Providing an authoritative and comprehensive overview of the classical and the contemporary, this volume is an indispensable guide to the vibrant and expanding field of sociology. Featuring over 600 entries, from concise definitions to discursive essays, written by leading international academics, the Dictionary offers a truly global perspective, examining both American and European traditions and approaches. Entries cover schools, theories, theorists, and debates, with substantial articles on all key topics in the field. While recognizing the richness of historical sociological traditions, the Dictionary also looks forward to new and evolving influences such as cultural change, genetics, globalization, information technologies, new wars, and terrorism. Most entries incorporate references for further reading, and a cross-referencing system enables easy access to related areas. This Dictionary is an invaluable reference work for students and academics alike and will help to define the field of sociology in years to come.
BRYAN S. TURNER is Professor of Sociology in the Asia Research Institute at the National University of Singapore, where he leads the research team for the Religion and Globalisation cluster. Prior to this, he was Professor of Sociology in the Faculty of Social and Political Sciences at the University of Cambridge. Professor Turner is the author of The New Medical Sociology (2004) and Society and Culture: Principles of Scarcity and Solidarity (with Chris Rojek, 2001), and is the founding editor of the Journal of Classical Sociology (with John O'Neill), Body & Society (with Mike Featherstone), and Citizenship Studies. He is currently writing a three-volume study on the sociology of religion for Cambridge University Press.
BOARD OF EDITORIAL ADVISORS
Ira Cohen, Rutgers University
Jeff Manza, Northwestern University
Gianfranco Poggi, Universita di Trento
Beth Schneider, University of California, Santa Barbara
Susan Silbey, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Carol Smart, University of Leeds
General Editor
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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© Cambridge University Press 2006
This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2006
Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN-13 978-0-521-83290-8 hardback
ISBN-10 0-521-83290-X hardback
ISBN-13 978-0-521-54046-9 paperback
ISBN-10 0-521-54046-1 paperback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for
the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or
third-party internet websites referred to in this book,
and does not guarantee that any content on such
websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
To the memory of my parents Sophia Turner (née Brookes) and
Stanley W. Turner
| List of contributors | page viii |
| Acknowledgments | x |
| Introduction | xi |
| How to use this Dictionary | xix |
THE DICTIONARY
Gabriel Abend, Northwestern University
Gary L. Albrecht, University of Illinois, Chicago
Jeffrey Alexander, Yale University
Tomas Almaguer, San Francisco State University
Patrick Baert, University of Cambridge
Jack Barbalet, University of Leicester
James Beckford, University of Warwick
Stephen Benard, Cornell University
Michael Billig, Loughborough University
Mildred Blaxter, University of Bristol
Mick Bloor, University of Glasgow
William A. Brown, University of Cambridge
Brendan J. Burchell, University of Cambridge
Stewart Clegg, University of Technology, Sydney
Elizabeth F. Cohen, Syracuse University
Ira Cohen, Rutgers University
Oonagh Corrigan, University of Plymouth
Rosemary Crompton, City University, London
Sean Cubitt, The University of Waikato, New Zealand
Tom Cushman, Wellesley College
Tia Denora, University of Exeter
Peter Dickens, University of Cambridge
Michele Dillon, University of New Hampshire
S. N. Eisenstadt, The Jerusalem Van Leer Institute
Tony Elger, University of Warwick
Anthony Elliott, Flinders University of South Australia
Amitai Etzioni, The Communitarian Network, Washington
Mary Evans, University of Kent
Ron Eyerman, Yale University
James D. Faubion, Rice University
Janie Filoteo, Texas A & M University
Gary Alan Fine, Northwestern University
David Frisby, London School of Economics
Loraine GelsthORPE, University of Cambridge
Julian Go, Boston University
David Good, University of Cambridge
Philip Goodman, University of California, Irvine
Susan Hansen, Murdoch University
Bernadette Hayes, University of Aberdeen
Chris Haywood, University of Newcastle upon Tyne
John Heritage, University of California, Los Angeles
John Hoffman, University of Leicester
