In the formation of the modern law of nations, peace treaties played a pivotal role. Many basic principles and rules that governed and still govern the relations between states were introduced and elaborated in the great peace treaties from the Renaissance onwards. Nevertheless, until recently few scholars have studied these primary sources of the law of nations from a juridical perspective. In this edited collection, specialists from all over Europe, including legal and diplomatic historians, international lawyers and an International Relations theorist, analyse peace treaty practice from the late fifteenth century to the Peace of Versailles of 1919. Important emphasis is given to the doctrinal debate about peace treaties and the influence of older, Roman and medieval concepts on modern practices. This book goes back further in time beyond the epochal Peace Treaties of Westphalia of 1648, and this broader perspective allows for a reassessment of the role of the sovereign state in the modern international legal order.
RANDALL LESAFFER is Professor of Legal History at Tilburg University. He also teaches Cultural History at the University of Leuven Law Faculty, and International Law at the Royal Higher Defence Academy of the Belgian Army. He has published on the history of international law and international relations of the early modern era and the twentieth century, as well as more specifically on treaty law and the laws of war.
Edited by
RANDALL LESAFFER
PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge, CB2 2RU, UK
40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011–4211, USA
477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia
Ruiz de Alarcón 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain
Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa
http://www.cambridge.org
© Cambridge University Press 2004
This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2004
Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge
Typeface Minion 10.75/12.75 pt. System LATEX 2e [TB]
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data
Peace treaties and international law in European history: from the late Middle Ages to World War One / edited by Randall Lesaffer.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0 521 82724 8 (hardback)
1. Peace treaties – History. 2. Europe – Foreign relations – Treaties. 3. International law – Europe – History. I. Lesaffer, Randall.
KZ184.5.P43 2004
341.6′6′09 – dc22 2003061319
ISBN 0 521 82724 8
| List of contributors page viii | |||
| Acknowledgements xi | |||
| Table of treaties xii | |||
| List of abbreviations xxi | |||
| 1 | Introduction 1 | ||
| Randall Lesaffer | |||
| PART I Peace treaties and international law from Lodi to Versailles (1454–1920) | |||
| 2 | Peace treaties from Lodi to Westphalia 9 | ||
| Randall Lesaffer | |||
| 3 | Peace treaties from Westphalia to the Revolutionary Era 45 | ||
| Heinz Duchhardt | |||
| 4 | Peace treaties from Paris to Versailles 59 | ||
| Heinhard Steiger | |||
| PART II Thinking peace: voices from the past | |||
| 5 | Vestigia pacis. The Roman peace treaty: structure or event? 103 | ||
| Christian Baldus | |||
| 6 | The influence of medieval Roman law on peace treaties 147 | ||
| Karl-Heinz Ziegler | |||
| 7 | The kiss of peace 162 | ||
| Hanna Vollrath | |||
| 8 | Martinus Garatus Laudensis on treaties 184 | ||
| Alain Wijffels | |||
| 9 | The importance of medieval canon law and the scholastic tradition for the emergence of the early modern international legal order 198 | ||
| Dominique Bauer | |||
| 10 | The Peace Treaties of Westphalia as an instance of the reception of Roman law 222 | ||
| Laurens Winkel | |||
| PART III Thinking peace: towards a better future | |||
| 11 | Peace treaties, bonne foi and European civility in the Enlightenment 241 | ||
| Marc Bélissa | |||
| 12 | Peace, security and international organisations: the German international lawyers and the Hague Conferences 254 | ||
| Ingo Hueck | |||
| 13 | Consent and caution: Lassa Oppenheim and his reaction to World War Ⅰ 270 | ||
| Mathias Schmoeckel | |||
| 14 | Talking peace: social science, peace negotiations and the structure of politics 289 | ||
| Andreas Osiander | |||
| PART IV Making peace: aspects of treaty practice | |||
| 15 | The ius foederis re-examined: the Peace of Westphalia and the constitution of the Holy Roman Empire 319 | ||
| Ronald G. Asch | |||
| 16 | The peace treaties of the Ottoman Empire with European Christian powers 338 | ||
| Karl-Heinz Ziegler | |||
| 17 | Peace and prosperity: commercial aspects of peacemaking 365 | ||
| Stephen Neff | |||
| 18 | The 1871 Peace Treaty between France and Germany and the 1919 Peace Treaty of Versailles 382 | ||
| Christian Tomuschat | |||
| PART V Conclusion | |||
| 19 | Conclusion 399 | ||
| Randall Lesaffer | |||
| Appendix Tractatus de confederatione, pace, & conventionibus Principum 412 | |||
| Martinus Garatus Laudensis, ed. Alain Wijffels | |||
| Index 448 | |||
RONALD ASCH is Professor of Modern History at the University of Freiburg.
CHRISTIAN BALDUS is Professor of Roman Law at the University of Cologne and currently also at the University of Heidelberg.
DOMINIQUE BAUER is a post-doctoral research fellow at the Catholic University of Leuven.
