Cambridge University Press

0521824745 - Prosecuting International Crimes - Selectivity and the International Criminal Law Regime - by Robert Cryer

Frontmatter/Prelims







Prosecuting International Crimes







This book discusses the legitimacy of the international criminal law regime. It explains the development of the system of international criminal law enforcement in historical context, from antiquity through the Nuremberg and Tokyo Trials, to today’s prosecutions of atrocities in the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda and Sierra Leone. The modern regime of prosecution of international crimes is evaluated with regard to international relations theory. The book then subjects that regime to a critique on the basis of legitimacy and the rule of law, in particular selective enforcement, not only in relation to who is prosecuted, but also to the definitions of crimes and principles of liability used when people are prosecuted. It concludes that although selective enforcement is not as powerful as a critique of international criminal law as it was previously, the creation of the International Criminal Court may also have narrowed the substantive rules of international criminal law.

ROBERT CRYER is Senior Lecturer in Law at the University of Nottingham. He is the book review editor of the Journal of Conflict and Security Law. He teaches international law, criminal law, theory of criminal law, theory of international law, humanitarian law, international criminal law and the law of collective security. He has taught in the United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, Malaysia and South Africa.












CAMBRIDGE STUDIES IN INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LAW







Established in 1946, this series produces high quality scholarship in the fields of public and private international law and comparative law. Although these are distinct legal sub-disciplines, developments since 1946 confirm their interrelation.

   Comparative law is increasingly used as a tool in the making of law at national, regional and international levels. Private international law is now often affected by international conventions, and the issues faced by classical conflicts rules are frequently dealt with by substantive harmonisation of law under international auspices. Mixed international arbitrations, especially those involving state economic activity, raise mixed questions of public and private international law, while in many fields (such as the protection of human rights and democratic standards, investment guarantees and international criminal law) international and national systems interact. National constitutional arrangements relating to ‘foreign affairs’, and to the implementation of international norms, are a focus of attention.

   The Board welcomes works of a theoretical or interdisciplinary character, and those focusing on new approaches to international or comparative law or conflicts of law. Studies of particular institutions or problems are equally welcome, as are translations of the best work published in other languages.

General Editors James Crawford SC FBA

Whewell Professor of International Law, Faculty of Law, and

Director, Lauterpacht Research Centre for International Law,

University of Cambridge


John S. Bell FBA

Professor of Law, Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge
 
Editorial Board Professor Hilary Charlesworth Australian National University

Professor Lori Damrosch Columbia University Law School

Professor John Dugard Universiteit Leiden

Professor Mary-Ann Glendon Harvard Law School

Professor Christopher Greenwood London School of Economics

Professor David Johnston University of Edinburgh

Professor Hein Kötz Max-Planck-Institut, Hamburg

Professor Donald McRae University of Ottawa

Professor Onuma Yasuaki University of Tokyo

Professor Reinhard Zimmermann Universität Regensburg
 
Advisory Committee Professor D. W. Bowett QC

Judge Rosalyn Higgins QC

Professor J. A. Jolowicz QC

Professor Sir Elihu Lauterpacht CBE QC

Professor Kurt Lipstein

Judge Stephen Schwebel
 
A list of books in the series can be found at the end of this volume.











Prosecuting International Crimes

Selectivity and the International Criminal Law Regime







Robert Cryer












CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo

Cambridge University Press

The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.org

Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521824743

© Robert Cryer 2005

This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception

and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,

no reproduction of any part may take place without

the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2005

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN-13 978-0-521-82474-3 hardback

ISBN-10 0-521-82474-5 hardback







Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.












To my parents












Contents







  Preface and acknowledgements page xi
  Table of cases xiii
  Table of treaties xxi
  List of abbreviations xxiv
 
  Introduction 1
 
Part I   The development of the international criminal law regime
 
1   The development of international criminal law 9
  Introduction 9
  Antiquity 11
  The Middle Ages 13
  The end of the age of chivalry and the ‘classical’ period of the law of nations 21
  1700–1914 25
  The First World War 31
  The Second World War 36
  The Cold War 48
  The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 51
  The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) 54
  The International Criminal Court (ICC) 57
  Other developments in the post-Cold War era 60
  Conclusion 72
 
2   International criminal law: State rights, responsibilities and problems 73
  Introduction 73
  Jurisdiction 75
  Duties to extradite or prosecute? 101
  Incorporation into domestic law and harmonisation 117
  Conclusion 122
 
3   International Criminal Tribunals and the regime of international criminal law enforcement 124
  Two special cases: Rwanda and former Yugoslavia 127
  The Rome regime 142
  Incorporation and harmonisation of international criminal law 167
  Conclusion 184
 
