Index
abortion, 310
Academia Sinica (Zhongyang yanjiu yuan), 76–77
advertising: false, 291; medical, 83–84, 291, 291n54; radio, 11, 280, 282, 290–91; in Shanghai funü, 306
Alcott, Carroll, 287, 287n32
Alliance française, 265
Alliance of the New Medicine Trade and the Pharmaceutical Industry (Xinyaoye zhiyaoye lianhehui), 72n11
Allies, strategy of, 200
All-Shanghai Federation for the Support of Armed Resistance, 283–84, 287, 298
alum, 129
Archives of the Self-Defense Research Institute (Tokyo), 157n1
Arnhold, Harry, 231, 252
Asano Kazuwo, 292–93, 294, 296
Asia Development Board, 30, 34n79, 246
assassination: attempts on British officials, 244; of collaborators, 197, 235; of communist targets, 97; of Lu Bohong, 52; of Mao Liying, 99–100; reported on radio, 287n32; of Shao Shubai, 211; threats of, to Great Way Government personnel, 178–79; wars, 98, 116, 142
Associated American Industries, Ltd., 53
Association for the Chinese Labor Movement (Zhongguo gongren yundong xiehui), 219
Association for Worker Welfare (Fuyihui), 215–16, 219, 221
Association of Shanghai Industrialists (Shanghai gongye tongzhihui), 27n37
Association of Shanghai Pharmaceutical Manufacturers (Shanghaishi zhiyao changye tongye gonghui), 72
Aurore University, 271
Badlands, 224n37, 234. See also extrasettlement road area
Bai Wei, 343
Baillie, Paul, 270, 270n27
Bangkok, 70
Bankers’ Guild, 163
banking, 47, 68, 74, 194, 203
Banking Study Society (Yinhang xuehui), 40n111
Bank of China, 54, 74, 203
Bank of Communications, 203
Banyue (Half Moon bi-weekly), 334
Baoding Military Academy, 161
Baodong, 131
baojia system: instituted by Great Way Government, 179; in model peace zones, 141–42; mentioned, 250; and rice supplies, 121n24, 127; in the Western District, 173n30
Baoshan: counterinsurgency activities in, 142n129; and Great Way Government jurisdiction, 170; pacification teams in, 160, 160n2, 174; self-government committees, 174
Baowei Zhongguo datongmeng (Protect China Alliance), 107
Ba qian li lu yun he yue (Eight thousand miles of clouds and moon; Shi Dongshan), 346, 348
Barnett, Robert, 18
Barrett, E. I. M., 233n6
Basic Treaty, 197
Bataillon mixte d’infanterie coloniale de Chinese, 265
Bataillon Supplétif Tonkinois, 265, 271
Battle for Shanghai (1937), 119, 193, 205, 257, 318
Battle of the Muddy Flat, 234
BAT tobacco union, 220, 220n26, 220n27
Baudez, Marcel, 262
Bayer, 76n20
beans, 126
Beijing, 70, 158–59, 263
Beiping-Suiyuan Railway, 132
Beiqiao, 170
Benton, Gregor, 110–11
Bernez Cambot caserne, 265
Bian Qini, 334n14
Bing Xin, 332, 342, 343
birth control, 314
black market: British businessmen and, 253–54; and food shortages, 11; for gold, stocks, bonds, and cotton futures, 120; in grain, 121, 122; used by small workshops, 42; in supply of goods to Communist base areas, 102; under Wang Jingwei regime, 37. See also smuggling
blockade: American-led, of 1941, 245; of Fujian and Zhejiang, 29n51, 35; as literary metaphor, 326; mentioned, 2, 27, 34, 41, 92
Blue Shirts, 179, 224
boat captains, 93, 94, 101. See also shipping
de Boissézon, 267
bombing: of Great World Theater, 2, 3; of Japan, 118n7; of Pudong, 303; of Shenxin mills, 50; in Zhabei, 21
bookstores, 85, 92
Borneo, 38n98
Bougon, 266
boundary zones, 128–130
Bourdieu, Pierre, 110n38
Bourne, K. M., 241, 247
bowing, 119
bribery, 29, 84, 104–5, 130
Bridge House, 252
Brionval, Henri, 269
British businesses: and collaboration, 9, 242; engaged in black market trade, 253–54; taken over by Japanese, 246; transnationals, 230, 240; after the war, 253–54
British diplomats, 229, 231–32
British Foreign Office, 232, 238–39, 246, 251, 253
British intelligence, 238
British land forces, 198
British settlers. See Shanghailanders
broadcasting industry. See radio
Broadcast Radio Supervisory Office (Guangbo wuxiandian jiandu chu), 292
Brook, Timothy, 262
brothels, 250
Buddhism, 162
building materials, 30n59
Bureau of Military Statistics. See Juntong
Bureau of Social Affairs, 24, 210; puppet, 123, 181, 220
Bureau of Statistics and Investigation (Zhongtong), 100, 194
business barometer, 26
Butterfield and Swire, 242
cafés, 124
Cai Chusheng, 346, 348
Cai Hongtian, 189, 190, 199
Cai Lian, 24n31
calendar, 169–70
Calico Printers’ Association, 235n17
Cameron, George, 252
Canidrome, 265n12, 271
Canton, French concession in, 264
Cao Da, 101n20, 102, 108
Cao Mengjun, 309n16
Caojin District Maintenance Committee, 173n30
capital, 4, 29, 41. See also Chinese capitalists
cartoons, 83, 83n44, 86, 280–81, 281
Catalogue of Superior Medicines from Star Brand, 80n33
Cattand, George, 267
CC Clique: defections to Wang Jingwei, 189–90, 198–99; and the Guomindang underground, 188–190, 212; and labor, 210, 220, 220–21n27, 222, 226; protected New Asia’s distribution network, 73, 74; and the Shanghai United Committee, 207
censorship: in the International Settlement, 3, 237; of newspapers and periodicals, 13, 306–7; of radio broadcasts, 282, 292, 297
Central Bank, 134, 203
Central China Area Army (CCAA; Naka Shina hōmengun), 158, 159–61, 183
Central China Base (Huazhong genjudi), 92, 96, 111–12; defined, 90–91n2, 95. See also New Fourth Army
Central China Commission for Control of Medicine (Huazhong yiyaopin tongzhi lianhehui), 72
Central China Development Company, 30n58
Central China Liaison Bureau, 30n58
Central Institute for Medical Testing, 76
Central News Agency, 285
Central Plains Bureau (Communist), 106
Central Relief Commission (Guomindang), 193
Central Savings Bank, 194
Cercle Sportif, 265, 267
cereals, 126
CFTE (Compagnie Française des Tramways et de l’électricité): employees of, 222n32, 225n41; 1940 strike, 209, 222–23, 227; after 1945, 272–73
Chamber of Commerce, 163, 184
Chang she, 219
Chang, Eileen (Zhang Ailing): and the feminization of print culture, 12; “Fengsuo” by, 326; first short story, 332; Leo Lee on, 327n4; media promotion of, 337; “Qi duan qing chang” by, 325–26; roundable talks, 342, 342n30, 342n32; and Su Qing, 340–41, 342–44; and Zhou Shoujuan, 332, 332n13
Changshu county, 141
charitable institutions fund, 265, 265n12
chemical industry, 22, 39, 121
Chen Baohua, 200
Chen Bulei, 200
Chen Cunren, 149
Chen Diexian (Tianxu Wosheng), 83
Chen Dieyi, 329, 330, 330n9, 331, 333, 337n21
Chen Fanwo, 280n2
Chen Gongbo: as mayor of Shanghai, 7, 184, 197, 257–58, 267; mentioned, 188, 219, 220
Chen Gongshu, 198
Chen Guofu, 189, 200
Chen Lifu, 189, 190, 200, 201
Chen Liting, 346, 347
Chen Peide, 220, 220n27
Chen Xiaodi, 223n34
Chen Xingsheng, 102–3
Chen Xishun, 173n30
Chen Xiupu, 218
Chen Yi, 106, 107
Cheng Helin, 102–3
Cheng Jihua, 360n14
Cheng Muyi, 76
Cheng Xiaoqing, 330, 332
Cheng Yuzhen, 332, 333
Chesneaux, Jean, 227, 227n45
Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi): and the cross-zone cotton trade, 205; and Dai Li, 135–36; and the Guomindang underground in Shanghai, 190; and labor, 219–20; mentioned, 107, 141, 158, 261; ordered execution of Feng Ti, 133; sought defections from Wang Jingwei regime, 195, 196; and T. V. Soong, 133n86; and Wang Jingwei, 188, 192, 200, 201
“China Incident,” 158
China Industrial Bank (Zhongguo gongye yinhang), 74
China Industry and Commerce Trust Company (Zhonghua shiye xintuo gongsi), 202
China Maritime Customs, 131
China Mutual Aid Association, 162, 162n11
China Printing and Finishing Company (CPF): after the Japanese defeat, 254; 1939 strike at, 216, 236–37, 245; relations with the Japanese, 235, 245; relations with Pudong puppets, 242; taken over by Japanese, 246
China Vegetable Oil Company, 74
China Vocational Education Society (Zhonghua zhiye jiaoyu she), 194
China Weekly Review, 27n36, 30n58
Chinese capitalists: adaptability of, 65; business organization, 48, 55; collaboration with Japan, 9, 31, 60; denounced in People’s Republic of China, 68n4; financial and investment companies, 40, 40n111; “idle capital,” 29, 40, 40n112; before 1941, 47–48; relocation to foreign concessions, 47; relocation to Hong Kong, 29, 31; retreat to interior, 47; and the Shanghai United Committee, 193. See also Rong family; Xu Guanqun
Chinese Communist Party: development of wartime rural base, 91; economic role assigned to Shanghai after 1949, 149; fund-raising for New Fourth Army, 97, 99; in Hong Kong, 73; Jiangsu Provincial Committee, 95; and labor, 212, 215, 219, 219n25; public activity in Shanghai, 97; purchase of controlled commodities, 5; and relations between Chongqing and puppets, 207; recruitment by, 91n4, 106; and Shanghai funü, 304–5; Shanghai underground, 91, 96–97, 100–101, 106, 304–5; strategy of caution during occupation, 307n12; used social relations in operations, 106; writers and playwrights in, 305n4, 347. See also Central China Base Area; New Fourth Army