MARC BÉLISSA is Professor of Modern History at the Sorbonne University in Paris.
HEINZ DUCHHARDT is Professor of Modern History at the University of Mainz. He is also Director of the Institute for European History, Department of Universal History.
INGO HUECK is Associate Professor of History of International Law at the Humboldt University in Berlin and Permanent Research Advisor of the Hertie Institute for Public Management of the European School of Management and Technology in Munich and Berlin.
RANDALL LESAFFER is Professor of Legal History at Tilburg University. He also teaches Cultural History at the Leuven Law Faculty and International Law at the Royal High Defence Institute of the Belgian Armed Forces.
STEPHEN NEFF is a Lecturer in International Law at the University of Edinburgh.
ANDREAS OSIANDER is a post-doctoral research fellow at the Department of Jurisprudence and Legal History of Tilburg University.
MATHIAS SCHMOECKEL is Professor of Legal History at the University of Bonn.
HEINHARD STEIGER, now retired, was Professor of International Law at the University of Giessen.
CHRISTIAN TOMUSCHAT is Professor of International Law at the Humboldt University of Berlin.
HANNA VOLLRATH is Professor of Medieval History at the University of Bochum.
ALAIN WIJFFELS is Professor of Legal History at the Catholic University of Louvain-la-Neuve.
LAURENS WINKEL is Professor of Legal History at the Erasmus University of Rotterdam.
KARL-HEINZ ZIEGLER, now retired, was Professor of Roman Law at the University of Hamburg.
This book is the result of a joint effort, not only by the contributors, but also by the many persons who had a hand in the complex and difficult process of the editing and publication. In the first place, I want to thank the Department of Jurisprudence and Legal History of the Tilburg Law Faculty, which endorsed this project by lending its facilities and personnel, as well as the Schoordijk Institute of the same Faculty. In particular, I want to extend my gratitude to Marjolijn Verhoeven, of the Schoordijk Institute, who organised the March 2001 Tilburg colloquium. Without Hildegard Penn, one of our Faculty’s English editors, this project would have proven too much. I also want to thank the Department of Jurisprudence and Legal History’s secretary Marianne Stolp, as well as our research assistants Aziza Azizi, Eelkje van der Kuilen-Stap, Laetitia Laman, Luigi Corrias and Tomas Roosenschoon who lent their support. I am also grateful for the help of Jo Alaerts of the Leuven Department for Roman Law and Legal History. Finally, the efforts of the staff of Cambridge University Press, in particular Finola O’Sullivan, Nikki Burton, Jackie Warren and Frances Brown as well as the support of James Crawford, Whewell Professor of International Law at the University of Cambridge, cannot go unmentioned.
BC
509, Rome–Carthage (2 SA 16) 121
321 (?), Pax Caudina (3 SA 27) 134
306, Philinus (3 SA 53) 130
241, Lutatius (3 SA 173) 130
226/225, Ebro Treaty (3 SA 201) 130, 131
202/201, Rome–Carthage (3 SA 291) 127
AD
562, Rome–Persia (Blockley 70) 148
587, Burgundy–Austrasia 149
1164, Alliance Emperor–England 176
1177, Lombardic League (MGH-C Ⅰ, 360 no. 259) 152
1177, Venice (MGH-D X-3, 202 no. 687) 152
1183, Constance (MGH-D X-4, 68 no. 848) 151, 155–6, 158–9, 188, 189, 196
1199, Péronne, Flanders–France (CUD I-1, 125; CIGD 1 – date 1099 wrong there) 152
1199, Dinant, Flanders–Bar (CUD I-1, 125; MCIGD Ⅱ, 194) 152, 159