Part II   Evaluating the regime
 
4   Selectivity in international criminal law 191
  What selective enforcement involves 191
  Selectivity in international criminal law 202
  Conclusion 230
 
5   Selectivity and the law: I – definitions of crimes 232
  Introduction 232
  ‘Safe’ and ‘unsafe’ Tribunals 233
  Custom, codification, legitimacy and the nullum crimen sine lege principle 238
  Aggression 241
  Genocide 245
  Crimes against humanity 247
  War crimes 262
  Other crimes 285
  Conclusion 286
 
6   Selectivity and the law: II – general principles of liability and defences 289
  Introduction 289
  Defences 291
  Principles of liability 308
  Conclusion 325
 
  Conclusion 327
 
  Select bibliography 331
  Index 347











Preface and acknowledgements







This project is the outcropping of work undertaken at two universities, Nottingham and Manchester: first at Nottingham, as a research student, next at Manchester as a lecturer and, finally, back at Nottingham as an academic. From my early days at Nottingham, I owe a debt of gratitude to my supervisors Nigel D. White and Dino Kritsiotis, and to David Harris and the School of Law for granting me a scholarship to pursue my interest in international criminal law.

   At Manchester, aside from providing a first-rate intellectual environment, my colleagues were supportive and kind. Particular thanks ought to be recorded to Margot Brazier, Neil Duxbury, Angus McCulloch and John Murphy. Since my return to Nottingham I have received help, support and advice from colleagues, especially Di Birch, Peter Cartwright, Matthew Happold, Robert McCorquodale, Andrew Simester and Dirk van Zyl Smit. Matthew and Robert have also been kind enough to read and comment on parts of this work, as have Richard Burchill and Sangeeta Shah. I have imposed the vast majority of the manuscript of this book on Nigel White, who has given freely of his time to read and comment on it, even though he must be rather tired of seeing some of the material again. I would also like to thank two anonymous reviewers for Cambridge University Press for their helpful comments. One in particular gave a set of exceptionally detailed suggestions, which has been invaluable. I have discussed the issues in this book with too many people to mention individually, but I am grateful to them all.

   A great deal of the rewriting of this book was undertaken during a very pleasant stay in the Institut für Völkerrecht in the University of Göttingen. I would like to thank all the members of the University for making me so welcome. Special thanks go to Heike Kreiger for being such an excellent host in Germany. At Cambridge University Press, I would like to thank Finola O’Sullivan, Brenda Burke and Jane O’Regan for all their help and patience.

   Parts of the section on Sierra Leone in chapter 1 draw upon an article published in the International and Comparative Law Quarterly in 2001. An early version of chapter 6, alongside some of the introduction to chapter 5, appeared in the 2001 Journal of Conflict and Security Law. I have attempted to keep the book up to date to Easter 2004, but have managed to include some later material where it has been possible.












Cases







Abbaye Ardenne Case 4 LRTWC 97 317

Al-Adsani v. United Kingdom Application no 35763/77 105 ILR 24 113–14

Attorney-General of Israel v. Adolph Eichmann (1968) 36 ILR 18 50, 77, 78, 85, 89

Artukovic v. Boyle 140 F. Supp. 245 150

Banković v. Belgium Application No. 52207/99, Admissibility Decision of 12 December 2001 104

Bourtese, Decision of 20 November 2001, reprinted in (2000) 3 YBIHL 677 90

Boudarel, Judgment of the Cour de Cassation 1 April 1993 204

Carvallo, Decision of 11 January 2001 90

Case Concerning the Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide (Bosnia-Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia) Preliminary Objections (1996) ICJ Rep. 616 102–3, 111

Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. USA) Merits (1986) ICJ Rep. 4 266

Chorzow Factory Case 1 WCR 646 242

Coleman v. Tennessee (1878) 97 US 509 281

Commonwealth ex rel Wadsworth v. Shortall (1903) 55 Atl. 952 293

Cvjetković, Oberste Gerichtshof 13 July 1994, Landsgericht Salzburg, 31 May 1995 92, 101

D. A. v. Osman Conseil de Guerre de Bruxelles, arrét du 21 Dêcembre 1994, Cour Militaire, ch. perm.néerl; arrêt du 24 Mai 1995 204

Demjanjuk v. Petrovsky 776 F. 2d 571 (USCA 6th Circuit 1985); cert. den. 475 US 1016 (1986), 628 F. Supp. 1370; 784 F. 2d 1254 (1986) 85, 88, 150

Difference Relating to Immunity From Legal Process of a Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights (1999) ICJ Rep. 62 293