Chinese medicine, 79
Chizhi College, 161
Chongming, 160n2, 170
Chongqing: as center of journalism and culture, 86, 347; government, 187–88, 200, 202; New Asia Pharmaceutical Company offices in, 69–70; and Shanghai economy, 4, 5. See also Guomindang
Chu Minyi, 57–58, 72–73, 77n25, 267
Chuansha county: and Great Way Government jurisdiction, 170; guerrilla attacks on, 179; merchant strikes in, 180; pacification team in, 159n2; representatives of fishing population in, 175; self-government committee in, 176; town councils in, 173n31
Chun’an: entrepôt for cotton trade, 203, 204; headquarters for Loyal and Patriotic National Salvation Army inspection group, 206
Chunqiu yuekan (Spring and autumn monthly), 332
cigarettes, 119, 122
civil war, 7, 13
Clarke, W. G., 233n6
Classic of Rites (Li ji), 166–67, 169
clerical workers, 91n4
clothing, 128n58
coal, 38, 38n98, 121, 123, 129, 235
Coble, Parks M., 32, 282
Cochran, Sherman, 37n95
collaboration: by British businessmen, 9, 242; in France, 6, 7; ideology of, 169; versus resistance, 6–7, 350, 359; by Rong family, 10, 32, 51–53, 60, 63, 65; and Shanghai capitalists, 9–10, 31; and Western colonialism, 8; and women’s pursuit of daily life, 322–23; workers’ lack of support for, 8–9. See also collaborators; Great Way Government; Reformed Government; Wang Jingwei regime
collaborators: assassinations of, 4, 52, 197, 235; denounced by Communists, 68n4, 305n4; in Liren xing, 349, 355, 356; on radio, 288n36; on Shanghai Municipal Council, 71; terrorist activites by, 4; took bribes from communists, 104–5; women as, 321
colonialism, Western, 8. See also treaty port system
comedy, 289–90, 299
Commerce Control Commission (Quanguo shangye tongzhi zonghui), 63, 64
Commercial Bank of China, 199
Commercial Press (Shangwu yinshuguan), 23, 144
commercials (radio), 290–91
Committee for Popular Movements, 221
communications: between Chongqing and Shanghai, 199; under Guomindang Military Affairs Commission, 137; under Japanese occupation, 118; between New Fourth Army and Shanghai, 92
Communications Inspection Bureau (Jiaotong jiancha ju), 133
communists. See Chinese Communist Party
Compagnie Française des Tramways et de l’électricité. See CFTE
conductors. See CFTE
confiscation: of Chinese flour mills, 51–52; of factories, 46; from Shanghai enterprises, 31, 31n65; of U.S. and British firms, 36–37, 37n89
controlled economy, 6, 11, 37, 217
cooking oil, 121
cooperative industrial movement, 321
Cornet, Christine, 230
Cosme, Henri: and French municipal employees, 268, 270, 272; and French policy toward China, 262, 263, 264; mentioned, 267; and Russian employees in French Concession, 265n15; viewed as supporter of Vichy policy, 268
cost of living, 39–40, 211–12
cotton: futures, 120; imports of, 34n81, 235; Japanese policy on, 34; from occupied China, 121, 129; price of, 30, 63, 143; shortage of, 203; trade between Shanghai and Chongqing, 203–5. See also cotton mills
Cotton Control Commission (puppet), 60, 63, 64
cotton mills: British, 235–36; economic recovery in, 26, 27, 28, 30; Japanese, 23, 23n21, 177; under Japanese military control, 32, 32n66; raw materials for, 34, 60, 62–63, 130, 235; war damage to, 21, 22–23, 22–23n20, 25. See also China Printing and Finishing Company; textile industry
Cotton Yarn and Cloth Regulation Bureau (Shabu guanliju), 203, 204
counterfeiting, 134
CPF. See China Printing and Finishing Company
cultural organizations, Nationalist, 347
Cultural Revolution, 347, 350
culture, ruralization of, 68, 85–86
currency: and foreign exchange, 35n82, 241; instability of, 30–31, 36, 36n87; military scrip, 30; puppet, 35n82, 55, 124–25; reform of March 9, 1942, 125; Shanghai United Committee and, 195
Dachang, 170
Dadao government. See Great Way Government
Da gong bao, 284; home supplements to, 335
Dai Li: agents of, 211n6; and cross-zone trade, 202; and defections from Wang Jingwei regime, 195; and Du Yuesheng, 193; and the Freight Transport Regulation Office, 203, 204; and guerrilla fighters recruited from the Green Gang, 138; and Kong Xiangxi, 134n91, 135; and the Loyal and Patriotic National Salvation Army, 205–6; and SACO, 206; and the Shanghai United Committee, 191; and smuggling prevention, 132–37, 134n91, 202; threat to Great Way Government, 179; and the Tongji Company, 203; U.S. view of, 136; and Wu Kaixian, 201
Dajia yuekan (Everybody monthly), 337n21
Da Mei wanbao (Shanghai Evening Post and Mercury), 32n66, 325, 325n1
Daminhui (Great People’s Association), 216, 218, 236, 244
Dangde shenghuo (Party Life), 215
Daoism, 162
Dauphiné, 269n22
defections: of aides to Wang Jingwei, 195–96; of Chongqing agents in Shanghai, 198; to puppet forces, 206; Shanghai United Committee and, 207; to Wang Jingwei regime, 189–90
department stores, 31
Des Courtils, Louis, 269, 270
Ding Fubao, 79, 334n15
Ding Ling, 305n4, 342
Ding Mocun: and the Committee for Popular Movements, 222; and labor, 211; offered reward for Shanghai United Committee members, 195, 195n25; and the Social Movement Steering Committee, 123, 220, 221
Ding Song, 83
Ding Xishan, 206
“divided city,” 46
Doctrine of the Mean, 165
Doihara Kenji, 211
Domestic Bliss (Xingfu), 336
domesticity: and the public identity of Su Qing, 344; during wartime, 12, 337; and women’s print culture, 328, 333, 344; and women’s role in society, 308n14. See also home journals
Donghai (Jiangsu), 124
Dongshan (Jiangsu), 124
Dongwu University, 333
dramatists, 86, 347
Du Yuesheng: association with the Guomindang, 187; British businesses and, 242; and the CC Clique, 190; and the cotton industry, 203–4; and cross-zone trade, 202; and defections from Wang Jingwei regime, 195–96; exile in Hong Kong, 71, 187; influence of, 193; and labor, 190, 210, 217, 220, 223n34; and leadership of Shanghai Guomindang branch, 189; and the Loyal and Patriotic National Salvation Army, 205–6; and narcotics trafficking, 202; and peace discussions, 200; radio speech by, 285; and Shanghai banks, 74; and the Shanghai United Committee, 191, 192, 193, 199, 201, 208; Xu Guanqun’s association with, 71. See also Green Gang
Duan Hongguang, 204
Duan Qirui, 204
Duban Shanghai shi gongshu (Shanghai Municipal Commission), 183
dyeing industry: destroyed plants, 22, 23; economic recovery in, 27, 28; growth in, 29n51; index of industrial production, 28; in New Asia Enterprise Group, 68; smuggling in, 129, 131
East Asian Anti-Communist League, 179n48
Eastman, Lloyd, 85, 104n27, 201
economy: command, 5, 34n80; controlled, 6, 11, 37, 217; decline of 1941 to 1945, 35–41; in the foreign concessions, 5; monopolistic policies of Japan, 5, 18, 34, 37, 40, 41, 42; regional, 17; revival of 1938–1939, 4, 11, 26–27, 28–29, 34–35, 212n9, 235–36; wartime, 4–5
Eden, Anthony, 246
eggs, 123
Eighth Army (Guomindang), 135
Eighth Route Army, 110, 111
Eighth Route Army Office (Shanghai), 97, 305
electrical power, 36–38, 38n99, 123
Eli Lilly, 76n20
embezzlement, 287, 287n34
Emile Bertin, 274
Employees’ Circle, 225, 225n41
Endurance Club (Hengshe), 190, 193, 199, 202, 203, 219; Chun’an branch, 206
epidemics, 314
escort trips, to New Fourth Army base areas, 101
European war, 35, 198, 237, 240, 242
Executive Yuan, 191, 192
extrasettlement road area (International Settlement): ambiguous status of, 32–33n71; Badlands situation, 234; conflict over sovereignty, 50, 233; factories in, 27, 32–34; policing of, 198
extraterritoriality: abolition of, 229, 251, 258; and British and American neutrality, 2; and Chinese-French treaty of 1946, 274; French and, 257, 258, 268; and Japanese invasion, 240; renunciation of, in 1943, 263
fabi. See currency
factories: Chinese-owned, 24–25; confiscation of, 31–32, 31n61, 46, 64; and cooperative industrial movement, 321; decrease in, from 1937 to 1942, 38–39; distribution of, 21–22; during economic recovery 27–28; in the International Settlement, 21, 22, 36, 64; Japanese, 27, 27n37, 31n65; migration of, from surrounding provinces, 41; moved to inland provinces, 25; in North China, 30n56; opened in February 1939, 33n73; in operation in 1943 and 1944, 39; raw materials for, 34–35; replaced by small workshops, 42; war damage to, 22–25, 25n32, 64; in western Shanghai, 32–34, 42; in Yangshupu, 21
factory workers, 28, 313. See also textile workers
Fain, Baron G., 272
