World Cities beyond the West

This study is the first systematically to cover those cities beyond the core that most clearly can be considered world cities: Bangkok, Cairo, Hong Kong, Jakarta, Johannesburg, Mexico City, Moscow, Mumbai, São Paulo, Seoul, Shanghai, and Singapore. Fourteen leading authorities from diverse backgrounds bring their expertise to bear on these cities across four continents and consider the major regional and global roles they play in economic, political, and cultural life. Conveying how these cities have followed various pathways to their present position, they offer multiple perspectives on the interplay of internal and external forces and demonstrate that any comprehensive discussion of world cities has to engage a multiplicity of perspectives. With an introduction from Josef Gugler and an afterword from Saskia Sassen, this substantial volume makes a major contribution to the world cities literature and provides an important new impetus for further analysis.

Josef Gugler is Professor in Residence in Sociology at the University of Connecticut where he directed the Center for Contemporary African Studies until recently. Previously he served as Director of Sociological Research at the Makerere Institute of Social Research, Uganda. Research and teaching have taken him to a number of African countries as well as India and Cuba, and he has held visiting appointments in several universities in Europe and the U.S. He has co-authored and edited five volumes on urbanization in developing countries, most recently Cities in the Developing World (1997) and The Urban Transformation of the Developing World (1996).

World Cities beyond the West

Globalization, Development, and Inequality

Edited by
Josef Gugler

PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
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CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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© Cambridge University Press, 2004

This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2004

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

Typeface Plantin 10/12 pt.   System LATEX 2_e   [TB]

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress cataloguing in publication data
World cities beyond the West: globalization, development, and inequality / edited by Josef Gugler
   p.   cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0 521 83003 6 – ISBN 0 521 53685 5 (pb)
1. Cities and towns.   2. Cities and towns – Developing countries.   3. Globalization.   I. Gugler, Josef.
HT119.W67   2004
307.76′09172′4 – dc22   2003060605

ISBN 0 521 83003 6 hardback
ISBN 0 521 53685 5 paperback

Contents

Figures

Maps

Tables

Contributors

JANET ABU-LUGHOD recently retired from the Graduate Faculty of the New School for Social Research where she taught both sociology and historical studies. She is also Professor Emerita at Northwestern University where she taught sociology and directed several urban studies programs. In 1999 she received the award for lifetime contributions to Urban Sociology of the American Sociological Association’s Community and Urban Sociology Section and a similar recognition of her distinguished scholarly career from the Section on the Political Economy of the World System.

MARIA HELENA MOREIRA ALVES is Director of Institutional Relations at Movimento Viva Rio in Rio de Janeiro. She was the principal investigator in a participatory research project that involved workers of the Ford and Saab-Scania plants in São Paulo as well as the leadership of automobile workers unions in the United States, Canada, and Sweden in the 1980s. She has taught at various universities in Brazil, Chile, and the United States, and has been involved in popular education programs in Brazil for almost three decades.

JAMES H. BATER is Professor of Geography at the University of Waterloo. He has held visiting appointments at the University of Chicago, Sheffield University, and the University of Toronto. His current research involves examination of the impact of privatization and urban management in Moscow, Nizhniy, Novgorod, Samara, and St. Petersburg.

OWEN CRANKSHAW is an Associate Professor in the Department of Sociology at the University of Cape Town. He has held research positions at the Centre for Policy Studies and the Human Sciences Research Council in South Africa. He has also lectured at the University of Natal, University of the Witwatersrand, and the London School of Economics. His research focuses on changing patterns of racial and occupational inequality in South Africa, urbanization, squatting, and residential segregation.

DEAN FORBES is Pro Vice Chancellor (International) and Professor in the School of Geography, Population and Environmental Management at Flinders University of South Australia. He has previously held appointments at the Australian National University, Monash University, and the University of Papua New Guinea. He has worked as a consultant for several United Nations agencies and the Australian government, and has undertaken a secondment with AusAID, Australia’s international development agency.

JOSEF GUGLER is Professor in Residence in Sociology at the University of Connecticut where he directed the Center for Contemporary African Studies until recently. Previously he served as Director of Sociological Research at the Makerere Institute of Social Research, Uganda. Much of his work has been devoted to urbanization in poor regions, especially Africa. Research and teaching have taken him to a number of African countries as well as India and Cuba, and he has held visiting appointments in several universities in Europe and the US.