Djajić No. 20/96. Supreme Court of Bavaria, 3d Strafsenat, 23 May 1997 92

Dover Castle (1922) 16 AJIL 704 85, 293

Dow v. Johnson 100 US 158. 29

DPP v. Polyukhovic (1991) 91 ILR 1 169, 249

Fédération Nationale des Déportes et Internes Résistants et Patriots v. Barbie (1985) 78 ILR 125 50, 85, 122, 202

Ford v. Surget (1878) 97 US 605 28

Garay Hermosilla et al., Case No. 10.843, 1996 Report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 156 104

Gowaza Trial (London, William Hodge, 1948) 296

Guatemalan Generals, Tribunal Supremo, Sala de lo Penal, Recurso de casactión 803/2001, 25 February 2003 90, 98–9

Hirota v. MacArthur 335 US 876; 93 L. Ed. 1903 44

In re Albrecht (1947) 14 AD 196 169

In re Burghoff 16 AD 55 200

In re Gabrez Military Tribunal, Division 1, Lausanne, 18 April 1997 101

In re Kahrs (1948) 15 ILR 972 150

In re Rauter, 14 LRTWC 89 85

In re The Republic of Macedonia: Decision on the Prosecutor’s Request for Deferral and Motion for Order to the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, IT-02055-Misc.6, 4 October 2002 209, 219

In re Zuehlke, 14 LRTWC 139 294

In the Matter of the Surrender of Elizaphan Ntakirutimana 1997 LEXIS 20714 (S.D. Tex., Laredo Div. December 17 1997) 141

Irma Reyes et al., Cases 11, 228, 1996 Report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 196 104

Island of Palmas Case (1928) 2 RIAA 829, 838 75

Jorgić, OLG Dusseldorf, 26 September 1997 92

Krauch and Others I. G. Farben, 8 TWC 1080 304

Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territories Opinion, 2004, ICJ List No. 131 274

Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons Opinion 1996 ICJ Rep. 4 107, 272, 280

Llandovery Castle (1922) 16 AJIL 709 85, 293

Metheram [1961] 3 All ER 200 262

Montt, Audlenca National, 13 December 2000, English translation in (2000) 3YBIHL 691 89

Military Prosecutor v. Niyontenze, Tribunal Militaire Division 2, Lausanne, 30 April 1999, Tribunal Militaire d’Appel, IA Geneva, 26 May 2000 93, 170

Ntakirutimana v. Reno (184 F. 3d 419, US Court of Appeals, 5th Circuit) 141, 150

Nuclear Weapons Opinion see Legality of the Threat Case

Nulyarimma v. Thompson (1999) 165 ALR 621 119

Nuremberg IMT, Judgment and Sentence (1947) 41 AJIL 172 1–2, 16, 30, 39, 40, 48, 118, 205, 241–3, 285, 295, 302, 310, 317

Papon, Judgment of Chambre d’Accusation de la Cour d’Appel de Bordeaux, 18 September 1996 204

Pinochet Case 19/97, November 4 1998, Case 1/980 November 5 1998, reprinted in (1999) 2 YBIHL 505 89

Priebke Rome Military Court of Appeal 7 March 1998 297

Prosecutor v. Akayesu, Judgment, ICTR-96-4-T, 2 September 1998 170, 179, 314

Prosecutor v. Akayesu, Judgment, ICTR-96-4-A, 1 June 2001 16, 252–3

Prosecutor v. Aleksovski, Judgment, IT-95-14/1-T, 25 June 1999 169, 177, 264

Prosecutor v. Aleksovski, Judgment, IT-95-14/1-A, 24 March 2000 177, 220, 303, 317

Prosecutor v. Bagilishema Judgment, ICTR-95-1A-T, 7 June 2001 179

Prosecutor v. Bagilishema, Judgment, ICTR-95-1A-A, 3 July 2002 179, 322

Prosecutor v. Bagosora, Decision of the Trial Chamber on the Application by the Prosecutor for a Formal Request for Deferral by the Kingdom of Belgium and in the matter of Theoneste Bagosora, ICTR-96-7-D, 17 May 1996 131

Prosecutor v. Barayagwiza, Decision, ICTR-97-19-AR72, 19 November 1999 142

Prosecutor v. Barayagwiza, Decision (Prosecutor’s Request for Review or Reconsideration) ICTR-97-19-AR72, 31 March 2000 142

Prosecutor v. Blaškić, Decision of the President on the Defence Motion Filed Pursuant to Rule 64, IT-95-14-T, 2 April 1996 132

Prosecutor v. Blaškić, Decision on the Request of the Republic of Croatia for Review of the Decision of Trial Chamber Ⅱ of 18 July 1997, IT-95-14-AR108bis, 29 October 1997 133, 134, 135, 136