Family Annual (Jiating niankan), 334, 334n15
family firms, 48–49, 59, 65
family ties, 107, 108n35
famine, in Indochina, 126
famine relief, 319n51
Fan Caizong, 210
Fan Jugao, 340n27
Fan Yanqiao, 83n42
Fan Yifeng, 220, 222
Fan Yuzhang, 224
Fang Guofeng, 101
Fano, Pierre, 269n22
Farmers’ Bank, 203
Faure, David, 48
Feng Jiao, 291n54
Feng Shaobai, 106–7
Feng Ti, 133
Feng Xuefeng, 106
Fengxian, 159n2, 170
Fengyu tan (Chats of winds and rains), 339, 339n24
Ferguson, Dorothy, 252
ferry tax, 180
fertilizer, 143, 146
Fessenden, Sterling, 232–33, 233n6
Fiction Monthly (Xiaoshuo yuebao), 332
filial piety, 80–81
film actors, 338n22, 347
films, 299, 346. See also Liren xing
financial companies, 40–41
firewood, 123
five Lius, 212, 212n11
fixers (lulutong), 66–67, 68, 85, 86–87; defined, 66
fleeing Shanghai, 117
floods, 146
flour mills: economic recovery and, 26, 29; and export of flour from Shanghai, 126n46; in Jiangsu prewar, 124; lack of electricity for, 123; number of flour grinders in Rong mills, 50n7; production of, 28; sources of wheat, 59; war damage to, 21, 22, 23, 49–50. See also Fuxin flour mills; Maoxin flour mills
flour stores, 120n18
flu, 128
food shortages, 11, 39n105, 116, 316, 318; in film Liren xing, 350; and surpluses, 146–48
foreign concessions: abolition of, 229, 251, 257, 258, 273–74; access by sea, 2; banks in, 74; building activity in, 30n59; communist activity in, 97–98; economy of, 5, 35, 212n9; labor unrest in, 215–16, 221; and Japanese occupation, 5, 8, 117–18, 261–62, 245–47; movement of plants to, 32; Nationalists and, 14, 129; “neutrality” in, 2, 215, 276; puppet currency in, 124; refugees in, 52; relocation of Chinese capitalists to, 47; as solitary islands, 46, 53, 60, 64, 97; war damages in, 20–21. See also French Concession; International Settlement
foreign exchange, 35n82, 241
Foreign Ministry Archives (Tokyo), 157n1
foreign registration, 53–54, 59, 60–61
Foucault, Michel, 110n38
Four Great Families, 135
France, collaboration in, 6, 7
France Libre movement, 268, 271
France Quand Même, 268
Franklin, Cornell S., 294–95
free clinics, 84
Freemasons, 268
freight transport. See transportation
Freight Transportation Bureau, 137
Freight Transport Regulation Office (Huoyun guanliju), 203, 204
French businesses, 262, 263, 272. See also CFTE
French Center, 265
French community: considered themselves Shanghaiens, 258; divisions in, between Gaullists and pro-Vichy, 259, 268; divisions in, over reemployment status, 266; repatriation of, 266, 270; and the return of the concession, 264, 274, 275; and the surrender of Japan, 272
French Company of Electricity and Streetcars. See CFTE
French Concession: abolition of, 257, 258, 273–74; autonomy of, 261; Chinese administration of, 270, 271; Chinese personnel of, 265; Chinese radio stations in, 292; Chinese residents of, 260–61; employees of, 259, 265–68, 269–72; employers in, 261; French state properties in, 265; Green Gang in, 179; handover to Wang Jingwei regime, 258, 264, 267–68; Japanese access to, 2–3; and Japanese occupation, 261–62; lease of land, 269n24; loyalty oath to Pétain, 268; neutrality of, 276; reemployment of municipal employees in, 269–72, 275; residents of, 260–61; search of Chinese soldier entering, 67; social order in, 263; soldiers of, 270–71; stance toward Japan, 8; transfer to Chinese Nationalists, 274; under Vichy control, 198. See also French community; French Concession police
French Concession police: employees of, 262, 265, 266, 269; Vietnamese officers, 259
French consulate, 269–70, 270n25, 275–76
French diplomacy, objectives of, 259, 262
French Expeditionary Corps (COC), 271
French Municipal Council, 230, 260, 261
French radio station, 272, 275
Frugality Campaign, 316–18, 318n47, 320
Fu, Poshek, 299n103, 319n51, 330n11
Fu Xiao’an: assassination of, 184, 197; mayoralty of, 7, 117, 184, 218
Fujian: blockade of, 29n51, 35; food supplies in, 147; goods from occupied China, 121
Fulihui, 218
fund-raising for the war effort, 316–18, 319
Funü ribao (Women’s daily), 334
Funü shenghuo (Women’s lives), 309–10, 309n16
Funü zazhi (Women’s magazine), 334
furniture industry, 22, 39
Fuxin flour mills, 49, 52, 55, 56, 59–60
Fuyihui (Association for Worker Welfare), 215–16, 219, 221
Fuzhou, 121
Gander, Owen, 246, 247
gangsters: and divisions of jurisdiction in Shanghai, 3; portrayed in film Liren xing, 350; relied on in smuggling goods to Communist bases, 93–94, 109
Gao Guanwu, 142
Gao Xinbao, 190
Gao Zongwu, 195–96
Gaoqiao, 174
Garde Indigène of Indochina, 265
Garden Bridge, 19
Gascogne, 269n22
gasoline, 36, 121, 132, 140
de Gaulle, General Charles, 273
Gaullists, 268
Ge Sen, 138
gender inequality, theme in Liren xing, 355
General Hospital (French Concession), 271
General Labor Union of Shanghai West, 209
General Labor Union of the Shanghai Special Municipality, 217–18
Geng Jiaji, 190
Geng Jizhi, 145, 145n147
glass factories, 22, 23–24
Glosser, Susan, 86
gold, 120, 125
Golden Twin Horses brand, 54
Gong Zhifang, 337n21
gongshu (offices), 183n63
government bonds, 283
grain-boring worms, 144–45, 148, 289–90. See also profiteering
Grain Bureau (Liangshi ju), 144, 145
Grain Control Commission (Japanese), 116n2
Grain Guild (Miye gonghui), 144
Gray, Adeline, 140n117
Great Britain, economic relations with Japan, 36, 42
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, 61
Great Way (dadao), 165, 166–67
Great Way Government (Dadao zhengfu): article on regime’s achievements, 168–69; collapse of, 183–85; dating system used by, 169–70; documentary materials on, 157n1, 164; emphasis on nation-building, 165; establishment of, 7, 157, 162; financing of, 30, 164, 180–83; first appointments of, 160; ideology of, 163, 164–70, 185; Japanese and Chinese role in establishing, 163–64, 165–66, 168–69; and the Japanese army, 157, 158, 176–77, 183; jurisdiction of, 164, 170–77; and labor, 216, 218; manifesto of, 165–66; name of, 165, 166–67, 169, 185; obscurity of, 157–58, 164; personnel of, 185; petitioners to, 175–76; police of, 160, 164, 177–79; propaganda booklet published in Tokyo, 168; recruitment by, 179, 179n50; relations with Wang Jingwei, 220; requested to reopen waterways, 183; set up Society for the Economic Reconstruction of Shanghai, 33; and Shanghai Citizens Action, 52; slogans of, 185; Social Affairs Bureau, 181; Special Service unit attached to, 167; weakness of, 185. See also Su Xiwen
Great Way Self-Government Committee (Pudong), 160n5, 171, 173
Great Way spirit (dadao jingshen), 161, 168
Great World Theater, bombing of, 2, 3
Green Gang: and the Guomindang, 187, 212; and labor, 210, 226; members, 202; Nationalist guerrillas recruited from, 138; representative at Guangcheng pharmacy school, 77n25; and the Shanghai United Committee, 207; threat to pro-Japanese personnel, 179; Xu Guanqun’s contacts in, 71
Gu Jiatang, 202
Gu Jinrong, 225, 225n39, 225n41
Gu Jiwu, 224
Gu Kemin, 71, 77n25
Gu Mingdao, 83n42
Gu Shutong, 138
Gu Zhutong, 205
Guan Lu, 305, 305n4, 334n15, 335, 342n30
Guandong Army, 158
Guangcheng Professional School for Advanced Pharmacy (Guangcheng gaoji yaoxue zhiye xuexiao), 77–78
Guangxi provincial government, 253
Guangzhou, 70
guanxi. See social connections
guanxixue (art of social relations), 108n35
Guanyu brotherhood, 226
guard posts, 118–19
gudao era literary production, 327–28. See also Island Shanghai thesis
guerrillas, Nationalist, 138–39
Gui Fang, 318–19
Guo Lanxin, 193
Guofang zuigao weiyuanhui (Supreme Defense Council), 193
Guohua Electrical Appliances Store, 280n1
Guohua Radio Station, 280n1
Guomindang: anti-Chiang elements, 224; collusion with puppet police, 133; corruption of, 162; criticized in Great Way manifesto, 165; defections to Wang Jingwei, 189; dependence on Shanghai, 17, 85, 187; disillusionment of leftist artists with, 348; and the Green Gang, 187; Hu Hanmin faction, 161; and labor, 209–11, 222, 223, 224–25; military intelligence, 132; movement of capital, 69; national salvation propaganda, 194; negotiations with Wang Jingwei regime, 200–201; on population growth, 314n34; profiteering by, 132; Shanghai party branch, 188–89; smuggling apparatus, 134–38, 202; taxation by, 175; terrorism by, 4, 52, 98; and U.S. imperialism, 359–60. See also Guomindang underground
Guomindang underground, 73, 187–89, 194, 206–7, 212. See also Shanghai United Committee
Guzhen (Chuansha county), 173n31
Han Qitong, survey of China’s war losses, 20n7
Hangzhou Bay, 140
hanjian (traitors), 71, 116, 118n7, 221