31 May 1325, Paris (CUD I-2, 78; CIGD 109) 158, 159
8 May 1360, Brétigny (CUD Ⅱ-1, 7; CIGD 208) 149
19 August 1374 (CUD Ⅱ-1, 96; CGD Ⅱ, 1270) 159
21 September 1435, Arras (CUD Ⅱ-2, 304) 22
1435, Brest (CUD Ⅲ-1, 13) 149–50, 158–159
1446, Ottoman Empire–Venice (Orientalia Christiana Periodica 15 (1949), 225) 340
9 April 1454, Lodi (CUD Ⅲ-1, 202) 4, 18, 41
30 August 1454, Venice (CUD Ⅲ-1, 221) 28, 30, 35
5 October 1465, Conflans (CUD Ⅲ-1, 335) 15–17, 39
10 September 1468, Ancenis (CUD Ⅲ-1, 392) 16, 24–25
14 October 1468, Péronne (CUD Ⅲ-1, 394) 16, 19, 39
8 August 1470, Naples (CUD Ⅲ-1, 408) 30, 35
16 February 1471, London (CUD Ⅲ-1, 601) 38
25 July 1474, Westminster 1 (CUD Ⅲ-1, 485) 18, 21, 36
25 July 1474, Westminster 2 (CUD Ⅲ-1, 486) 36
25 July 1474, Westminster 3 (CUD Ⅲ-1, 487) 36
25 July 1474, Westminster 4 (CUD Ⅲ-1, 488) 36
25 July 1474, Westminster 5 (CUD Ⅲ-1, 489) 36
29 August 1475, Amiens 1 (CUD Ⅲ-1, 501) 28, 17–18
29 August 1475, Amiens 3 (CUD Ⅲ-1, 504) 40–41
13 September 1475, Soleuvre (CUD Ⅲ-1, 505) 38
13 February 1478, London (CUD Ⅲ-2, 19) 38
25 January 1479, Constantinople (ADGMA Ⅲ, 295)
12 January 1482, Adrianople (ADGMA Ⅲ) 341
23 December 1482, Arras (CUD Ⅲ-2, 100) 17–19, 23, 25, 39, 40, 41, 42
7 August 1484, Bagnolo (CUD Ⅲ-2, 128) 28, 30, 31
20 August 1488, Sablé (CUD Ⅲ-2, 209) 16, 40
3 November 1492, Etaples (CUD Ⅲ-2, 291; CIGD 456) 21, 34–35, 41, 42, 151
19 January 1493, Barcelona (CUD Ⅲ-2, 297; CIGD 463) 23, 28, 30, 39, 150, 158–159
23 May 1493, Senlis (CUD Ⅲ-2, 303) 25, 35, 40, 42
1 January 1495, Rome (CUD Ⅲ-2, 318) 28
14 December 1502 (ADGMA Ⅲ, 344) 341
22 September 1504, Blois 1 (TIE Ⅲ-1, 52) 23, 25
10 December 1508, Cambrai 1 (TIE Ⅲ-1, 175) 23–25, 41, 19, 29, 27, 30
10 December 1508, Cambrai 2 (TIE Ⅲ-1, 202) 19, 24–25
7 August 1514, London (CUD Ⅳ-1, 183) 19, 30–31, 35, 41–42
24 March 1515, Paris (TIE Ⅲ-2, 3) 25, 29, 34, 342
13 August 1516, Noyon (TIE Ⅲ-2, 73) 23, 25, 28, 34
11 March 1517, Cambrai (TIE Ⅲ-2, 181) 25–26
2 October 1518, London (text of ratification by Charles Ⅴ of 1519, TIE Ⅲ-2, 217–35) 12, 35, 27, 30–31
6 June 1520, Guines 1 (CUD Ⅳ-1, 312) 22
6 June 1520, Guines 2 (Rymer Ⅵ-1, 187) 22
14 January 1526, Madrid (TIE Ⅲ-3, 122) 17–19, 21, 23, 25–26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 35, 39, 41, 42
29 June 1529, Barcelona (CUD Ⅳ-2, 1) 28, 31
5 August 1529, Cambrai 1 (CUD Ⅳ-2, 7) 23, 25, 28, 29, 31, 32, 41, 26
5 August 1529, Cambrai 2 (CUD Ⅳ-2, 42) 31, 32, 41, 42
February 1535, Ottoman Empire–France (RAI Ⅰ, 83 in French; FHIG Ⅱ, 71) 342
20 October 1540, Ottoman Empire–Venice (CUD Ⅳ-2, 197) 345
18 September 1544, Crépy (CUD Ⅳ-2, 279) 25, 26, 27, 30, 32, 33, 35, 38, 232–233, 237, 19, 21, 23
2 April 1559, Câteau-Cambrésis 1 (CUD V-1, 29) 23, 28, 30, 38, 19, 21, 32–33, 41
2 April 1559, Câteau-Cambrésis 2 (CUD V-1, 31) 32, 41, 42, 33
3 April 1559, Câteau-Cambrésis 1 (CUD V-1, 34) 41, 42
24 June 1564, Ottoman Empire–Venice (CUD V-1, 140)
18 October 1569, Constantinople (RAI Ⅰ, 88) 342
26 May 1571, Rome (CUD V-1, 203) 30
31 October 1596, The Hague (CUD V-1, 531) 33
2 May 1598, Vervins (CUD V-1, 561) 17, 18, 23, 27, 28, 30, 33–35, 41, 42
17 January 1601, Susa (CUD V-2, 10) 33, 39
20 May 1604, Constantinople (RAI Ⅰ, 93) 343
18 August 1604, London (CUD V-2, 32) 33, 35, 41, 42, 30–31
11 November 1606, Zstivatorok (RAI Ⅰ, 103) 345, 346, 351
9 April 1609, Antwerp (CUD V-2, 99) 38
1612, Ottoman Empire–Republic (CUD V-2, 20) 344
21 June 1615, Asti (CUD V-2, 271) 39