Prosecutor v. Blaškić, Decision of Trial Chamber Ⅰ on Protective Measures for General Phillipe Morillion, Witness of the Trial Chamber, IT-95-14-T, 12 May 1999 140

Prosecutor v. Blaškić, Judgment, IT-95-14-T, 2 March 2000 276, 314, 317, 318, 319, 321, 322

Prosecutor v. Blaškić, Judgment, IT-95-14-A, 29 July 2004 140, 277, 322–3

Prosecutor v. Brdjanin and Talić, Decision on Interlocutory Appeal, IT-99-36-AR73.9, 11 December 2002 135

Prosecutor v. Brima, Kamara and Kanu, Written Reasons for the Trial Chamber’s Oral Decision on the Defence Motion on Abuse of Process due to Infringement of Principles of Nullum Crimen Sine Lege and Non-Retroactivity as to Several Counts, SCSL-04-16-PT, 31 March 2004 170

Prosecutor v. Delalić, Delić, Mucić and Landžo, Judgment, IT-96-21-T, 16 November 1998 169, 176, 177, 216, 256, 290, 302, 311, 317, 318, 319, 321, 324

Prosecutor v. Delalić, Delić, Mucić and Landžo, Judgment, IT-96-21-A, 20 February 2001 176, 177, 193, 194, 213, 318, 321, 322, 323, 324

Prosecutor v. Djajić, Supreme Court of Bavaria See Djajić, 23 May 1997

Prosecutor v. Erdemović, Judgment, IT-96-22-A, 29 November 1997 298, 302–3

Prosecutor v. Fofana, Decision on Preliminary Motion on Lack of Jurisdiction Materiae: Illegal Delegation of Powers by the United Nations, SCSL-2004-14-AR72(E), 25 May 2004 65

Prosecutor v. Fofana, Decision on Preliminary Motion on Lack of Jurisdiction Materiae: Nature of the Armed Conflict, SCSL-2004-14-AR72(E), 25 May 2004 63, 180

Prosecutor v. Furundžija, Judgment, IT-95-17/1-T, 10 December 1998 81, 86, 111, 113, 174, 177, 258, 311

Prosecutor v. Galić, Judgment, IT-98-29-T, 5 December 2003 217, 278

Prosecutor v. Gbao, Decision on Appeal by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (‘TRC’) and accused against the decision of Judge Bankole Thompson on 3 November 2003 to deny the TRC’s request to hold a public hearing with Augustine Gbao, SCSL-2004-15-PT109, 7 May 2004 65

Prosecutor v. Hadžihasanović, Alagić and Kubura, Decision on Interlocutory Appeal in Relation to Command Responsibility, IT-01-47-AR72, 16 July 2003 175, 177–8, 319, 323

Prosecutor v. Hadžihasanović, Alagić and Kubura, Decision on Joint Challenge to Jurisdiction, IT-01-47-PT, 12 November 2002 256

Prosecutor v. Jelisić, Judgment, IT-95-10-T, 14 December 1999 246

Prosecutor v. Kallon and Kamara, Decision on Challenge to Jurisdiction: Lomé Accord Amnesty, SCSL-2004-15-AR72(E) and SCSL 2004-16-AR72(E), 13 March 2004 65, 93, 109

Prosecutor v. Kanyabashi, Decision on the Defence Motion on Jurisdiction ICTR-96-15-T, 18 June 1997 56, 133

Prosecutor v. Karemera, Decision, ICTR-98-44-T, 25 April 2001 56

Prosecutor v. Kayishema and Ruzindana, Judgment, ICTR-95-1-T, 21 May 1999 179, 260, 317, 324

Prosecutor v. Kayishema and Ruzindana, Judgment, ICTR-95-1-A, 1 June 2001 247

Prosecutor v. Kordić and Čerkez, Judgment, IT-95-14/2-T, 26 February 2001 177, 276, 307, 314

Prosecutor v. Krnojelac, Judgment, IT-97-25-T, 15 March 2002 324

Prosecutor v. Krsmanović & Djukić, Order for Provisional Detention, IT-96-20 135

Prosecutor v. Krstić, Judgment, IT-98-33-T, 2 August 2001 246, 256

Prosecutor v. Krstić, Judgment, IT-98-33-A, 19 April 2004 120, 240, 312

Prosecutor v. Kunarac, Kovać and Vuković, Judgment, IT-96-23-T, 22 February 2001 257, 258

Prosecutor v. Kunarac, Kovać and Vuković, Judgment, IT-96-23-A, 12 June 2002 254, 257

Prosecutor v. Kupreškić, Kupreškić, Josipović, Papić and Santić, Judgment, IT-95-16-T, 14 January 2000 177, 199, 217, 255, 260, 283, 308