Hankou, 49, 53, 70, 73, 264
Happy Home Monthly (Jiating yuekan), 334, 334n15, 335
Hart, Sir Robert, 249
Haruke Yoshitane (Lieutenant Colonel), 141
Hata Shunroku (General), 141–42
Hayashi Yukichi, 239
He Jiayou, 179n50
He-Umezu Agreement, 130
health, terms for, 80–81, 80n34
Healthy Home (Jiankang jiating), 80–83, 83n42
Healthy Home Monthly (Jiankang jiating yuekan), 334n 334n15, 335
Helpful Friend Society (Yiyoushe), 91, 91n4, 93, 103
Hengshe. See Endurance Club
Hengyang (Hunan), 202
Henriot, Christian, 143n137, 144n139, 319n51
Hill, Charles, 252
Hinder, Eleanor, 237
hinterland, connections to, 4–6, 17, 30, 148n158
hoarding, 31, 37, 120, 121, 289
home journals, 333–37, 334n14, 334n15, 344; housekeeping columns, 307–8; and marketing of household products, 335
Hong bang. See Red Gang
Hong Kong: branch of New Asia Pharmaceutical Company, 70; British policy and, 240, 251; capital shifted to, 4, 29, 40n112; flight to, 52, 71, 84–85, 244; foreign registration of Chinese firms in, 54; headquarters of the Shanghai United Committee, 192; Japanese occupation of, 198, 248; Juntong operations in, 195–96, 195n26; and shipping of goods to inland China, 29, 30, 236
Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank, 230, 242
Hong Shen, 347
Hongjin jiujia, 124
Hongkou, 20, 21, 22, 23, 234
Hongqiao, 175
Hongye guanggao tushu gongsi (Hongye Advertising and Printing Company), 334n15, 335
Honig, Emily, 289n41
Hou Dachun, 144–46, 144n141
housewives. See domesticity; home journals
housing crisis, 321
Hsü Shuhsi, 21
Hu Hanmin, 161
Hu Linge, 215n13
Hu Menglin, 210
Hu Shaochen, 217
Hu Zheng, 144, 145
Hu Ziying, 309n16
Hu Zongnan, 199
Hua Mulan Joins the Army, 299n103
Huainan district, 92
Huaiyin (Jiangsu), 124
Huang Aidi, 109
Huang Jinrong, 193
Huang Juyin, 287
Huang Renzhi, 193
Huang Ronghua, 137
Huang Suchu, 195–96
Huang Xianggu, 189, 190
Huang Yanpei, 191
Huang Zongying, 347, 349
Huangpi, 217
Huangpu Clique, 191
Huangpu West Fellow Residents’ Association, 172
Huazhong genjudi. See Central China Base
Huazhong yiyaopin tongzhi lianhehui (Central China Commission for Control of Medicine), 72
Hung, Chang-tai, 68, 85–86
Hu-Ning Railroad, 104
Huxi. See Western District
Ichigo offensive, 203
“idle capital,” 29, 40, 40n112
imperialism, U.S., 359
India, 34, 38n98
Indochina: famine in, 126; French employment in, 271; French policy in, 259, 262, 273, 276; French radio station of, 275; French repatriation to, 275; retreat of Chinese troops from, 274; rice from, 144, 237; source of coal, 38n98; supplied rice to the Japanese, 126
industrial production, index of, 27, 28. See also factories
inflation, 122–24, 125, 202, 252; benefit of, to Rong family, 54–55; and workers’ protests, 223
insurance enterprises, 68
International Settlement: abolition of, 251; boom economy of 1938–1939, 235–36; British businesses in, 235; British policy on, 234–35, 238–42; censorship of newspapers in, 306–7; Chinese factories in, 33, 36; Chinese jurisdiction of, 240; Chinese residents of, 242; factories operating in, 27–28, 27n40; Japanese occupation of, 9, 18, 36, 124–25, 149, 198, 243–47, 247–50; Japanese policy on, 234–35; Japanese seizure of firms in, 32n66, 36–37; killing and kidnapping in, 117, 235; Land Regulations of, 239; morale of residents in, 245; parks in, 232; public order under Japanese, 149; radio stations in, 292–97, 294n79; refugees in, 19, 315; under Wang Jingwei regime, 263; war damage in, 21, 22, 234. See also extrasettlement road area; foreign concessions; Shanghailanders; Shanghai Municipal Council; Shanghai Municipal Police
international trade, 42
internment, 8, 251n91, 252, 253
investment companies, 40
Island Shanghai thesis, 6–7, 18, 67–68, 85–86, 112, 252
Japan: food control by, 143–44, 143n137; invasions of north China, 158; monopoly policies, 18, 34, 37, 40, 41, 42; peace initiatives of, 188; return of concessions by, 263; sought collaboration by Chinese capitalists, 60–61; surrender of, 206, 267, 272; use of local resources by, 10–11, 18. See also Japanese army; Japanese navy; Japanese occupation
Japanese army: barred Chinese industrialists from their plants, 31; bought up military materials in Shanghai, 92; Central China Area Army, 158, 159–61, 183; and the Great Way Government, 157, 158, 176–77, 183; and local administration, 177; North China Area Army, 158–59, 160; rivalry with Japanese navy, 183; Special Service Section, 33; taxation by, 27n36
Japanese community, 7n8, 10–11
Japanese companies, 10–11
Japanese concessions, 47, 263
Japanese Military Police (Kempeitai), 104, 118–19, 178, 189, 198, 252
Japanese navy: docks of, 93–94; and the Great Way Government, 7; and labor, 215–16; occupied Shenxin #7, 161; regulation of coastal trade, 140n120; rivalry with Japanese army, 184; and shipments to New Fourth Army, 103
Japanese occupation: attitudes toward, 7; and the broadcasting industry, 280; of the foreign concessions, 8, 117–18, 261–62, 245–47; march into Shanghai, 47; in November 1937, 158; phases in, 117; and public order, 149; seizure of northern districts, 243; treatment of, in film Liren xing, 346–47, 350; women’s lives during, 302, 322–23, 341; women’s magazines during, 303–4, 305. See also Great Way Government; International Settlement, Japanese occupation of
Japanese Residents’ Association, 239
Japanese soldiers, rape committed by, 310–11, 348, 350–51, 358
Jessfield Park Strike, 222–25
Jessfield Road No. 76. See Number 76 Jessfield Road
Jews, 268
Ji Zhangjian, 137
Jiading, 160n2, 170
Jiang Baiqi, 106–7
Jiang Bocheng: arrest of, 201; effort to get Yu Xiaqing to leave Shanghai, 196; and the Shanghai United Committee, 191n12, 192, 198, 201
Jiang Dawei, 107
Jiang Dongrong, 106–7
Jiang Jianzhong, 103
Jiang Jieshi. See Chiang Kai-shek
Jiang Junhui, 60, 63–64
Jiang Shangda, 60–61
Jiang Yixiao, 305
Jiang Zhaoxiang, 224, 224n35
Jiang Zhongfang, 93n7
Jiangbei: considered unpatriotic, 217, 289n41; counterinsurgency activities in, 142n129; laborers from, 217, 223, 224, 225; stereotype perpetuated on radio, 289
Jiangsu, 29, 146, 147
Jiangwan, 170
Jiangxi, 20, 131–32
Jiangyin county, 141
Jiankang jiating yuekan (Healthy home monthly), 334, 334n15, 335
Jiankang jiating (Healthy Home), 80–83, 83n42
Jiaotong jiancha ju (Communications Inspection Bureau), 133
Jiating niankan (Family annual), 334, 334n15
Jiating yuekan (Happy home monthly), 334, 334n15, 335
Jieshou, 203
Jiezhou, 130
Jin Guangmei, 189
Jin Runsheng, 135
Jin Tingsun, 193
Jin Xiongbai, 194, 204
Jin Yan, 215
Jincheng yinhang (Kincheng Banking Corporation), 25
Jingdezhen, 132
Jinmei (heroine of Liren xing), 348–49, 350–52, 358, 360n14
Jiuguo hui (Save the Nation Society), 305n4
Jiuwang ribao, 285
Jobez, Roland, 268
Jourdan, 266
Journal of New Medicine (Xin yiyao kan), 80n33
journals. See home journals; periodicals
Juntong (Bureau of Military Statistics): assassination squads, 197; full name of, 210n4; Hong Kong operations, 195–96, 195n26; and labor, 210; loans to, from Du Yuesheng, 202–3; revenue from smuggling, 133–34, 202; and SACO, 206; and the Shanghai United Committee, 207. See also Dai Li
Kagesa Sadaaki (Major General), 141
Kanegafuchi Company, 51
Kang Xinru, 202
Kangli yuekan (Happy couple monthly), 337n21
Kaufman, Judge, 268
Ke Ling, 328n5, 330–31, 330n11
Kempeitai, 104, 118–19, 178, 189, 198, 252
Keswick, W. J. “Tony,” 235, 237, 239, 242, 244
kidnapping, 34, 117, 136
Killery, Valentine St John, 242
Kincheng Banking Corporation (Jincheng yinhang), 25
Kinloch, Jock, 244
Kipnis, Andrew, 110n38
Kirby, William, 48
Kitaoka Tatsuo, 173n30
knitting plants, 22, 23
Kokyogun (Imperial Cooperation Army), 118
Kong, David, 135
Kong Xiangxi (H. H. Kung): appointed minister of finance, 133n86; and the Cotton Yarn and Cloth Regulation Bureau, 203; and Dai Li, 134n91, 135–36; and peace negotiations with Wang Jingwei, 200; and the Shanghai United Committee, 193
Konoe Cabinet, 158
Kuaile jiating (Happy home), 334n15
Kung Dah Cotton Mill, 177
Kung, H. H. See Kong Xiangxi
Kunlun Film Studio, 348
Kunshan, 141, 159n2
labor: CC Clique and, 210, 220, 220–21n27, 222, 226; communists and, 212, 215, 219, 219n25; Du Yuesheng and, 190; Japanese and, 215–18, 236; native-place associations and, 123, 222, 223, 226, 227; unions, 217, 220–21, 220n26; and Wang Jingwei regime, 9, 123, 189, 220–22. See also Shanghai General Labor Union; strikes; workers
Lan Ma, 347, 355
Land Regulations, 231, 239
Laval, Pierre, 263
League of Left-wing Writers, 305n4
leather industry, 39, 121