1 July 1615, Vienna (CUD V-2, 264) 346
1 May 1616, Vienna (RAI Ⅰ, 113; CUD V-2, 280) 346
9 October 1621, Khotin/Dnestr (CUD V-2, 371, French abridged text) 347
12 May 1629, Lübeck (CUD V-2, 584) 21
15 November 1630, Madrid (CUD V-2, 619) 21, 23, 27, 41, 368
November 1634, Pirna (Ⅱ BA NF Ⅹ, 4, no. 569) 329
30 May 1635, Prague (CUD V-2, 88; Ⅱ BA NF Ⅹ, 4, no. 554A) 39, 323, 327–332
13 August 1645, Bromsebrö (CUD Ⅵ-1, 314) 41
30 January 1648, Münster (1 CTS 1) 3, 6, 13, 14, 41, 222, 224, 229, 230–231, 237
24 October 1648, Münster (APW Ⅲ B, I-1, 1–49) 3, 6, 9, 10, 13, 14, 20, 35, 36, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 51, 56, 55, 52, 70, 74, 82, 85, 92, 157, 222, 224, 229, 237, 241, 242, 251, 319, 389, 404
24 October 1648, Osnabrück (APW Ⅲ B, I-1, 95–170) 3, 6, 9, 10, 13, 14, 20, 35, 36, 43, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49, 51, 56, 55, 52, 70, 74, 82, 85, 92, 157, 222, 224, 229, 236, 237, 241, 242, 251, 319, 389, 404
5 April 1654, Westminster (3 CTS 225) 310
7 November 1659, Pyrenees (5 CTS 325) 27, 368
10 August 1664, Vasvar (CUD Ⅵ-3, 23 in Latin; 8 CTS Ⅷ 167 in Latin and French; RAI Ⅰ, 121 in French) 351
31 July 1667, Breda (10 CTS 231) 234–235, 369, 370
17 February 1668, Breda FCN (10 CTS Ⅹ 441) 369
5 September 1669, Candia (CUD Ⅶ-1, 119 Latin abridged text; 11 CTS 209 in Latin and French; RAI Ⅰ, 132 in French) 351–352
18 October 1672, Buczacz (CUD Ⅶ-1, 212; 12 CTS 393) 352
5 June 1673, Ottoman Empire–France (RAI Ⅰ, 136; CUD Ⅶ-1, 231; 12 CTS 463) 347
19 February 1674, Westminster (13 CTS 123) 369
10 December 1674, FCN (13 CTS 255) 368, 369, 370
1675, Ottoman Empire–England (RAI Ⅰ, 146 in French; CUD Ⅶ-1, 297; 13 CTS 429) 348
16 October 1676, Zoravno (CUD Ⅶ-1, 325; 14 CTS 131) 352
10 August 1678, Nijmegen (14 CTS 365) 27, 369
10 August 1678, Nijmegen FCN (14 CTS 399) 27, 369
17 August 1678, Nijmegen (14 CTS 425) 27, 369
19 August 1678, Nijmegen (14 CTS 431) 27, 369
17 September 1678, Nijmegen (14 CTS 441) 27, 369
12 September 1679, Constantinople (CUD Ⅶ-1, 435; 15 CTS 235) 352
15 September 1680, Ottoman Empire–Republic (RAI Ⅰ, 169; CUD Ⅶ-2, 4; 15 CTS 471) 349
5 March 1684, Linz (CUD Ⅶ-2, 71; 17 CTS 1; FHIG Ⅱ, 350 in Latin) 352
20 September 1697, Ryswick, France–Republic (21 CTS 347) 369
20 September 1697, Ryswick, FCN France–Republic (21 CTS 371) 369
20 September 1697, Ryswick, France–England (21 CTS 409) 369
20 September 1697, Ryswick, France–Spain (21 CTS 453) 369
26 January 1699, Karlowitz, Ottoman Empire–Roman Emperor (RAI Ⅰ, 182; CUD Ⅶ-2, 448 in Latin; 22 CTS 219) 50
26 January 1699, Karlowitz, Ottoman Empire–Poland (CUD Ⅶ-2, 451; 22 CTS ⅩⅩⅡ 247) 347
26 January 1699, Ottoman Empire–Venice (CUD Ⅶ-2, 453; 22 CTS 265) 353
13 June 1700, Constantinople (RAI Ⅰ, 197; 23 CTS 25) 353–354
1 April (?) 1710, Constantinople (CUD suppl. Ⅱ-2, 78; 26 CTS 457) 354, 355
16 April 1712, Ottoman Empire–Russia (CUD Ⅷ-1, 297; 27 CTS 231) 397, 354, 355
11 April 1713, Utrecht, France–Britain (27 CTS 475) 48, 53, 56, 242, 315, 369
11 April 1713, Utrecht FCN, France–Britain (28 CTS 1) 48, 53, 242, 315, 369–370
11 April 1713, Utrecht, France–Republic (28 CTS 37) 48, 53, 57, 242, 315, 369
11 April 1713, Utrecht FCN, France–Republic (28 CTS 83) 48, 53, 57, 246, 315, 369
11 April 1713, Utrecht, France–Savoy (28 CTS 123) 48, 53, 242, 315, 369
11 April 1713, Utrecht, France–Prussia (28 CTS 141) 48, 53, 242, 315, 369
11 April 1713, Utrecht, France–Portugal (28 CTS 169) 48, 55, 53, 57, 242, 315, 369
