civilization
wisdom literature in, 4
emic perceptions, 278
emotion
knowledge activation as result of, 124
wisdom and, 123–125, 200–201
empathy-hypothesis
wisdom and, 125, 365
empirical philosophy, 10
primary qualities in, 10
secondary qualities in, 10
“enantiodromia, ” 25
Encyclopedia Britannica, 331
Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 61
enjoyment, 229
episteme (scientific knowledge), 71
intuition and, 75
sophia vs., 73
epistemic cognition, 44
ESM (Experience Sampling Method), 238
Essays (Bacon), 9
Essays (Montaigne), 222
Essays Concerning Human Understanding (Locke), 10
essence
in scientific knowledge, 72–73
ethics, 252
Aristotelian vs. Confucian, 254
judgments as part of, 253
morality and, 252
psychological research and, 245
wisdom and, 263–268
Ethics (Aristotle), 66, 69, 70
etic perceptions, 278
eudaemonia, 24, 79, 80, 256
eudaimonic well-being, 204
Eudemian Ethics (Aristotle), 66
Experience Sampling Method. See ESM
expertise
basic criteria for, 117, 166
Berlin wisdom paradigm and, 166, 178
criteria development for, 117–118
metacriteria for, 117
psychological wisdom model factors, 119
wisdom and, 115, 139
explicit wisdom theories, 89, 105
implicit wisdom theory and, 90
implict/explicit dichotomy in, 89–90
moral reasoning as part of, 176
extant wisdom, 192
fallacies of relevance, 333
ad baculum argument in, 334
ad hominem arguments in, 333–334
ad verencundiam argument in, 334–335
argument from ignorance in, 335
argumentum ad misericordium arguments in, 335
argumentum ad populum arguments in, 335
representativeness heuristic in, 334–335
“should” statements in, 335
“straw man” arguments as part of, 334
Federalist Papers, 310
Five Ching (Confucius), 9
foolishness theories, 335–338, 339
domain specificity in, 349
dysrationalia and, 337
egocentrism fallacy, 338
invulnerability fallacy, 339
mindlessness in, 338
omnipotence fallacy, 339
omniscience fallacy, 338–339
practical intelligence and, 340–344, 349
unrealistic optimism fallacy, 338
wisdom and, 343–349
foundationalism
wisdom and, 63–64
“Fountain of Youth, ”, 160
Four Noble Truths, 8
“full functionality, ”, 51
gender
wisdom and, 106
general wisdom, 191–192, 212
Neopiagetian approaches to, 195–196
generative wisdom
boundary-crossing and, 273, 277
educational implications for, 292
emic perceptions in, 278
etic perceptions in, 278
examples of, 278–283
professionals and, 272
in uncommon behavioral wisdom, 359
Genius: The Natural History of Creativity (Eysenck), 14
“Gilgamesh, ” 4
The Godfather, 309
goi, 36
Good Work Project, 277
Great Society program, 288
Greek civilization
Milesian school and, 4
philosophy and, role in, 35
reason vs. religion in, 4
Socratic method and, 5
wisdom history for, 4–6
guidance, 98
hachido, 36
Handbook of General Psychology (Wolman), 13
hara (abdomen), 36
Harvard Study of Aging, 238
Hebrews
wisdom history for, 6–7
wisdom literature for, 34–35
heuristics
in fallacies of relevance, 334–335
in self-related wisdom, 209
hunger issues, 283–285
ideational flexibility, 148
Iliad (Homer), 64, 65
implicit wisdom theories, 38–43, 86–89, 105
cultural implications within, 38–39
daily applications of, 89
descriptor-rating studies in, 91–93
experimental studies of, 100–102
explicit theory formation as result of, 90
explicit/implicit dichotomy in, 89–90
individual differences in, 103–105
interactive factors for, 105–106
interpersonal level in, 89
intrapersonal level in, 89
MDS analysis for, 40, 103
mental representations of, 87–89
methodology employment for, 105
personality and, 201
prototype-feature approach for, 88
psychological wisdom models and, 113
related responses in, 168
Roschian theory as part of, 88
societal level in, 89
inclusive Eriksonian wisdom model, 46
logical modality as part of, 47
Independent Sector, 288
Individualism-Collectivism Scale, 52
insight
in wisdom, 95
Instruction of Ptahhotep, 34
intellectual development. See also intelligence
in adolescence, 142–144, 147