Prosecutor v. Kvočka, Judgment, IT-98-30-1/T, 2 November 2001 259, 323

Prosecutor v. Lajić, Order for the Withdrawal of Charges Against the Person Named Goran Lajić and for his Release, IT-95-8, 17 June 1996 135

Prosecutor v. Martić, Decision on Rule 61 Hearing, IT-95-11-R61 276

Prosecutor v. Milošević, Decision on Preliminary Motions, IT-99-37, 8 November 2001 19, 211, 213, 214

Prosecutor v. Mrksić, Radić, Sljivancanin and Dokmanović, Decision on the Motion for Release by the Accused Slavko Dokmanović, IT-95-13a-PT, 22 October 1997 133, 138

Prosecutor v. Multinović, Ojdanić and Šainović, Decision on Motion Challenging Jurisdiction, IT-99-37-PT, 6 May 2003 209

Prosecutor v. Multinović, Šainović and Ojdanić, Decision on Ojdanić’s Motion Challenging Jurisdiction – Joint Criminal Enterprise, IT-99-37-AR72, 21 May 2003 312

Prosecutor v. Multinović, Šainović and Ojdanić, Reasons for Decision Dismissing the Interlocutory Appeal Concerning Jurisdiction Over the Territory of Kosovo, IT-99-37-AR72.2, 8 June 2004 209

Prosecutor v. Musema, Decision of the Trial Chamber in the Application by the Prosecutor for a Formal Request for Deferral by Switzerland in the Matter of Alfred Musema, ICTR-96-5-D, 12 March 1996 131

Prosecutor v. Musema, Judgment, ICTR-96-13-T, 27 January 2000 179, 324

Prosecutor v. Nahimana, Barayagwiza and Ngeze, Judgment, ICTR-99-52-T, 3 December 2003 210, 315

Prosecutor v. Nikolić, Decision on Defence Motion Challenging the Exercise of Jurisdiction by the Tribunal, IT-94-2-PT, 9 October 2002 138

Prosecutor v. Nikolić, Decision on Interlocutory Appeal Concerning Legality of Arrest, IT-94-2-AR73, 5 June 2003 138–9

Prosecutor v. Norman, Decision on Preliminary Motion Based on Lack of Jurisdiction (Child Recruitment) SCSL-2004-14-AR72, 31 May 2004 275, 284

Prosecutor v. Ntuyuhaga, Decision on the Prosecutor’s Motion to Withdraw the Indictment ICTR-96-40-T, 18 March 1999 94, 128, 129

Prosecutor v. Rutaganda, Judgment, ICTR-96-3-T, 6 December 1999 179

Prosecutor v. Semanza, Judgment, ICTR-97-20-T, 15 May 2003 179, 252

Prosecutor v. Sesay, Kallon and Gbao, Decision on the Disqualification of Justice Robertson from the Appeals Chamber, SCSL-2004-15-AR15, 13 March 2004 65

Prosecutor v. Simić, Tadić and Zarić, Decision on the Prosecution Motion under Rule 73 for a Ruling Concerning the Testimony of a Witness, IT-95-9-PT, 27 July 1999 135

Prosecutor v. Simić, Tadić and Zarić, Judgment, IT-95-9-T, 17 October 2003 312

Prosecutor v Simić, Tadić, Zarić and Todorović, Decision Stating Reasons for Trial Chamber’s Order of 4 March 1999 on Defence Motion for Evidentiary Hearing on the Arrest of the Accused Todorovic, IT-95-9, 4 March 1999 138

Prosecutor v. Simić, Tadić, Zarić and Todorović, Decision on Appeal by Stevan Todorović Against the Oral Decision of 4 March 1999 and Written Decision of 25 March 1999 of Trial Chamber Ⅲ, IT-95-9-A, 19 October 1999 138

Prosecutor v. Simić, Tadić, Zarić and Todorović, Decision, IT-95-9-T, 23 November 2003 138

Prosecutor v. Stakić, Judgment, IT-97-24-T, 31 July 2003 246, 256

Prosecutor v. Strugar, Decision, IT-01-42, 22 November 2002 277

Prosecutor v. Tadić, Decision on the Request of the Prosecutor for a Formal Request for Deferral, IT-94-T, 8 November 1994 127, 130

Prosecutor v. Tadić, Decision on Prosecution Motion for Protective Measures for Witnesses, IT-94-1-T, 10 August 1995 135, 264

Prosecutor v. Tadić, Decision on Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction, IT-94-1-AR72, 2 October 1995 19, 53–4, 94, 127, 169, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 281, 282

Prosecutor v. Tadić, Decision on the Defence Motion on the Principle of Non Bis in Idem IT-94-1-T, 14 November 1995 131

Prosecutor v. Tadić, Opinion and Judgment, IT-94-1-T, 7 May 1997 38, 83, 139, 249, 251, 252, 254–5, 259, 260, 311

Prosecutor v. Tadić, Judgment, IT-94-1-A, 15 July 1999 20, 130, 174, 251, 252, 311, 312, 315, 316

Prosecutor v. Taylor, Decision on Immunity, SCSL-2003-01-Ⅰ, 31 May 2004 62, 65, 74

Prosecutor v. Todorović See Prosecutor v. Simić et al.