5 July (?) 1713, Adrianople, Ottoman Empire–Russia (CUD suppl. Ⅱ-2, 110; 28 CTS 251; RAI Ⅰ, 203) 53, 354, 355
13 July 1713, Utrecht, Spain–Savoy (28 CTS 269) 53, 315
13 July 1713, Utrecht, Britain–Spain (28 CTS 295) 53, 315, 370
9 December 1713, Utrecht FCN, Britain–Spain (28 CTS 429) 53, 315
6 February 1715, Utrecht, Portugal–Spain (29 CTS 201) 55, 315
21 July 1718, Pessarowicz, Ottoman Empire–Roman Emperor (RAI Ⅰ, 208 in Latin; 30 CTS 341) 347, 354
21 July 1718, Pessarowicz, Ottoman Empire–Venice (CUD Ⅷ-1, 524; 30 CTS 371) 235–236, 347, 354–355
27 July 1718, Pessarowicz (CUD Ⅷ-1, 528 in Latin; 30 CTS 395; RAI Ⅰ, 220 in French) 347, 354–355
5/16 November 1720, Constantinople (RAI Ⅰ, 227; 31 CTS 271) 355
24 January 1724, Cambrai (31 CTS 455) 45
15 May 1736, Vienna, France–Emperor–Russia (34 CTS 373) 52
15 May 1736, Vienna, France–Emperor–Poland (34 CTS 381) 52
18 September 1739, Belgrade, Ottoman Empire–Roman Emperor (35 CTS 381; RAI Ⅰ, 243) 347
18 September 1739, Belgrade, Ottoman Empire–Russia (35 CTS 425; RAI Ⅰ, 258 in French) 347, 356
7 April 1740, Constantinople (RAI Ⅰ, 270; 36 CTS 9) 349, 350
28 May 1740, Constantinople (RAI Ⅰ, 271; 36 CTS 41) 349, 350
18 October 1748, Aix-la-Chapelle (38 CTS 297) 48–49, 52–53
23 March 1761, Constantinople (RAI Ⅰ, 315; 42 CTS 69) 350, 351
12 February 1763, Paris (42 CTS 279) 53
15 February 1763, Hubertusburg (42 CTS 347) 52
21 July 1774, Kücük Kainarci (45 CTS 349; RAI Ⅰ, 319) 357–359, 361
13 May 1779, Teschen (47 CTS 153) 52
14 September 1782, Ottoman Empire–Spain (RAI Ⅰ, 344; 48 CTS 123) 351
3 September 1783, Paris (48 CTS 437) 369
20 May 1784, Paris (49 CTS 65) 258
26 September 1786, Paris FCN (50 CTS 71) 369
4 August 1791, Sistova (RAI Ⅱ, 6; 51 CTS 211) 347, 358
9 January 1792, Jassy (RAI Ⅱ, 16; 51 CTS 279) 358–359
19 November 1794, Washington, Jay Treaty (52 CTS 249)
15 June 1802, Paris (RAI Ⅱ, 51; 56 CTS 375) 359
5 January 1809, Dardenelles (RAI Ⅱ, 81 in French; 60 CTS 323) 359
28 May 1812, Bucharest (RAI Ⅱ, 86; 62 CTS 25) 360
30 May 1814, Paris (Strupp I) 59, 60, 72, 73, 74, 79, 80, 82, 86, 87, 91
20 July 1814, Paris (63 CTS 297) 59, 60, 73, 74, 87, 373
14 August 1814, London (63 CTS 331) 60, 373
25 August 1814, Berlin (63 CTS 345) 60, 373
24 December 1814, Ghent (63 CTS 421) 60, 369
8 June 1815, Federation Act (Strupp I) 88
9 June 1815, Vienna Congress Act (Strupp Ⅰ, 163) 60, 74, 79, 86, 88, 92, 93, 260
3 July 1815, Algiers (65 CTS 33) 374
3 July 1815, Ghent FCN (65 CTS 41) 369
20 November 1815, Paris (Strupp I) 85, 87, 91
3 April 1816, Algiers, Algiers–Sardinia (65 CTS 471) 374
3 April 1816, Algiers, Algiers–Sicily (65 CTS 479) 374
4 July 1823, Buenos Aires–Spain (68 CTS 261) 374
18 April 1825, Bogota FCN (75 CTS 195) 372
14 September 1829, Adrianople (RAI Ⅱ, 166; 80 CTS 83) 360, 361, 373
22 September 1829, Colombia–Peru (80 CTS 97) 375
29 October 1834, London FCN (84 CTS 433) 372
9 March 1839, Vera Cruz (88 CTS 345) 374
29 October 1840, Buenos Aires (91 CTS 111) 374
13 July 1841, Straits Convention (92 CTS) 361
29 August 1842, Nanking (93 CTS 465) 83, 85, 95
9 March 1846, Lahore (NRG Ⅸ, 80) 83
26 March 1846, Spain–Uruguay (NRG Ⅸ, 92) 91
2 July 1850, Berlin (II NRG ⅩⅤ, 340) 73, 78, 80, 81
8 May 1852, Santo Domingo (NRG ⅩⅦ-2, 313) 79
14/26 January 1855, Simoda (NRG ⅩⅥ-2, 454) 83
30 March 1856, Paris (Ⅱ NRG ⅩⅤ, 770; RAI Ⅲ, 70; 114 CTS 409; FHIG Ⅲ-1, 19) 73, 74, 87, 89, 93, 94, 361, 362
15 April 1856, Paris (RAI Ⅲ, 88; 114 CTS 497) 87, 89, 94, 362