John Holmwood, University of Sussex
Robert Holton, Trinity College, Dublin
Darnell Hunt, University of California, Los Angeles
Geoffrey Ingham, University of Cambridge
Engin Isin, York University, Canada
Andrew Jamison, Aalborg University
Valerie Jenness, University of California, Irvine
Bob Jessop, Lancaster University
James e. Katz, Rutgers University
Douglas Kellner, University of California, Los Angeles
Krishan Kumar, University of Virginia
John Law, Lancaster University
Charles Lemert, Wesleyan University
Donald N. Levine, University of Chicago
Ruth Lister, Loughborough University
Steven Loyal, University College, Dublin
Mairtin Mac-an-Ghaill, University of Birmingham
Michael Macy, Cornell University
JEFF MANZA, Northwestern University
Robert Miller, Queen's University, Belfast
Jan Pakulski, University of Tasmania
Edward Park, Loyola Marymount University
Frank Pearce, Queen's University, Canada
Emile Perreau-Saussine, University of Cambridge
Chris Phillipson, Keele University
Gianfranco Poggi, Università di Trento, Italy
Rogelio Saenz, Texas A & M University
Stephen Quilley, University College, Dublin
Mark Rapley, Edith Cowan University
Larry Ray, University of Kent at Canterbury
Isaac Reed, Yale University
Thomas Reifer, University of San Diego
Derek Robbins, University of East London
Chris Rojek, Nottingham Trent University
Mercedes Rubio, American Sociological Association
Rogelio Saenz, Texas A & M University
Kent Sandstrom, University of Northern Iowa
Cornel Sandvoss, University of Surrey
Jacqueline Schneider, University of Leicester
Jackie Scott, University of Cambridge
Martin Shaw, University of Sussex
Mark Sherry, The University of Toledo
Birte Siim, Aalborg University, Denmark
Susan Silbey, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Carol Smart, University of Manchester
Vicki Smith, University of California, Davis
Nick Stevenson, University of Nottingham
Rob Stones, University of Essex
Richard Swedberg, Cornell University
Piotr Sztompka, Jagiellonian University, Poland
Edward Tiryakian, Duke University
Kenneth H. Tucker, JR., Mount Holyoke College, MA
Bryan S. Turner, National University of Singapore
Jonathan Turner, University of California, Riverside
Stephen P. Turner, University of South Florida
Arnout Van De Rijt, Cornell University
Ann Vogel, University of Exeter
Frederic Volpi, University of St. Andrews
Alan Warde, University of Manchester
Darin Weinberg, University of Cambridge
Andrew Wernick, Trent University, Canada
Kevin White, The Australian National University
Fiona Wood, Cardiff University
I would like to thank Sarah Caro, formerly Senior Commissioning Editor in Social Sciences at Cambridge University Press, for her tireless and cheerful commitment to this Dictionary, and her enthusiasm for the project of sociology as a whole. Her quiet determination to get the job done provided me with an enduring role model. More recently, John Haslam has effectively seen this project to a conclusion. Juliet Davis-Berry of the Press worked unstintingly to get lists, entries, and authors organized. Carrie Cheek has provided generous and careful secretarial and editorial support in collecting entries, corresponding with authors, overseeing corrections, and dealing with my mistakes. Without her ongoing support, the Dictionary would not have been completed. Leigh Mueller worked with extraordinary vigilance to correct the proofs of the Dictionary and to impose some standard of excellence on often wayward English.
The editorial board members – Ira Cohen, Jeff Manza, Gianfranco Poggi, Beth Schneider, Susan Silbey, and Carol Smart – contributed to the development of the list of entries, read and re-read draft entries, and made substantial contributions of their own. Ira Cohen, in particular, wrote major entries, advised authors, and recruited his daughter as a contributor. The authors kindly responded to criticism and correction of their draft submissions with considerable tolerance. Many authors struggled with major illness, family breakdown, and the sheer cussedness of everyday life to complete entries on time. The following authors wrote many additional and extensive essays, often at the last minute to fill in gaps caused by entries that were missing for a variety of reasons, and I am especially grateful to them: Stewart Clegg, Tony Elgar, Mary Evans, Susan Hansen, John Hoffman, John Holmwood, Charles Lemert, Steven Loyal, Stephen Quilley, Mark Rapley, Larry Ray, Darin Weinberg, and Kevin White. The Dictionary is, in short, a genuinely collective effort. However, any remaining errors and omissions are my responsibility.