Prosecutor v. Vasiljević, Judgment, IT-98-32-T, 28 November 2002 239, 260

Prosecutor v. Vasiljević, Judgment, IT-98-32-A, 24 March 2004 312

Quinn v. Robinson 783 2 F. 2d 776, 779 150

R v. Bow Street Stipendiary Magistrate, ex parte Pinochet Ugarte [1998] 4 All ER 897 108

R v. Bow Street Stipendiary Magistrate, ex parte Pinochet Ugarte [No. 2] [1999] All ER 577 70

R v. Bow Street Stipendiary Magistrate, ex parte Pinochet Ugarte [No. 3] Amnesty International Intervening [1999] 2 All ER 97 81, 86, 97, 110, 119

R v. Finta 104 ILR 285 60, 120, 249

R v. Sawoniuk (2001) 2 Cr App R. 220 60

R v. Smith (1900) 17 SCR 561 293

Reservations to the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Genocide Opinion (1951) ICJ Rep. 15 103, 111, 113, 246

Riggs v. State (1866) 43 Tenn. 85 293

Rohrig, Brunner and Heinze (1950) 17 ILR 393 77, 78

Sharon, Chambre de Msses en Accusation of Brussels, 26 June 2002, Court of Cassation, 12 February 2003 90

SS Lotus (France v. Turkey) (1927) PCIJ Rep. Series A, No. 10, p. 19. 78, 82, 88

Stanislaus Kroftan v. Public Prosecutor (1967) 1 Malaysian LJ 133 118

State v. Schulmann (1970) 39 ILR 433 150

Tokyo IMT Judgment, Transcript, also in B. V. A. Röling and C. F. Rüter, The Tokyo Judgment (Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Press, 1977) 42, 44, 45, 46, 206–8, 242–3, 249, 310, 317

Touvier, Judgment of 20 December 1985 Cass. Crim. 1986 J.C.P. Ⅱ G No 20, 655. 50, 122

US v. Brandt 2 TWC 171 258

US v. Calley (1969) 41 CMR 96; (1973) 46 CMR 1131; (1973) 48 CMR 19; (1973) 22 USCMA 534 50, 76, 118, 204–5, 297

US v. Kindler (1953) 14 CMR 742 297

US v. Masuda (The Jaluit Atoll Case) 1 LRTWC 71 296

US v. Medina (1971) 43 CMR 243, (1973) 22 USCMA 534 50, 76, 290, 291

US v. Ohlendorf (The Einsatzgruppen Trial) 4 TWC 411 296

US v. Sawada 5 LRTWC 1 296

US v. von Leeb (The High Command Trial) 11 TWC 1 18, 201, 296

US v. von List (The Hostages Trial) 8 LRTWC 32 201

US v. Yamashita 327 US 1, 4 LRTWC 1 36, 290, 291

Velasquez-Rodriguez v. Honduras, Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Judgment of July 29, 1988 (1989) 28 ILM 29 104

von Falkenhorst 11 LRTWC 18 314

Yerodia Case, Case Concerning the Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of Congo v. Belgium) ICJ General List 121 74, 79, 81, 83, 85, 86, 87–8, 95, 96, 98, 103, 108, 114–16, 205, 328












Treaties







1864 Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded in Armies in the Field 1 Bevans 7 30

1868 St Petersburg Declaration Renouncing, in Time of War, The Use of Explosive Projectiles Under 400 Grammes in Weight 58 BFSP (1867–1868) 16 26, 265, 280

1899 Hague Declaration 3 Concerning Expanding Bullets 32 UKTS (1907) Cd. 3751 30, 270

1907 Hague Convention X for the Adaptation to Maritime Warfare the Principles of the Geneva Convention 30

1907 Hague Rules, Annex to Hague Convention Ⅳ, Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land 9 UKTS (1910) Cd.5030 30, 248, 265, 270, 276, 280