4 March 1857, Paris (NRG ⅩⅥ-2, 114; 116 CTS 319) 83
10 November 1859, Zurich Conference Protocols (121 CTS 163) 88, 372–373
10 November 1859, Zurich, Austria–France (NRG ⅩⅥ-2, 516; 121 CTS 145) 72, 80, 88, 372–374
10 November 1859, Zurich, Austria–France–Sardinia (NRG ⅩⅥ-2, 531) 88
11 July 1859, Villafranca (NRG, ⅩⅥ-2, 516) 72
25 January 1860, Guayaquil (121 CTS 309) 374
8 June 1862, Saigon (NRG ⅩⅦ, 169) 95
1 January 1864, Colombia–Ecuador (129 CTS 31) 373
22 August 1864, Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Treatment of Wounded in the Field (129 CTS 361) 263
17 January 1865, Peru–Spain (130 CTS 405) 93, 375
26 July 1866, Nikolsburg (Preliminary Peace, NRG ⅩⅧ, 316) 72, 75, 85
26 July 1866, Nikolsburg (Armistice, NRG ⅩⅧ, 319) 71, 72, 75
13 August 1866, Berlin (NRG ⅩⅧ, 331; 133 CTS 21) 75, 80, 85, 87, 89
17 August 1866, Berlin (NRG ⅩⅧ, 333; 133 CTS 29) 75, 80, 81, 85, 87, 96
18 August 1866, Berlin, North German Federation Treaty (Huber Ⅱ, 268; 133 CTS 39) 75, 80, 85, 87, 89
22 August 1866, Berlin (NRG ⅩⅧ, 336; 133 CTS 53) 75, 80, 85, 87, 96
23 August 1866, Prague (NRG ⅩⅧ, 344; 133 CTS 71) 75, 80, 82, 85, 87, 89
3 October 1866, Vienna (NRG ⅩⅧ, 405; 133 CTS 209) 75, 79
8 December 1870 (Huber Ⅱ, 351) 89
28 January 1871 (143 CTS 5) 382
26 February 1871, Versailles (NRG ⅩⅨ, 653) 6, 72, 73, 85, 88, 389, 391, 392
10 May 1871, Frankfurt (NRG ⅩⅨ;143 CTS 163) 75, 78, 81, 85, 88, 94, 96, 372, 374, 382, 391–392, 387–388, 395
24 August 1873, Gandemian (146 CTS 345) 374
17 May 1865/22 July 1875, International Telegraph Convention (148 CTS 319)
3 March 1878, San Stefano (Ⅱ NRG Ⅲ, 246; RAI Ⅲ, 509; 152 CTS 395) 72, 73, 87, 89, 362, 363
1 June 1878, Universal Postal Union (152 CTS 106)
13 July 1878, Berlin Congress Act (Ⅱ NRG Ⅲ, 449; RAI Ⅳ, 175; 153 CTS 171; partly in FHIG Ⅲ-1, 38) 72, 74, 89–90, 362
26 May 1879, Sandornak (Ⅱ NRG Ⅳ, 536) 83
14 August 1879, Paris (155 CTS 167) 374
12 June 1883, Lima (162 CTS 185) 372
20 October 1883, Lima (162 CTS 453) 373
26 February 1885, Congo Act (Ⅱ NRG Ⅹ, 414) 67, 79, 90–91
9 June 1885, FCN, France–China (167 CTS 431) 372, 374
13 January 1886, Amapala (167 CTS 295) 372–373
1890, Convention on Transport of Goods by Rail (173 CTS 75) 258
17 April 1895, Shimonoseki (Strupp Ⅱ, 239; 181 CTS 217) 91
26 October 1896, Addis Ababa (Ⅱ NRG ⅩⅩⅤ, 59; 183 CTS 423) 79, 375
6/18 September 1897, Constantinople (Ⅱ NRG ⅩⅩⅧ, 715; 186 CTS 10) 72, 363
22 November/4 December 1897, Constantinople (Ⅱ NRG ⅩⅩⅧ, 630; 186 CTS 89) 86, 94, 374–375
1899, Hague Convention on the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes (187 CTS 410) 70, 76, 258
13 February 1903, Washington, Britain–Venezuela Exchange of notes (192 CTS 413) 372
13 February 1903, Washington, Britain–Venezuela Treaty (192 CTS 414) 372
13 February 1903, Washington, Italy–Venezuela (192 CTS 418) 373
12 April 1903, Athens FCN (193 CTS 97) 375
23 August/5 September 1905, Portsmouth (Strupp Ⅱ, 253) 91
18 October 1907, Hague Convention Ⅰ for the Pacific Settlement of Disputes (205 CTS) 70, 76, 258
18 October 1907, Hague Convention Ⅱ for the Limitation of the Employment of Force for the Recovery of Contract Debts (205 CTS 250) 70, 76, 258
18 October 1907, Hague Convention Ⅲ Relating to Opening Hostilities (205 CTS 263) 70, 76, 258
18 October 1907, Hague Convention Ⅳ Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land (205 CTS 277) 70, 76, 258