cognitive mechanics of, 116
cognitive pragmatics of, 116
Intellectual History of Psychology, An (Robinson), 13
intelligence
in Balance Theory, 196
foolishness theories and, 340–344, 349
practical, 345
pragmatic, 129
psychometric models of, 115
triarchic theory of, 115
International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War. See IPPNW
Interpersonal Reactivity Index, 52
intuition
automatic processing systems and, 79
Cartesian ideas of, 76–77
creativity as result of, 79–80
discernment (wisdom) and, role in, 356
episteme and, 75
phronesis and, 75
rational, 80
sophia and, 75
wisdom and, 64, 75–81
IPPNW (International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War), 290
judgments
in ethics, 253
Karate Kid, 163
“knowing and doubting, ”, 44
knowledge
in Berlin wisdom paradigm, 166
descriptive, 49
emotions and, 124
expert systems, 44
factual, 197
in modal awareness, 49
organismic framework for, 22
procedural, 197, 358
scientific, 71–73
tacit, 21, 115, 251
wisdom and, 98, 140, 161, 222–227
knowledge context matrix, 23
leadership
assassination and, 303
historical figures, 299
personality and, 315
as profession, 316
legal issues, 259–260
“client-centered approach” for, 282
“hard cases” in, 259
“zealous” representation in, 281
life planning tasks, 174
aging and, 172
life review tasks
aging and, 174
lifespan contextualism, 197
wisdom and, 140
lifespan development
wisdom and, 33
logical modality
in inclusive Eriksonian wisdom model, 47
object awareness within, 47
logos mode (wisdom), 50
Lord of the Rings (Tolkein), 298
Mad Magazine, 338
Man and His Symbols (Jung), 13
The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg (Twain), 261
“mature self, ”, 210–211
“discovered life” theme and, 235
integration in, 211
self-complexity as part of, 211
self-esteem as part of, 210–211
value orientation in, 211
MDS (multidimensional scaling) analysis
descriptor-rating studies and, 94, 95
for implicit theories (wisdom), 40, 103
measurement of wisdom, 164–165, 197–198, 237–239
attention assessment in, 237
belief assessment in, 238
criteria for, 237
ESM and, 238
habit formation in, 238
subjective experience assessment in, 238–239
medical technology
educational applications of, 294
systemic comprehension and, 294
wisdom and, 293
memes, 226, 234
cultural phenotypes and, 236
in uncommon behavioral wisdom, 359
mentoring
interactive minds and, 179
wisdom as result of, 178–180
metacomponents of thought, 348
metaphysics
in sophia, 73
Metaphysics of Morals (Kant), 259
“miasmatic” theory, 313
Milesian school
in Greek civilization, 4
Mill Hill Vocabulary Scale, 342
modal awareness, 47, 48, 49
interpretive knowledge vs. descriptive knowledge as part of, 49
synthetic/transformational moments and, 47
model constructs
predictive validity for, 164
Mohenjo-daro civilization, 8
moral action
moral reasoning vs., 148
moral reasoning
adolescence and, 147–148
economic markets and, 318
in explicit wisdom theories, 176
moral action vs., 148
wisdom and, 176–178
morality, 252–254
ethics and, 252
principle as part of, 258
rights, 26
sub-moral choices in, 266
wisdom and, 98, 258–263
motivation
affective experiences and, 126
conflict management and, 126
extrinsic rewards and, 229
intrinsic rewards and, 229
value orientations as factor in, 126
wisdom and, 125–127, 129
multidimensional scaling analysis. See MDS
“Myth of the Cave, ”, 261
mythos mode (wisdom), 50
National Rifle Association, 236
natural world
wisdom and, 96
Negative Mood Regulation scale, 52
Neopiagetian research (wisdom), 195–196
personality development and, 196
Nichomachean Ethics (Aristotle), 66, 227, 253
Nine Classics, 9
“non-split” principle (Vedic), 36, 50
Novum Organum (Bacon), 10
object awareness, 48
in logical modality, 47
Odyssey (Homer), 64
omnipotence fallacy, 339
omniscience fallacy, 338–339
groupthink and, 339
“one-mindededness, ” 51
open-mindedness
in adolescence, 142
“openness to experience, ”, 232