Lee, Leo, 327n4
Li Linshu, 224
Li Lisan, 219n25
Li Ming, 242
Li Shengwu, 144
Li Shiqun, 100, 141–42, 142n129, 144, 211
Li Ziqiong, 217
Lian Yuanxiu, 332
Liang Desuo, 336n20
Liangshi ju (Grain Bureau), 144
Liangyou huabao (Good companion pictorial), 336n20
Lianyihui, 195
Lianyishe, 224, 225, 225n41
Li ji (Classic of rites), 166–67, 169
Lin Huaibu, 197
Lin Huiyin, 332
Lin Kanghou, 71, 77n25, 193, 204
Lin Saiwen, 221
Lin Shiliang, 136
Lin Zijiong, 215, 216
Ling Shuhua, 332
Link, Perry, 82–83
Liquidation Commission, 253
Liren xing (Women side by side; Chen Liting): banned as reactionary, 361; conversion to film, 347–48; ending of film, 358, 360; original title of, 348; politics of, 356, 359–60; portrayal of men in, 351, 353, 354–55. 356–57; portrayal of proletariat in, 350, 360, 360n14; prison scenes, 353–54; rehabilitated in 1979, 361; setting of, 348, 348n5; as source on social conditions during wartime, 349–50; stage play, 358, 360; stage production of, 347, 348; stereotypical treatment of women in, 357–58; about women who remained in Shanghai, 346, 348–49
literature: boudoir style, 332, 336; by female college students, 332; gudao era, 327–28; Mandarin Ducks and Butterflies, 330, 328–29; new-style, 329, 330; popularized, 332; post-1945 fiction, 336; resistance, 328; serious and popular, 331, 333; Shanghai school, 329; women writers, 337–38, 340–42, 343–44. See also theater
Liu Buqing, 77
Liu Changsheng, 212, 215n13
Liu Degong, 224, 225, 225n41
Liu Fan, 137
Liu Hangshen, 202
Liu Ningyi, 212, 215n13
Liu Qingyang, 309n16
Liu Shaoqi, 106, 212n11
Liu Shaowen, 212
Liu Xiao, 212
Liu Yanru: memoirs of, 90–91; shipments to New Fourth Army, 91–95, 103, 109; used social connections in sensitive operations, 105
Liu Yusheng, 339n24
liumang (loafers), 159n4, 173n30
livestock, 129
loafers, recruited for pacification teams, 159n4, 173n30
“lone island.” See Island Shanghai thesis
Longcao, 173n30, 175
Longtan, 94
Lou Guowei, 133n87
Lou Jingguan, 220
Loyal and Patriotic Army, 134, 138–39, 140, 142
Loyal and Patriotic National Salvation Army (Zhongyi jiuguo jun), 205–6
Lu Bohong, 52
Lu Boyu, 334n15
Lu Jingshi, 193, 202, 210, 219
Lu Wei, 321n59
Lu Xun, 355
Lu Yan, 330
lulutong (fixers), 66–67, 68, 85, 86–87; defined, 66
Lunchang mill. See China Printing and Finishing Company
Luo Qinghua, 202
Ma Bosheng, 206
MacDonald, R. G., 247
machine industry, 21–22, 27, 28, 29, 39
machinery, imports of, 121, 143
magazines. See periodicals
Mains, Joan, 244, 252
Manchuria, 17, 131, 158, 240
Manchurian Railway Incident, 130
Mandarin Duck and Butterfly school, 82–83, 83n42, 328–29, 330n9; Butterflies journals, 329–30, 332, 333, 334, 344
Manila, 70
Mantetsu (South Manchurian Railway Company), 159
Mao Dun, 285
Mao Liying, 99–100, 99n16, 349
Mao Zedong, 110, 149, 212
Maoxin flour mills, 49, 56
de Margerie, Roland, 198, 262, 263, 265, 265n15, 266–67
Martin, Brian, 85
Martyrs Cemetery, 99n16
May 15 Incident (Tokyo), 61
May Fourth Movement: feminism of, 355, 357; performances in support of, 319n51; politics of, in Liren xing, 352, 356–57
May 30 movement, 212, 212n10, 232, 261
media, coastal and inland, 86
medical publications, 79–83, 80n33, 86
medical workers, 102
medicine: advertising of, 291, 291n54; Chinese and Western, 80; distribution of, 72; factories and enterprises, 39, 68; for the New Fourth Army, 107; from occupied China, 129; pharmaceutical industry, 72, 75; smuggling of, 131; traded by Tongji and Minhua companies, 203n55, 205. See also New Asia Pharmaceutical Company
Mei Fu, 334n15
Mei Siping, 61, 72
memoir sources, 68, 68n4, 90–91
merchant vessels, licensing of, 140, 140n120
Merck and Company, 76n20
metal industry, 22, 37, 39
metal imports, 121
Meyrier, Jean, 269
Mikyo flour company, 59
Miles, Milton E., 137–38, 206
Military Affairs Commission (Guomindang), 134, 137. See also Dai Li
military uniforms, 51
milk industry, 86
minerals, 131
Mingxing ribao (Star daily), 330n9
Minhua Company, 203–4, 205, 208
Ministry of Colonies (French), 265, 272
Ministry of Finance (Guomindang), 133n86, 134, 137. See also Smuggling Prevention Office
Ministry of National Defense Security Bureau (Guofangbu baomiju), 205
Ministry of Social Affairs (Wang Jingwei), 220
Miscellany Monthly: promotion of women writers, 340–41, 340n27, 342n32; roundtable talks in, 342, 342n32; special issues of, 341–42, 341n29
Mitonghui (Grain Control Commission), 116n2
Mitsui Bussan Kaisha, 242
Miye gonghui (Grain Guild), 144
model peace zones, 141–42, 143
“Model Settlement,” 232, 241
Modern Therapeutics, 80n33
modernization, and health, 80
monopoly policies, 18, 34, 37, 40, 41, 42
mop-up operations, 101, 141
municipal employees: Chinese employees of the French Concession, 265; French, 259, 268, 269–72, 275; and the Great Way Government, 163
Municipal Orchestra, 244, 249
Murphey, Rhoads, 17
Nakajima Seiichi, 72
Nanhui, 107–8, 160n2, 170
Nanjing, flour mills in, 124
Nanjing-Shanghai Railroad, 138
Nanshi (South City): chamber of commerce, 181; destruction of plants in, 21; dyeing plants in, 23; economy of, 181; Great Way Government jurisdiction over, 170; pacification team in, 159, 159n2, 159n3; refugees from, 52; self-government committee of, 175, 181–82
Nanshi Electric Company, 52
Nantong, flour mills in, 124
Nanxiang, 170
Nanyang Enterprise Company (Nanyang qiye gongsi), 74
narcotics trade, 129, 130–31, 132n84, 202
National Commission for the Control of Commerce (Quanguo shangye tongzhi lianhehui), 72
Nationalists. See Guomindang
National Salvation Movement, “seven gentlemen of,” 58, 58n24
native place associations: and labor, 123, 223, 224, 226, 227; organizing transportation to the village, 117; and strikes, 222
native-place connections: and the Great Way Government, 163n11; and recruitment at New Asia, 77; used by New Fourth Army agents, 93, 107–8
neutrality: of film character Wang Zhongyuan, 355; of foreign concessions, 2, 276; of Shanghailanders, 215, 240, 245–46
New Asia Biological Research Institute, 76
New Asia Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research Institute, 76
New Asia Enterprise Group (Xinya qiye jituan), 68
New Asia Free Clinics, 84
New Asia Medical Materials Plant, 76
New Asia Pharmaceutical Company (Xinya zhiyao chang): advertising department of, 83; Beijing branch, 72; capital and sales revenue, 69; Chongqing branch, 70, 73; distribution network of, 73, 74, 77–79; financing of, 73–75; identified with Chinese values, 84; inspection teams, 79; left in hands of Gu Kemin, 71; medicine-making factories of, 70, 77; popularization of science at, 75; promotional publications of, 79–83; owned Healthy Home Monthly, 335–36; records of, 68; recruitment at, 77; research scientists at, 75–77; sales organization of, 78–79; wartime expansion of, 70, 73
New Asia Reconstruction Company (Xinya jianye gongsi), 74
New Asia Serum Plant, 76
New Asia Southwest China Company, 70
New Engineering and Shipbuilding Works (Ruirong), 216, 217
New Fourth Army: compared with Eighth Route Army, 110, 111; connections used by, 109–10; donations for, 97, 99; Gregor Benton on, 110–11; illicit dealings with Japanese, 103; in Japanese model peace zone, 142; members of, 93; motivations for helping, 102–4; movement of goods and people to, 92, 94, 98–99, 100–102, 103, 107–8, 109; purchasing agents in Shanghai, 98; recruitment of intellectuals, 108; relationship with Shanghai, 95–96; rural bases of, 90n2; territory designated in United Front negotiations, 95; urban recruits of, 111; used social connections to build rural bases, 106–7; winter clothes for, 96, 97
New Fourth Army Incident, 98, 98n14
New Fourth Army Office (Shanghai), 98–99
New Home (Xin jiating), 334
newspapers: censorship of, 306–7; closing of, 118; columns on everyday life, 325–26; home supplements to, 334, 334n14, 335; after the war, 85; women’s, 333–34
New Voice of Chinese Medicine (Guoyao xinsheng), 79
new woman, 302–3, 353, 360
1911 revolution, 261
Ningbo, 126n46, 126n49, 132, 148n158
Ningxia, 78
Ninth Brigade Theater Troupe (Yan ju jiu dui), 347
Nishimura Tenzo, 167–68, 169, 182
North China Area Army (Kita Shina hōmengun), 158, 160
North China Daily News, 31n61
North China Provisional Government, 72
Northern Expedition, 212
Northern Sichuan Road bridge, 119
North Pudong Garrison Command, 176
Number 76 Jessfield Road: and the assassination of Mao Liying, 99–100; censorship by, 325n1; founders of, 123; interrogation of Wu Kaixian at, 198; mentioned, 4, 142, 149, 220; and rice brokers, 145