18 October 1907, Hague Convention Ⅴ Respecting the Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers and Persons in Case of War on Land (205 CTS 299) 70, 76, 258
18 October 1907, Hague Convention Ⅵ Relating to the Statute of Enemy Merchant Ships (205 CTS 305) 70, 76, 258
18 October 1907, Hague Convention Ⅶ Relating to the Conversion of Merchant Ships into Warships (205 CTS 319) 70, 76, 258
18 October 1907, Hague Convention Ⅷ Relative to the Laying of Automatic Submarine Contact Mines (205 CTS 331) 70, 76, 258
18 October 1907, Hague Convention Ⅸ Concerning Bombardment by Naval Forces in Time of War (205 CTS 345) 70, 76, 258
18 October 1907, Hague Convention Ⅹ for the Adaptation of Principles of the Geneva Convention to Maritime Warfare (205 CTS 359) 70, 76, 258
18 October 1907, Hague Convention Ⅺ Relative to Certain Restrictions with Regard to the Exercise of the Rights of Capture in Naval War (205 CTS 367) 70, 76, 258
18 October 1907, Hague Convention Ⅻ for the Establishment of an International Prize Court (205 CTS 381) 70, 76, 258
18 October 1907, Hague Convention ⅩⅢ Concerning the Rights and Duties of Neutral Powers in Naval War (205 CTS 395) 70, 76, 258
11 October 1909, Automobile Circulation Convention (209 CTS 361) 258
18 October 1912, Lausanne Ouchy (217 CTS 160) 363, 372
30 May 1913, London (218 CTS) 363
28 July/10 August 1913, Bucharest (Ⅲ NRG Ⅷ, 61; Strupp Ⅱ) 75, 82, 83, 96
29 September 1913, Turkey–Bulgaria (218 CTS 375) 373
1/14 March 1914, Constantinople (Ⅲ NRG Ⅷ, 643; 219 CTS 310)
9 February 1918, Brest-Litovsk (Strupp III, 79) 83, 86, 90
3 March 1918, Brest-Litovsk (Strupp Ⅲ, 96) 83, 90
7 March 1918, Germany Finland (Strupp III, 125) 90
27 March 1918, Washington (Strupp Ⅲ, 125; 223 CTS 172)
27 August 1918, Berlin (224 CTS 66) 90
11 November 1918, Compiègne (Strupp Ⅲ, 229; 224 CTS 286) 71, 77, 382
28 June 1919, Versailles (Strupp Ⅳ, 140; 225 CTS 288) 4, 4, 6, 59, 60, 64, 73, 75, 77, 80, 81, 83, 85, 87, 90, 92, 93, 95, 96, 98, 99, 271, 274, 275, 375, 376, 399, 401, 410
10 September 1919, Saint-Germain (Strupp Ⅳ, 1006; 226 CTS 8) 4, 59, 60, 64, 73, 75, 77, 80, 81, 83, 85, 87, 90, 92, 93, 95, 96, 98, 99, 271, 274, 376, 399, 401
27 November 1919, Neuilly (Strupp Ⅴ, 23; 226 CTS 332) 4, 59, 60, 64, 73, 75, 77, 80, 81, 83, 85, 87, 92, 93, 95, 96, 98, 99, 271, 274, 376, 399, 401
4 June 1920, Trianon (Strupp Ⅴ, 44) 4, 59, 60, 64, 73, 75, 77, 80, 81, 83, 85, 87, 90, 92, 93, 95, 96, 98, 99, 271, 274, 399, 401
10 August 1920, Sèvres (Strupp Ⅴ, 62; partly in FHIG Ⅲ-2, 711 with German and English translations) 4, 59, 60, 64, 73, 75, 77, 80, 81, 83, 85, 87, 90, 92, 93, 95, 96, 98, 99, 271, 274, 363, 399, 401
24 June 1923, Lausanne (28 UNTS 11, partly in FHIG Ⅲ-2, 719 with German and English translations) 364, 376
17 August 1928, Paris, Briand–Kellogg Pact (94 LNTS 57) 256, 382, 410
26 June 1945, Charter of the United Nations (1 UNTS xvi) 87, 385, 410
10 February 1947, Paris, Peace with Bulgaria (41 UNTS 21) 377
10 February 1947, Paris, Peace with Hungary (41 UNTS 135) 377
10 February 1947, Paris, Peace with Italy (42 UNTS 3) 377
10 February 1947, Paris, Peace with Romania (42 UNTS 31) 377
10 February 1947, Paris, Peace with Finland (48 UNTS 203) 377
24 February 1949, Egypt-Israel (42 UNTS 251) 378–379
23 March 1949, Israel-Lebanon (42 UNTS 287) 378–379
3 April 1949, Israel-Jordan (42 UNTS 303) 378–379
20 July 1949, Israel-Syria (42 UNTS 327) 378–379
8 September 1951, Los Angeles (136 UNTS 45) 377
5 November 1954, Burma-Japan (251 UNTS 215) 377