ego development, 204
in personality development, 198–199
PWB and, 205
organismic approach (knowledge)
framework for, 22
integration in, 22
perceptive judgment
in wisdom, 96
personal experience
wisdom and, role in, 98
personal growth theory
in public policy, 306–308
personal maturity, 213
ego development and, 204
personal wisdom, 191, 212
affect complexity as part of, 207
affect optimization as part of, 207
as cognitive-emotional integration, 207–208
eudaimonic well-being as part of, 204
“mature self” and, 210–211
PWB and, 204–206
questionnaire measures for, 212
self-representation in, 207
personality development, 145–146, 206
abstraction capacities during, 144
during adolescence, 144
in Berlin wisdom paradigm, 198–201
cognition and, 146–147
consistency within, 144
ego development as part of, 145
generalization as part of, 144
leadership and, 315
Neopiagetian research and, 196
“openness to experience” as part of, 198–199
perspective taking within, 147
psychological mindedness as part of, 199
psychological wisdom models and, 114–115
self/identity development as part of, 144
types in, 207
uncertainty orientation in, 145
wisdom and, 193, 194
“wise actions” and, 146
perspective taking
during adolescence, 147
multiple, 147
within personality development, 147
theory of mind research and, 147
Phaedrus, 65
philosophy
definitions of, 11
empirical school of, 10
etymological roots of, 61
in Greek civilization, 35
noumenal world in, 11
phenomenal world in, 11
religion and, 308–310
scholastic concepts for, 11
secular, 304–308
two-world, 11
phronesis, 70, 80, 82. See also practical wisdom
intuition and, 75
Physicians for Social Responsibility, 290
The Picture of Dorian Gray (Wilde), 160
Plato’s Cave, 313
positive psychology
wisdom and, 33
positive wisdom model
aging and, 161
practical intelligence
wisdom vs., 345
practical wisdom, 67–69
in Aristotelian wisdom, 67–70
choice as part of, 69–70
requirements for, 70
sophia and, 74
speculative vs., 5–6
The Prince (Macchiavelli), 309
principle
in morality, 258
Principles of Psychology, The (James), 12
problem solving
in culturally inclusive developmental models, 44
in wisdom, 96
procedural knowledge, 358
psychological sciences
concepts of development in, 13
positive, 33
religion and, 12
wisdom in, 12–14
psychological well-being. See PWB
psychological wisdom models, 112–116
assessment for, 119–121
character integration in, 118
dialectical thinking and, 115
empirical evidence for, 121–123
expertise-specific factors in, 119
explicit, 114–116
facilitating factors for, 119
facilitative contexts for, 119
functions of, 121
implicit wisdom theories and, 113
personality development and, 114–115
person-related factors in, 119
practice as part of, 118
research programs for, 123
theoretical model for, 118–119
public policy
accountability systems in, 322
democratic solutions for, 319
“half-truth” identification as part of, 321
human betterment values in, 301
market-based solutions in, 319
personal growth theory and, 306–308
secular philosophy in, 304–308
self-interest effects on, 310–311
social thought development effects on, 310–312, 314
statistics for, 312
supernatural guidance in, 302–304
wisdom in, 297–299, 300–301
wise examples of, 301
PWB (psychological well-being), 205
age trends for, 205
environmental mastery dimension in, 206
“openness to experience” and, 205
personal growth dimension as part of, 206
personal wisdom and, 204–206
qi (yin and yang), 307
rational intuition, 80
Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices Test, 342
reality
Cartesian view of, 332
Spinozan view of, 332–333
reasoning
Balance theory for, 21
religion vs., 4
wisdom components and, 21
reflective attitudes
in wisdom, 95
reflective judgment model, 23
research on, 23
“reflective thinking, ”, 13
regulation-hypothesis
wisdom and, 125
religion
moral philosophy and, 308–310
psychological sciences and, 12
reason vs., 4
wisdom resistance in, 303