Nüsheng yuekan (Women’s voices monthly), 334–35, 334n15
Nüzi shijie (Women’s world), 333
Office of Strategic Services, 206
Ōkawa Shūmei, 60–61
Okazaki, K., 247
Okuba (Japanese yakuza), 215
One Day in Shanghai, 288
Operation Remorse, 253–54
opium, 129, 132n84. See also narcotics trade
Organization Department (Guomindang), 189, 190
overseas Chinese, market for Chinese goods, 54
pacification teams (senbuhan), 159–60, 159n4
padded coats, 128, 128n58
Pan Gongzhan, 285
Pan Hannian, 106
Pan Jinsheng, 281n5
Pan Liudai, 335, 342n30
Pan Yangyao, 334n15
Pan-Asianism, 61
paper industry, 28, 39, 68, 121, 129
Paris, radio broadcasting in, 297–98
Pasteur Institute, 265, 271
patriotism: in films and broadcasts, 12, 299, 356; Jiangbei people and, 217, 289n41; in magazines and periodicals, 12, 304; motivation of civilians helping New Fourth Army, 102; of ordinary people, 359; and profits, 65, 70
peace maintenance committees, 159, 167, 170, 171–72, 175, 176
Peach River Dancing Society, 312
Pearl Harbor, 117
Pechkoff, General Z., 273
People’s Political Council (Canzhenghui), 201
periodicals: Butterflies journals, 329–30, 332, 333, 334; columns in, 332; editorial strategies during wartime, 336–37; letters from readers, 332; and marketing of household products, 335; mentioned, 309n16; patriotism and, 12, 304; pictorial style, 336, 336n20; readership of, 335; women’s, 12, 303–4, 309–10, 328, 333–34. See also home journals; Shanghai funü
permit system, 34, 34n79
Perry, Elizabeth, 226, 227, 227n45
Pétain, Marshall, 8
pharmaceutical industry, 72, 75; female employees, 313. See also New Asia Pharmaceutical Company; Xu Guanqun
pharmaceutical research, 75–76, 76n20
Phenomena Monthly, 330–31, 332
Philco Sales Corporation, 286
Phillips, Godfrey, 239, 248; assassination attempt on, 197–98, 244
pirates, 132n84, 140n120
playwrights. See Tian Han
police: anticommunist activities by, 235; of Great Way Government, 161, 174, 177–79; puppet, 53, 53n13, 133, 198, 244; and rice lines, 127; surveillance by Japanese in the International Settlement, 3. See also French concession police; Kempeitai; Shanghai Municipal Police
Political Study Clique (Zhengxue xi), 73–75
population, growth rate of, 314n34
Postal and Aviation Inspection Office (Youhang jiancha chu), 137
postal employees union, 210, 219
Post Office Savings Bank, 203
poverty, 123–24
print culture, 12–13. See also periodicals; women, and wartime print culture
printing industry, 22, 39, 68
printing presses, 92, 103, 134
prisoner-of-war camps, 139
professional associations, Sino-Japanese, 10
profiteering: by fixers, 66; by Guomindang officials, 132; radio comedy on, 289–90; rice, 126n49, 144–45, 148, 289–90; by the Rong family, 64–65. See also Chinese capitalists
propaganda: national salvation, 194; on radio, 280, 281, 281n5, 283–87, 295, 297
prostitution, 250, 352, 358
Protect China Alliance (Baowei Zhongguo datongmeng), 107
Provisional Council Agreement (1941), 239, 247
Pu Shuxiu, 289, 291, 291n54, 291n56
public intellectuals, women writers as, 344
Public Security Bureau, 235
publishers, 92, 329, 338–39
Pudong: chamber of commerce, 173; destruction of plants in, 21; fate of Shenxin textile mill in, 51; Great Way Government in, 157, 170; Great Way Self-Government Committee in, 160n5, 171, 173; Japanese bombing of, 303; Japanese control of, 139, 139n11; labor incidents in, 216, 236–37; pacification team in, 159, 159n2; police, 53, 53n13, 139; refugees from, 52; rice prices in, 181; smuggling in, 139; trade unions in, 220. See also Great Way Government
puppet government. See collaborators; Great Way Government; Number 76 Jessfield Road; Reformed Government; Wang Jingwei regime
puppet troops, 142
Qian Xinzhi, 193, 200, 202
Qiantang River, 140
Qibao, 175
Qin Shou’ou, 83n42
Qing bang. See Green Gang
Qingdao, 51
Qinghai, 78
Qingpu, 159n2
qingxiang yundong (clearing the villages movement), 141, 142n129
Quanguo shangye tongzhi lianhehui (National Commission for the Control of Commerce), 72
Quanguo shangye tongzhi zonghui (Commerce Control Commission), 63, 64
“Quarrelling Couple from Jiangbei,” 289, 299
radio: broadcasts of political propaganda, 280, 281, 281n5, 283–87, 295, 297; categories in program guides, 288n37; comedy on, 289–90, 299; commercials, 290–91; dominated by advertising and entertainment, 11, 280, 282, 288, 298; donations to war effort solicited on, 286, 287; under Japanese control, 12, 292–99; in Moscow and Paris, 297–98; before 1937, 282; patriotism and call for resistance on, 12; programming under Propaganda Committee plan, 283–85; salaries of performers, 288, 288n39; speeches by prominent individuals, 284–85; storytellers on, 279–80, 285, 299; suppression of patriotic broadcasting, 282; tool for adult education, 287n33. See also radios; radio stations
radio communications, 194
Radio Moscow, 297
Radio-Paris, 298
radios, 118, 118n7, 286, 286n29, 286n30, 287
radio stations: Chinese-operated, 282; closed by Guomindang, 291n55; closed by Shanghai Municipal Council on Japanese request, 296; number of, 282, 291; pro-Japanese, 288n36; operated by Westerners, 282n7; registration of, 292–97, 298; XHHG, 297; XHHH, 284; XHTM, 281n5; XOJB, 288n36
rape, 304, 304n3, 310–11; in film Liren xing, 348, 350–51, 358; of Shen Chong, 359
rationing: of coal, 38n98; of rice, 127–28, 146, 146n152
real estate companies, 41, 42, 68
recipes, 318
reconstruction, 30n59
Red Cross, 84
Red Gang, 220n27, 226
Reformed Government (Weixin zhengfu): Central China Area Army and, 160; dating system of, 170n24; and demise of Great Way Government, 183–84; lacked legitimacy, 188; taxation by, 30
refugees: crossing the Garden Bridge into the International Settlement, 19; and demand for flour, 59; and demand for radio, 282, 286; donations to, 317, 319, 320; experiences of, broadcast by Yan Xueting, 279–80, 288; and food supplies, 120; in the foreign concessions, 237, 258; as smugglers, 129; as source of cheap labor and demand, 47; in South City, 159n3, 181; women, 303, 310–11, 311–13; from Zhejiang and Jiangsu, 29
refugee shelters, 311, 313, 319
Relief for Refugees (jiuji nanmin), 97
Ren Baoan, 179n50
repatriation: of French community, 274–75; of population to the countryside, 39n105
repatriation fund (French Concession), 266, 269, 270, 272
resistance, 13–14. See also collaboration, versus resistance
restaurants, 124
rice: amount to feed population, 119; black market in, 121, 122; exported from free to occupied China, 129; exported to Japan, 126, 143–44; imported by Yu Xiaqing, 196; imported into Fuzhou, 12; from Jiangxi, 131; lines, 350; price of, 119, 120–21, 123, 142, 181, 223; production, 126; puppet brokers, 144–45; purchased by Japanese military, 196; rationing of, 127–28, 146, 146n152; restrictions on sales of, 120, 120n18, 122; riots, 211; Shanghai imports and exports of, 126; smuggling of, 140, 143, 145, 148; from Southeast Asia, 125, 144, 196, 237; in South City, 181; stores, 120, 120n18, 122, 181; supplies of, 146–48; taxation of, 27n36. See also hoarding; profiteering; rice-boring worms
rice-boring worms, 144–45, 148, 289–90. See also profiteering
rice guild, 120
Rice Management Bureau, 121
rickshaws, 119
roads, 94, 118; “road money,” 130. See also extrasettlement road area
Romance of the Three Smiles (San xiao yin yuan), 288
Rong Bing’gen, 53n13
Rong Desheng: and collaboration with the Japanese, 53, 63–64; difficulty controlling firms after death of Rong Zongjing, 49; founder of textile and flour mills, 49; and management of Rong firms, 55–56; plans for Tianyuan Industrial Company, 58–59; relations with Chongqing, 64; and reorganization of Shenxin #2 and #5, 57; returned from Hankou to Shanghai, 53
Rong Er’ren,, 53, 53n13, 56–58, 64
Rong family: and collaboration, 10, 32, 51–53, 60, 63, 65; dissension in, 56–59; as illustration of conditions of Shanghai businessmen, 49, 64–65; organizational structure of enterprises, 48, 55–59; relations within, 49, 55–56, 58; wartime profits of, 54. See also Fuxin flour mills; Maoxin flour mills; Rong Desheng; Rong Er’ren; Rong Hongyuan; Rong Zongjing; Shenxin textile mills
Rong Hongqing, 56
Rong Hongsan, 56
Rong Hongyuan: and dissension in Rong family, 56–58; as general manager of Rong enterprises, 56; and negotiation with Japanese, 61, 62
Rong Weiren, 56
Rong Zongjing: and collaboration, 52–53; death of, 49, 53; departure for Hong Kong, 52; founded textile and flour mills, 49; and the organization of Rong firms, 55
Rottmann, Allison, 85