19 October 1956, Soviet Union–Japan Joint Declaration (263 UNTS 99) 377
8 February 1957, Japan-Poland (318 UNTS 251) 377
19 October 1956, Soviet Union–Japan Trade Protocol (263 UNTS 119) 377
6 December 1957, Soviet Union–Japan (325 UNTS 35) 377
26 April 1958, Japan-Poland FCN (340 UNTS 291) 377
23 May 1969, Vienna Convention on Law of Treaties (8 ILM 679) 133, 163, 384
27 January 1973, Paris (935 UNTS 52) 378–379
30 May 1974, Israel-Syria 378–379
26 March 1979, Egypt-Israel (1136 UNTS 101) 380
26 October 1994, Arava (34 ILM 46) 380, 433
| ADGMA Ⅲ | Franz Miklosich and Joseph Müller (eds.), Acta et diplomata Graeca Medii Aevi, vol. Ⅲ: Acta et diplomata res Graecas Italasque illustrantia (Vienna, 1865, reprint 1968) |
| APW | Konrad Repgen (ed.), Acta Pacis Westphalicae (Münster, since 1962) |
| APW Ⅲ, B, I-1 | Antje Oschmann (ed.), Die Friedensverträge mit Frankreich und Schweden. Urkunden (Konrad Repgen (ed.), Acta Pacis Westphalicae Ⅲ, B, I-1; Münster, 1998) |
| BA NF | Briefe und Akten zur Geschichte der Driessigjährigen Krieges, Neue Folge (Munich and Vienna, 1982) |
| Blockley | R.C. Blockley, The History of Menander the Guardsman (Liverpool, 1985) |
| CGD | Johann Christian Lünig, Codex Germaniae diplomaticus (Frankfurt and Leipzig, 1733) |
| CIGD | W.G. Leibniz, Codex iuris gentium diplomaticus (Hanover, 1693) |
| Cod. | Codex of Justinian |
| CTS | Clive Parry (ed.), The Consolidated Treaty Series (Dobbs Ferry, 1969–81) |
| CUD | Jean Dumont, Corps universel diplomatique du droit des gens (Amsterdam and The Hague, 1726–31; supplements ed. Jean Rousset de Missy, Amsterdam and The Hague, 1739) |
| Dig. | Digest of Justinian |
| FCN | Treaties of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation |
| FHIG | Wilhelm G. Grewe (ed.), Fontes historiae iuris gentium (Berlin and New York, 1988–95) |
| Huber | Ernst Rudolf Huber, Dokumente zur deutschen Verfassungsgeschichte (3rd edn, Stuttgart, 1986) |
| ILM | International Legal Materials (since 1962) |
| Inst. | Institutes |
| IPM | Peace Treaty of Münster of 24 October 1648 |
| IPO | Peace Treaty of Osnabrück of 24 October 1648 |
| L.F. | Libri feodorum |
| LNTS | League of Nations Treaty Series (920–40) |
| MBS | Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliotheek |
| MCIGD | W. G. Leibniz, Mantissa codicis iuris gentium diplomatici (Hanover, 1700) |
| MGH-C | Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Constitutiones (since 1893) |
| MGH-D | Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Diplomata (since 1872) |
| NRG | Georg Friedrich von Martens et al., Nouveau Recueil général de traités (Göttingen and Leipzig, 1817–1969: [I] Göttingen, 1840–75; Ⅱ Göttingen, 1876–1908; Ⅲ Leipzig, 1909–69) |
| PBN | Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale |
| RAI | Gabriel Noradounghian, Recueil d’actes internationaux de l’Empire ottoman (Paris, 1897, reprint 1978) |
| RGB | Reichsgezetsbuch |
| Rymer | Thomas Rymer, Foedera, conventiones, literae . . . (The Hague, 1739–45) |
| SA | Herman Bengtson (ed.), Die Staatsverträge des Altertums (Munich, 1969–75) |
| Strupp | Karl Strupp (ed.), Documents pour servir à l’histoire du droit des gens (2nd edn, Berlin, 1923) |
| TIE | P. Marino (ed.), Tratados internacionales de España: periodo de la preponderancia española (Madrid, 1978–86) |
| TUB | Tübingen, Universitätisbibliothek |
| UNTS | United Nations Treaty Series (since 1946) |
| Ⅹ | Liber Extra of Decretals of Pope Gregory Ⅸ |