“A Remarkable Man” (Berry), 360
“reminiscence bumps, ”, 149
The Renaissance
scientific development during, 10
wisdom development during, 9–10
The Republic (Plato), 65, 247, 261, 305
“Myth of the Cave” in, 261
wisdom in, 248
Rig-veda, 8
rikai, 36
risk considerations
during adolescence, 143
Roschian theory (wisdom), 88
Rules for the Direction of the Mind (Descartes), 76
Sama-veda, 8
“sapientia”
“scientia” vs., 7
as wisdom, 7
satori, 36
SAWS (self-assessment wisdom scale), 212
components in, 212
“scaffolding, ” 362
“scientia”
“sapientia” vs., 7
scientific development, 225
during Renaissance, 10
scientific knowledge
in Aristotelian wisdom, 71–73
episteme as, 71
essence as part of, 72–73
wisdom and, 71–73
secular philosophy, 304–308
Greek, 305–306
Selective Optimization with Compensation. See SOC
“self-actualization, ” 51
self-assessment wisdom scale. See SAWS
self-esteem, 210–211
self/identity development, 144
selfishness, 304
self-regulation research, 193
self-related wisdom, 208–210
acquisition of, 249
ambiguity tolerance as part of, 209
growth/self-regulation heuristics in, 209
rich self-knowledge as part of, 208–209
self-interrelation as part, 209
self-relativism in, 209
“self-renewal, ” 289
Seven Pillars of wisdom, 353–366
appreciative, 354–355
common behavior, 357–359
communal, 360
discernment, 355–357
transcendent, 362–364
uncommon behavioral, 359–360
wisdom as virtue, 365–366
Short Index of Self-Actualization, 52
“should” statements, 335
The Sixty-four Thousand Dollar Question, 331
Skeptics
stoicism and, role in, 74
SOC (Selective Optimization with Compensation), 127
wisdom and, 127
social maturity, 213
ego development and, 204
Social Position Index, 52
social science, 312–314
“miasmatic” theory and, 313
social welfare initiatives, 291
social-psychological sciences
wisdom and, effects on, 19
Socratic method, 5
Greek civilization and, 5
sophia (theoretical wisdom), 82
episteme vs., 73
intuition and, 75
metaphysics as part of, 73
practical wisdom and, 74
speculative intellect, 7
science as part of, 7
understanding as part of, 7
wisdom in, 7
speculative wisdom
practical vs., 5–6
Spellbound, 331
spirituality
wisdom and, 96
stoicism, 74–75
Skeptics and, 74
tabula rasa as part of, 75
“straw man” arguments, 334
A Study of History (Toynbee), 311
civilization creation factors in, 311
sub-moral choices, 266
enlightened self-interest within, 267
value judgments as part of, 267
Sumerians
history of, 4
wisdom transfer for, 4
Summa Theologica (Aquinas), 227
synthetic/integrative moment (wisdom), 49–51
synthetic/transformational moments
descriptive knowledge as part of, 49
in inclusive Eriksonian wisdom model, 46–49
modal awareness and, 47
reflective understanding in, 47
systems
democracy as, 316
economic markets as, 316
wisdom about, 316–318
tabula rasa, 75
tacit knowledge
in Balance theory, 21
testing ability and, 342
wisdom and, 98, 140, 161, 196, 222–227, 251
Tao-Te-Ching, 8
theoretical framing
in wisdom, 276–278
“worldmaking” in, 276
theoretical wisdom. See sophia
theory of mind research, 147
3DWS (three-dimensional wisdom scale), 212
transcendent wisdom, 362–364
religious literature and, 363
transcendental meditation, 24
triarchic intelligence theories, 115
tacit knowledge in, 115
wisdom and, 115
De Trinitate (St. Augustine), 227
Tuesdays with Morrie, 163
“ubermensch, ” 51
uncommon behavioral wisdom, 359–360
boundary-crossing in, 359
generative wisdom as part of, 359
memes in, 359
the “unknowable”
wisdom and, 140
unrealistic optimism fallacy, 338
Upanishads (eastern wisdom), 8, 256, 257
value relativism, 197
wisdom and, 140, 365
Vedas, 8
Atharva, 8
“non-split” principle in, 36, 50
Rig, 8
Sama, 8
Yajur, 8
WAIS-R (Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised), 52
Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised. See WAIS-R
“whole-part relationships, ”, 43
will. See choice
wisdom
adolescence and, development during, 141–144, 150–152
affective component of, 167