roundtable talks, 342, 342n30, 342n32
Roux, Alain, 13–14
rubber industry, 22, 23, 28, 29, 39; Tongji and Minhua companies, 203n55, 205
Ruirong (New Engineering and Shipbuilding Works), 216, 217
Ruoying (heroine of Liren xing), 349, 352–56, 358
ruralization of culture, 67–68, 85–86
Russians: in the French Concession, 261, 265, 265n15; White Russians, 233, 249
Saigon, French police of, 275
Sainte-Marie Hospital, 271
Sakurai, Mr., 159n4
Salade, 263, 267
San Bei Steam Navigation Company, 196
San ge modeng nüxing (Three modern women; Tian Han), 347
Sanminzhuyi qingniantuan (Three People’s Principles Youth Corps), 191
San xiao yin yuan (Romance of the three smiles), 288
saodang (mop-up operations), 101, 141
Sarly, Roland, 266, 270
Save for the Distressed (jieyue jiunan), 97
Save the Nation Society (Jiuguo hui), 305n4
Savings Society, 269n22
Sawada Shigeru (Lieutenant General), 141
de Sayve, Olivier, 269, 270
schools, 194
school ties, 102–3, 108, 108n35
Schoppa, Keith, 29
science, popularization of, 80–83
scientific instruments, 39
scientific research, 75–77
scientists, 76–77, 84
second united front, 212
self-government committees (zizhi weiyuanhui): assumed police powers, 173; characterized as hoodlums, 172, 173n30; designation of, 174–75, 175n35; formed from peace maintenance committees, 159; and Great Way Government jurisdiction, 170–71; issues on the agenda of, 174; and the Japanese army, 176–77; membership of, 174; Pudong, 160n5, 171, 173; resilience of, 175; taxation by, 173, 181–82
Seven Big Unions, 220, 220n26
sex industry, 311–12
sexuality, women writers on, 340, 341
Sha Li, 349
Sha Wenhao, 212
Shamian, French concession in, 264
Shangguan Yunzhu, 347, 348
Shanghai: as center for culture and commerce, 67–68, 85–86; as center of film and modern theater, 346; flight from, 315; population of, 146n151; shared victimhood in, 148, 288
Shanghai Association of the Cultural Circle, 305n4
Shanghai Association of the New Medicine Trade (Shanghai xinyaoye tongye gonghui), 71
Shanghai Bank, 54
Shanghai British Residents’ Association, 232
Shanghai chanye yu Shanghai zhigong (Shanghai Industries and Shanghai Workers), 215, 215n13
Shanghai Citizens Action (Shanghai shimin xiehui), 52
Shanghai Commercial Savings Bank, 74
Shanghai county peace maintenance committee, 167
Shanghaiens. See French community
Shanghai Evening Post and Mercury (Da Mei wanbao), 32n66, 325, 325n1
Shanghai funü (Shanghai women): advertising in, 306; cartoon about radio broadcasts, 281, 281; on childbirth and birth control, 314–15; on child rearing, 315–16; class distinctions and, 320; on housekeeping and marriage, 307–8, 313, 317–18, 322; circulation and readership, 306; covers of, 305–6; edited by Communist Party members, 305; as force in the resistance, 309–10, 319–20, 322; on the Frugality Campaign, 316–17; on moral responsibility, 321; on overpopulation, 314n34; political activism in, 321–22; self-censorship of, 307, 308; stories about sex workers, 312, 313; on women’s employment, 313; and women’s role in the resistance, 304
Shanghai Funü Society, 306
Shanghai General Chamber of Commerce, 20n8
Shanghai General Labor Union (Shanghai shi zhonggonghui), 195, 210, 218, 224. See also West Shanghai General Labor Union
Shanghai gonghui zuzhi tongyi weiyuanhui (Committee for the Unification of Labor Organizations), 218, 218n22
Shanghai gongye tongzhihui (Association of Shanghai Industrialists), 27n37
Shanghai Guild of Private Radio Broadcasters, 283, 284, 293, 295
Shanghailanders: British policy toward, 240; desire for neutral status, 215, 240, 245–46; disruption of lives during wartime, 243–45, 252; and the end of the treaty port system, 251, 251n91, 254; identity of, 230, 244; internment of, 251n91, 252, 253; and the Shanghai Municipal Council, 231–32, 240–41; strategy for survival, 233
Shanghai Municipal Archives, 157n1
Shanghai Municipal Commission (Duban Shanghai shi gongshu), 183
Shanghai Municipal Council (SMC): Anglo-American conflict, 232–33; autonomy of, 230–32, 239, 240–41, 250; and the British Foreign Office, 232, 238–39; and Chinese broadcast industry, 281, 282; and Chinese residents of the settlement, 233; Chinese staff of, 237–38; collaboration with Japanese, 71, 295–96; compared with French Municipal Council, 260; confidential economic report by, 27n36; constitution of, 232; count of factories in the International Settlement, 27; and the extrasettlement road area, 33, 50, 233; financial affairs of, 232, 241–42; Industrial and Social Section, 237; industrial statistics of, 28n49; under Japanese occupation, 247–50, 252; Japanese pressure on, 3, 233, 234–35, 237; Japanese representation on, 239; personnel of, 232, 241–42, 247, 248, 250; Police Affairs Division, 295, 296; relations with Chongqing, 235; and registration of Chinese radio stations, 292–96, 294n79; report on damages to industry, 20, 21–22, 24; restrictions on sale of rice, 120, 120n18; sale of public utilities, 241; shift of leadership, 232; strategy toward Japanese, 8; and taxation, 233
Shanghai Municipal Health Department, 314
Shanghai Municipal Police: Chinese branch of, 250; Chinese staff of, 237–38, 241–42; under Japanese occupation, 247–48; killings of Chinese demonstrators in 1925, 232; relationship with British diplomats, 231, 238; relationship with Public Security Bureau, 235; sackings of Barrett and Clarke, 233n6; during wartime, 244; White Russians in, 249
Shanghai Newspaper Censorship Bureau, 306
Shanghai Pharmaceutical Students Friendship Society (Shanghai yaojisheng lianyihui), 108
Shanghai Postal Workers’ Union, 189, 190
Shanghai Power Company, 38
Shanghai Radio, 282, 289, 291
Shanghaishi zhiyao changye tongye gonghui (Association of Shanghai Pharmaceutical Manufacturers), 72
Shanghai Special Municipality: Bureau of Social Affairs, 210; Japanese occupation of, 210
Shanghai Textile Company (Shanhai bōseki kabushiki kaisha), 51, 61
Shanghai United Committee (Shanghai shi tongyi weiyuanhui; SUC): and the arrest of Wu Kaixian, 198–201; and assassinations of collaborators, 197; creation of, 191; and economic relations between Chongqing and Nanjing, 201, 208; finances of, 192–93; headquarters of, 192, 199; influence of Du Yuesheng in, 193; instrument of Guomindang resistance and vehicle for cooperation with puppet regime, 187–88; objectives of, 191–92, 206–7; power struggle in, 201; and secret peace discussions, 201; sections of, 192, 194–95; standing committee of, 191, 191n12
Shanghai Volunteer Corps (SVC), 243, 249
Shanghai Women. See Shanghai funü
Shanghai Women’s Circle, 319, 319n52
Shanghai xinyaoye tongye gonghui (Shanghai Association of the New Medicine Trade), 71
Shangqiu, 203, 204
Shangwu yinshuguan (Commercial Press), 23, 144
Shanhai keizai nenkan (Shanghai economic yearbook), 40
Shanhaiguan News, 168, 183
Shao Shijun, 107
Shao Shubai, 210, 211
Shaonü yuekan (The maiden monthly), 337n21
Shashi Cotton Mill, 203
Shawozi, 94
She Aizhen, 144
Shehui yundong zhidao weiyuanhui (Social Movement Steering Committee), 123, 220, 221, 224
Shen Chong, 359
Shen Ji, 330
Shen Junsheng, 138
Shen, Vivian, 348, 352
Shen Youchu, 107
Shen Zijiu, 309n16
Shen bao, 194, 285, 288; “Women’s Garden,” 309n16
Shenghuo, 320n53
Shenxin textile mills: comprised ten companies, 49; conditions in mid-1930s, 55; destruction of, in Western Roads section, 50; distribution of profits, 57–58; foreign registration of, 53–54; independence of general headquarters, 56; in the International Settlement, 53, 60; under Japanese control, 60; in Japanese-occupied areas, 51; number of spindles and looms, 50, 50n7, 53; organizational structure of, 55–58; plan for Greater Shenxin, 58; profits during war, 54; return of, to Chinese owners, 61–62; after return from Japanese, 62–63; “seven gentlemen” of, 58, 58n24; stockholder disputes at, 56–58, 62; unemployment at, 58
Shi Dongshan, 346
Shi Jimei, 332–33, 335, 336
Shi Jiying, 332
Shi Kaitian, 145
Shi Liang, 309n16
Shi Quanfu, 223n34
Shidai Publishing House, 93, 93n7
Shidai Weekly (Shidao zhouke), 93n7
Shigemitsu Mamoru, 263
shimin, active resistance by, 13–14
Shimonoseki treaty, 17
shipping: control of, by Japanese, 30, 182–83; and economic recovery, 34; through Hong Kong, 30; of military materials to New Fourth Army, 92–95; by river in South China, 5; of wheat, 59; Yangzi river closed to, 34
shipyards, strikes in, 216
Shishi xinbao, 335
Shuijing (Tax Police), 133, 133n86, 135, 137
Shuilu jiaotong tongyi jiancha chu (Water and Land Communications Unified Inspectorate), 137