1919 Treaty of Versailles 112 BFSP 1 (1919) 33–4

1920 Treaty of Sèvres TS No. 11 33

1923 Treaty of Lausanne 8 LNTS 11 33

1925 Geneva Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating Poisonous or other Gases 44 LNTS 65 279

1928 General Treaty for the Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy (1929) UKTS 29 Cmnd. 3410 242

1929 Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War 30

1937 Convention for the Creation of an International Criminal Court (1938) League of Nations Official Journal Special Supp. 156 36

1945 Agreement for the Prosecution and Punishment of the Major War Criminals of the European Axis Powers and Charter of the International Military Tribunal 82 UNTS 279 37, 38, 39, 40, 48, 168, 241, 246, 263, 285, 292, 294–5, 309–10

1945 United Nations Charter 53, 54, 56, 128, 132, 133, 228

1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide 78 UNTS 277 49, 102–3, 176, 246, 311, 313

1949 Geneva Convention Ⅰ for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field 75 UNTS 31 49, 82, 83, 102, 314

1949 Geneva Convention Ⅱ for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea 75 UNTS 85 49, 82, 102

1949 Geneva Convention Ⅲ Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War 75 UNTS 135 49, 79, 82, 102, 271

1949 Geneva Convention Ⅳ Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War 75 UNTS 287 49, 79, 82, 102, 271, 273, 274

1950 European Convention on Human Rights ETS No. 5 239

1954 Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict 249 UNTS 240 276

1955 NATO Status of Forces Agreement 1951 UKTS 3 (1955) Cmnd 9363 154

1966 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 999 UNTS 171 79, 103–4, 193, 239

1968 Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity, GA Resolution 2931 754 UNTS 75 259

1969 Inter-American Convention on Human Rights PAUTS 36 239

1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1155 UNTS 331 145, 155, 171

1972 UN Convention on Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological, Biological and Toxin Weapons and their Destruction 1015 UNTS 164 280

1973 International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid 1015 UNTS 245 57, 80, 83–4, 259

1977 Protocol Ⅰ Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 8 August 1949 and Relating to the Protection of Victims in International Armed Conflict 1125 UNTS 3 79, 176, 264, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 276, 277, 278, 279, 318–19, 321, 322

1977 Protocol Ⅱ Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 and Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts 1125 UNTS 609 266, 275, 281–2, 284

1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1833 UNTS 3 3, 86

1984 Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhumane or Degrading Treatment and Punishment 1465 UNTS 85 80, 86, 103, 256

1988 Vienna Convention Against the Illicit Trafficking in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances 1019 UNTS 175 3, 57

1993 Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia, annex to Security Council Resolution 827 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 136, 169, 191, 194, 209, 244, 246, 250, 264–6, 298, 311-12, 319

1994 Inter-American Convention on the Forced Disappearance of Persons 9 June 1994 (1994) 33 ILM 1529 258

1994 Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, Annex to Security Council Resolution 955 127, 128, 129, 130, 131–2, 136, 141, 170, 191, 194, 209–10, 244, 246, 250, 266–7, 298, 311, 319

1995 Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel, GA Resolution 49/59 UN Doc. A/RES/49/59 272

1995 Dayton Peace Agreement (1996) 35 ILM 75 138

1997 International Convention on Terrorist Bombings (GA Resolution 52/164, UN Doc. A/RES/52/164) 286, 315

1998 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court A/Conf.183/9 5, 34, 59, 74–5, 79, 143–67, 171–87, 193, 194, 195, 198, 222–7, 244–5, 253–60, 268–83, 299–308, 312–16, 320–5

2001 Agreement Between the United Nations and Sierra Leone on the Establishment of a Special Court 62

2001 Statute of the Special Court for Sierra Leone 62–4, 170, 179, 229–30, 261, 284, 301, 316, 325

2003 Draft Agreement Between the UN and the Royal Government of Cambodia Concerning the Prosecution Under Cambodian Law of Crimes Committed During the Period of Democratic Kampuchea 67–8, 237