aging and, 27, 96–97, 106, 171, 184
ambiguity and, 196
analysis of, 276
appreciative, 354–355
Aristotle on, 66–70
autobiographical narratives and, 99–100
Balance Theory of, 196–197
behavioral complexity as result of, 19
cognitive basis of, 95
common behavior, 357–359
communal, 360
competence and, 170, 247
conceptual changes for, 15
coping research and, 193
cross-sectional studies for, 230
cultural perceptions of, 169–170
culturally inclusive developmental model of, 43–46
definitions for, 16, 17, 18, 86, 100, 226
deliberation as part of, 68
development of, 230–237
discernment in, 355–357
diverse interests and, 345
eastern conceptualizations of, 36–37
ego development and, 202–204
“ego integrity vs. despair” and, 19
emotion and, 123–125, 200–201
empathy-hypothesis and, 125, 365
empirical assessments for, 130–131
environmental shaping as result of, 346
ethics and, 263–268
experience as part of, 98
expertise and, 115, 139
explicit theories of, 89
extant, 192
extrapersonal interests and, 346
five aspects of, 95, 343
foolishness theories and, 343–349
as foundational concept, 63–64
future research directions on, 25–27
gender and, 106
general, 191–192
generative, 272
harmony as factor in, 96
historical accounts of, 33–34, 195
implicit theories of, 38–43, 86–89
inclusive Eriksonian model, 46
indirect evidence in, 141
insight as part of, 95
interpersonal perceptions of, 97
intrapersonal relationships and, 99
intuition and, 64, 75–81
knowledge and, 98, 140, 161, 222–227
life experience effects on, 169
life management as factor for, 175
lifespan contextualism and, 140
lifespan development and, 33
literature, 4, 34–35, 246, 249–250
logos mode of, 50
longitudinal studies for, 230
measurability of, 164–165, 197–198, 237–239
mentoring and, 178–180
modal integration for, 50
moral reasoning and, 176–178
morality and, 98, 258–263
motivation and, 125–127, 129
mythos mode of, 50
nature’s role in, 96
obstacles to, 82
ontogenesis of, 193, 200
perceptive judgment as part of, 96
personal, 191
personality and, 193, 194
personality-intelligence interface in, 200
phenomenology of, 227–229
positive psychology and, 33
practical intelligence vs., 345
pragmatic intelligence and, 129
problem solving as part of, 96
professional training/practice and, 178
prudence and, 250
psychological definitions of, 112–116
psychological studies for, 17–25
psychometric intelligence models and, 115
in public policy, 297–299, 300–301
rarity of, 163
reasoning and, 21
recognition of unknown in, 140
reflective attitudes as part of, 95
reflective component of, 167
regulation-hypothesis and, 125
related actions in, 140
scientific knowledge and, 71–73
self-related, 208–210, 267
Seven Pillars of, 353–366
SOC interactions and, 127
social-psychological sciences and, 19
sophia (theoretical) as, 71, 73–74
spirituality and, 96
sympathy and, 128–129
synthetic/integrative moment of definitions, 49–51
tacit knowledge and, 21, 98, 115, 140, 161, 196, 222–227, 251
theoretical framing in, 276–278
transcendent, 362–364
triarchic intelligence theories and, 115
uncommon behavioral, 359–360
value relativism and, 140, 365
as virtue, 365–366
vision metaphors for, 81
western conceptualization of, 34–36
Wisdom: A postmodern exploration (Bates), 25
wisdom concepts
historical changes in, 15
“relatedness” in, 162
wisdom definitions
“metacognitive” style, 17
recent, 18
Wisdom: Its Nature, Origins, and Development (Sternberg), 15, 32
wisdom literature, 249–250, 275–276
boundary-crossing in, 275
in Egyptian civilization, 4
ethics and, 246
Hebraic, 34–35
self-criticism within, 268
wisdom nominees, 97–99
characteristics for, 98–99, 167–168
demography of, 97–98, 99
guidance from, 98
Wisdom: Source of Narrative Coherence and Eudaimonia (Brugman), 17
Works and Days (Hesiod), 64
World as Will and Idea (Schopenhauer)
“worldmaking, ” 276
boundary-crossing and, 277
bricolage (concept) in, 277
Yajur-“veda, ” 8
Zen Buddhism, 37, 247, 258