YEONG-HYUN KIM teaches in the Department of Geography at Ohio University. Her research focuses on globalization, world cities, urban politics, and development. She maintains a special interest in South Korea, her country of origin, and India where she is currently doing research on global auto firms’ operations in large cities.

SUSAN PARNELL is an Associate Professor in the Department of Environmental and Geographical Science at the University of Cape Town. She has held appointments at SOAS, University of London, and the University of the Witwatersrand. Most recently she has been involved in aspects of the reconstruction of the apartheid city, advising local and national government as well as international donors. She serves on the board of several local NGOs concerned with poverty alleviation and gender equity in post-apartheid South Africa.

SUJATA PATEL was born in Bombay and has spent most of her life there. Currently she is Professor in the Department of Sociology at the University of Pune. Her research has been concerned with class conflict and industrial relations; the relationship between caste, communalism, and reservation; Gandhi; and gender and urban problem in mega-cities in India.

JANET SALAFF is Professor of Sociology at the University of Toronto. She studies the intersection of families and the urban community, mainly Chinese families. She has written about the family and industrialization (Hong Kong), the family and state policy (Singapore), and family and work (Canada, Taiwan, Inner Mongolia). She is currently doing research on transnational migration of Chinese families between Toronto and China and Hong Kong.

SASKIA SASSEN is the Ralph Lewis Professor of Sociology at the University of Chicago, and Centennial Visiting Professor at the London School of Economics. At the center of her research are global dynamics, translocal processes, and the production of space. This has led her to focus on capital and labor flows, the articulation of cities with global processes, and the participation of national states in shaping and enabling global and translocal processes and institutional arrangements. She chairs the Information Technology and International Cooperation Committee of the Social Science Research Council (USA).

ALVIN Y. SO is a Professor of the Division of Social Science at the Hong Kong University of Science. He previously taught at the University of Hawai’i where he received the Regents’ Medal for Excellence in Teaching. He co-edited the Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars and served as Chair of the Asian-American Section of the American Sociological Association. His researches include social class, development, and democratization in East Asia.

PETER M. WARD holds the C. B. Smith Sr. Centennial Chair in US–Mexico Relations at the University of Texas at Austin, where he is Professor in the Department of Sociology and in the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs. He is also Director of the Mexican Center, and in 2002 became Editor-in-Chief of the Latin American Research Review. He previously taught urban geography at the University of Cambridge and University College London, and has served as advisor to various Mexican government ministries and agencies.

DOUGLAS WEBSTER divides his time between an appointment as Consulting Professor at the Asia Pacific Research Center of Stanford University and his position as Senior Urban Advisor to the National Planning Board of Thailand. He is also an active advisor to the World Bank’s East Asia Urban Unit. In association with the World Bank and the Ford Foundation, his current research at Stanford focuses on peri-urbanization in Bangkok and Manila in Southeast Asia, and in Hangzhou and Chengdu in China.

WEIPING WU is an Associate Professor of Urban Studies and Planning at Virginia Commonwealth University. She has been a consultant for the World Bank and was a Research Fellow at the Brookings Institution in Washington, DC. Her research interests include comparative urban development and policy, rural–urban migration, and economic development and planning. A native of China, she particularly keeps abreast with urban development issues in China and East Asia.

SHAHID YUSUF has served the World Bank in numerous capacities for over two decades, most recently as Director of the World Development Report 1999/2000. He is co-editor of the World Bank Research Observer, and a member of the World Bank Editorial Committee as well as its Research Committee. Much of his work has focused on Asia.

Acknowledgments

In my endeavor to pursue a global approach to world cities in poor countries across four continents I was fortunate in that many people readily shared their knowledge and their insights with me. I would like to thank in particular Janet Abu-Lughod, Mike Douglass, Myra Marx Ferree, William G. Flanagan, Saskia Sassen, Richard E. Stren, and Weiping Wu.

   We are indebted to the National Academy of Sciences’ Committee on Population for sponsoring a two-day workshop that brought nearly all contributors together; to Charles M. Becker, Saskia Sassen, Richard E. Stren, and Yue-man Yeung who acted as our discussants on that occasion; and to Barney Cohen who was most supportive in this endeavor. Prior to the workshop, the overseas participants had the opportunity to meet for a one-day conference at the University of Connecticut thanks to the efforts of Wayne Villemez.

   All royalties from this volume have been vested in Oxfam.

JOSEF GUGLER

Graphic design by Daniel L. Civco, based on The Blue Marble, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, image by Reto Stockli, enhancements by Robert Simmon