Abbreviations







AD Annual Digest of Public International Law Cases
AJCL American Journal of Comparative Law
AJIL American Journal of International Law
Alb LR Albany Law Review
All ER All England Reports
AP Additional Protocol
Arizona JICL Arizona Journal of International and Comparative Law
ASIL American Society of International Law
ASP Assembly of States Parties
AUJILP American University Journal of International Law and Politics
BCE Before Common Era
BFSP British Foreign and State Papers
BUILJ Boston University International Law Journal
BYBIL British Yearbook of International Law
Cal LR California Law Review
CWRJIL Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law
CE Common Era
CLF Criminal Law Forum
CLJ Cambridge Law Journal
CLP Current Legal Problems
CMR Court Martial Reports
Columbia JTL Columbia Journal of Transnational Law
Columbia LR Columbia Law Review
Connecticut JIL Connecticut Journal of International Law
Cornell ILJ Cornell International Law Journal
Cr App R Criminal Appeal Reports
Crim LR Criminal Law Review
CSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
CWILJ California Western International Law Journal
CWRILJ Case Western Reserve International Journal
CYBIL Canadian Yearbook of International Law
De Paul LR De Paul Law Review
Dickinson JIL Dickinson Journal of International Law
DJCIL Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law
DJILP Denver Journal of International Law and Policy
ECHR European Court of Human Rights
EIA Ethics and International Affairs
EJCCLCJ European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice
EJIL European Journal of International Law
Emory ILR Emory International Law Review
EPIL Rudolf Bernhardt et al. (eds.), Encyclopaedia of Public International Law (New York: Elsevier, 1995)
FA Foreign Affairs
FEC Far Eastern Commission
FFWA Fletcher Forum of World Affairs
Fordham ILJ Fordham International Law Journal
FRY Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
GA General Assembly
GC Geneva Convention
GYBIL German Yearbook of International Law
Harvard HRLJ Harvard Human Rights Law Journal
Harvard ILJ Harvard International Law Journal
HRLJ Human Rights Law Journal
HRLR Human Rights Law Review
HRQ Human Rights Quarterly
IA International Affairs
ICC International Criminal Court
ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
ICJ International Court of Justice
ICLQ International and Comparative Law Quarterly
ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross
ICTR International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
ICTY International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
ILA International Law Association
ILC International Law Commission
ILM International Legal Materials
ILQ International Law Quarterly
ILR International Law Reports
ILSAJICL International Law Students’ Association Journal of International and Comparative Law
IMT International Military Tribunal
IP International Politics
IRRC International Review of the Red Cross
Israel LR Israel Law Review
IYBHR Israel Yearbook on Human Rights
JACL Journal of Armed Conflict Law
JCSL Journal of Conflict and Security Law
JHIL Journal of the History of International Law
JICJ Journal of International Criminal Justice
KCLJ King’s College Law Journal
L. Ed. Lawyer’s Edition
LCP Law and Contemporary Problems
LJ Law Journal
LJIL Leiden Journal of International Law
LLAICLR Loyola & Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review
LNTS League of Nations Treaty Series
LPICT Law and Practice of International Courts and Tribunals
LQR Law Quarterly Review
LR Law Reports
LRTWC Law Reports, Trials of War Criminals
LSI Law and Social Inquiry
Mich LR Michigan Law Review
Military LR Military Law Review
MJIL Michigan Journal of International Law
MLR Modern Law Review
MPYBUNL Max Planck Yearbook of United National Law
MULR Melbourne University Law Review
NELR New England Law Review
NI The National Interest
NILR Netherlands International Law Review
Nordic JIL Nordic Journal of International Law
NYIL Netherlands Yearbook of International Law
NYLSJICL New York Law School Journal of International and Comparative Law
NYUJILP New York University Journal of International Law and Policy
OJLS Oxford Journal of Legal Studies
OLA UN Office of Legal Affairs
OLR Oregon Law Review
OTP Office of the Prosecutor
Pace ILR Pace International Law Review
PCIJ Permanent Court of International Justice
PREP Com Preparatory Committee for an International Criminal Court/Preparatory Commission
Proc. Proceedings
Proceedings ASIL Proceedings of the American Society of International Law
RADIC African Review of International and Comparative Law
RdC Receuil des Cours, l’Académie de Droit International
Rep.
RIAA Reports of International Arbitration Awards
RIDMDG Révue Internationale de Droit Militaire et Law Droit de la Guerre
RIDP Révue International de Droit Penal
SALJ South African Law Journal
SAYBIL South African Yearbook of International Law
SCSL Special Court for Sierra Leone
SDJJ San Diego Justice Journal
SFOR Stabilisation Force
SFRY Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
SOFA Status of Forces Agreement
TGS Transactions of the Grotius Society
TILJ Texas International Law Journal
TLCP Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems
TLR Texas Law Review
TS Treaty Series
Tulane LR Tulane Law Review
TWC Trials of War Criminals
UCDJIL University of California, Davis, Journal of International Law
UKTS United Kingdom Treaty Series
UNTAET United Nations Transitional Authority in East Timor
UNTS United Nations Treaty Series
UNWCC United Nations War Crimes Commission
UPLR University of Pennsylvania Law Review
USCMA United States Court Marital Appeals
Vil. LR Villanova Law Review
VJIL Virginia Journal of International Law
VJTL Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law
WCR World Court Reports
Yale JIL Yale Journal of International Law
Yale LJ Yale Law Journal
YBIHL Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law
YBILC Yearbook of the International Law Commission







© Cambridge University Press