silk industry, 22, 23, 23n22, 24, 28, 29n51, 32n66
silk unions, 218
silver, 55, 131
Singapore: branch of New Asia Pharmaceutical Company in, 70; British policy and, 240; and distribution of medical manual, 80n33
Sino-American Cooperative Organization (Zhong-Mei hezuo suo; SACO), 134, 137, 206; training camps, 206
Sino-American treaty (1943), 229
Sino-British treaty (1943), 229, 251
Sino-French school, 265, 266
Sino-Western Pharmacy, 284, 294
“Sixth National Congress of the Guomindang,” 189
smuggling: by Chiang Kai-shek’s in-laws, 135–36; control offices and guard posts, 134–35; Dai Li’s empire, 132–35; and economic decline, 36; and equivocal marketing areas, 128; of goods and intelligence to Communist base areas, 92–94, 98–99; by Japanese officials, 125; and loss of Shanghai’s economic role after 1949, 149; Loyal and Patriotic Army and, 138–39, 140; by merchants, 129; and migration, 148; of narcotics, 130–31; north China contraband networks, 130–31; between occupied and unoccupied zones, 5, 104n27, 202; official involvement in, 11; puppet forces and, 142; by puppet pirates, 132n84; of rice, 117, 122; for survival and profits, 117; types of smugglers, 129–30; Yangzi River boat captains and, 92, 93. See also rice, smuggling of; Smuggling Prevention Office
smuggling entrepots, 128–30
Smuggling Prevention Office (Guomindang), 134, 135, 136, 202
social connections: in contemporary and wartime China, 110n38; relied on by Communists during wartime, 91, 92, 105, 109–10; and Shanghai’s economic structure, 108
Social Movement Steering Committee (Shehui yundong zhidao weiyuanhui), 123, 220, 221, 224
Society for the Economic Reconstruction of Shanghai, 33
Society for the Economic Reconstruction of the Western District of Shanghai, 33
solitary island. See foreign concessions; Island Shanghai thesis
Song Meiling, 135, 136
Song Qingling, 107
Song Ziwen (T. V. Soong), 133, 133n86
Songjiang, 182
Soong, T. V. (Song Ziwen), 133, 133n86
Sorrow for the Fall of the Ming, 299n103
South Anhui Incident, 98, 98n14
South Asia, 35
South City. See Nanshi
Southeast Asia: British colonialism in, 252; distribution of medical manual in, 80n33; market for Chinese goods, 35, 54; market for New Asia Pharmaceutical Company, 68; New Asia sales agencies in, 70, 78; and the rubber industry, 29; source of rice, 125, 126, 126n49
South Manchurian Railway Company (Mantetsu), 159, 160
Soviet Commercial Publishing House (Su shang chubanshe), 93n7
Special Action Army (Biedong jun), 137
Special Service Department (Tokumubu, Japanese army), 159, 160, 182
Spring and Autumn Monthly (Chunqiu yuekan), 332
Squibb, 76n20
star system, 338n22
Steering Committee of Social Movement (Shehui yundong zhidao weiyuanhui), 123, 220, 221, 224
stock market, 125
storytelling: radio broadcasts of, 279–80, 285, 299; tanci, 288–89, 288n37, 288n38
streetcar workers. See CFTE
strikes: BAT strike of 1927–28, 220; backed by Japanese, 123, 221, 236; at China Printing and Finishing Company in 1939, 236–37; over cost of necessities, 8; in French companies, 263; in the foreign concessions, 221; general, 226–27; Jessfield Park, 222–25; of March 1927, 226–27; of 1939–42 compared with earlier strikes, 226–28; of 1939–41, 212, 212n10, 213–14; by post office employees in 1928, 219; transportation, 123, 209, 222–23; by West Shanghai General Labor Union, 221; of the Workers’ League of the Chinese Republic, 216; wildcat, in 1941, 222; workdays lost to, 212n10, 213, 216
Su Jixiao, 162. See also Su Xiwen
Su Junying, 162. See also Su Xiwen
Su Qing: Drifting Brocade by, 338, 339; and Eileen Chang, 340–41, 342–43; and the feminization of print culture, 12; media coverage of, 337, 340, 342n30; Ten Years of Married Life by, 314, 314–15n35, 338, 339; wrote for home journals, 335
Su Songzhi, 162. See also Su Xiwen
Su Xiwen: announced founding of Great Way Government, 163, 163; background of, 161–62; connections of, 162–63; after demise of Great Way Government, 184; and dissolution of peace maintenance committees, 171–72; effort to control self-government committees, 174; efforts to raise revenue, 180, 181; and Great Way ideology, 165, 167–68, 169; headed municipal bureau of finances for Great Way Government, 179n50; name of, 161, 161n10; photographed with Nishimura Tenzō, 168; target for assassination, 179
Su Youxiang, 161. See also Su Xiwen
Subei. See Jiangbei
sugar, 129
suicide, 349, 350, 354, 358
summer, start time of, 38n99
Sun Liren, 135
Sun Mingqi, 220, 221, 222
Sun Yat-sen, 106–7, 188
suppression campaigns, 141
Supreme Defense Council (Guofang zuigao weiyuanhui), 193
Suzhou, 122, 176
Taicang county, 141
Taixian (Jiangsu), 124
Takeda Chemical Industries, 72
Tamura Toshiko, 334n15
Tan Weihan, 330
tanci (storytelling genre), 288–89, 288n37, 288n38
Tang Enbo, 134, 134n91
Tang Xiaodan, 346
Tang Yunjing, 337n21
Tangqiao (Pudong), 174, 174n31, 176–77, 182
Tao Xisheng, 195–96, 218
taxation: of fish, 175; of goods from the interior, 27; by Great Way Government, 180–81; by Japanese army, 27n36; by Japanese or puppet government of goods brought into Shanghai, 30; of rice, 27n36; by self-government committees, 181–82; Shanghai Municipal Council and, 233
taxi dancers, 312, 319, 319n51
Tax Police (Shuijing) (Nationalist), 133, 133n86, 135, 137
tea, 129
telecommunications, 137
telephone, 118
Ten Thousand Years Bi-weekly (Wansui banyuekan), 332
terrorism, 4, 52, 98, 144n139, 234
textile industry: ban of exports, 36; economic recovery in, 30; enterprises of New Asia, 68; factories in operation in 1943 and 1944, 39; lack of electricity for, 123; markets of, 30n56; raw materials for, 130; textile mills, 49–54; war damage to, 21–24. See also cotton mills; Shenxin textile mills
textile workers, in film Liren xing, 347, 348–49, 350
Thailand, 120
theater, 346; production of Liren xing, 347
Thompson, Edward P., 226
Three Elders of Shanghai, 71
Three People’s Principles Youth Corps (Sanminzhuyi qingniantuan), 191, 207
Tian Han: May Fourth politics of, 355, 356–57; political sympathies of, 347; portrayal of men in Liren xing, 351, 353, 354–55, 356–57; in postrevolutionary society, 360, 360n14; screenplay for San ge modeng nüxing, 348; target of Cultural Revolution, 347, 350, 361; treatment of occupied Shanghai, 350; wrote play and screenplay for Liren xing, 347
Tian Ye, 347
Tiandi chubanshe (Heaven and Earth Publisher), 338
Tiandi yuekan (Heaven and earth monthly), 338
Tianjin: British concession, 229, 236, 251; French concession, 264; mentioned, 234; offices of New Asia Pharmaceutical Company, 70
Tiantang chun meng (Heavenly spring dream; Tang Xiaodan), 346
Tianyuan Industrial Company, 58–59
Tibet, 78
timber, 129
Tinkler, Richard Maurice, 216
tires, 140
tobacco industry, 22, 23, 37
tobacco workers, 210, 220, 220n26, 220n27
Tobacco Workers Union, 210
Tokumubu (Special Service Department, Japanese army), 159, 160, 182
Tong Luqing, 60, 63–64
Tong Xingbai, 180, 189
Tongji Company, 203–5, 203n55, 208
torture, 102, 353
town offices, 175, 175n35
Toyoda Textile Company, 50, 51, 62
trade, between free and occupied China, 47, 85, 121, 129, 201–2
training camps, 206
traitors (hanjian), 71, 116, 118n7, 221
tramways union. See CFTE
transportation: air, 137; under Dai Li, 133, 133n87, 137; and economic decline, 27, 36; goods, 132; permits for freight shipments, 118; between Shanghai and New Fourth Army base, 90–91, 101–2; of weapons, 137–38. See also CFTE
Transport Control Bureau (Yunshu tongzhi ju), 133, 134
travel restrictions, 119
treaty port system: abolition of, 251, 253, 258; dismantling of, 229; draft treaty, 240; and Shanghailander identity, 230
Tsuda, Admiral, 34n79
tungsten, 129
underground. See also Chinese Communist Party; Guomindang underground
unemployment, 58, 123
unions. See labor; Shanghai General Labor Union; West Shanghai General Labor Union
United Front, 95, 98n14, 212
United States: bombing of Japan, 118n7; froze commercial relations with Japan, 36, 42; imperialism of, 359; Japanese fear of confronting, 235; landings of, 188, 205, 206; military strategy of, and Chongqing, 207; and repatriation of French in Shanghai, 275
Urban Work Bureau (CCP), 92
U.S. Consulate business barometer, 26
“using war to nourish war” (yi zhan yang zhan), 116n2
Valentin, 266
vehicles, 22, 121
Vichy government: challenge to, by provisional government of the French Republic, 273; control of French Concession, 198; and Japanese access to the French Concession, 2–3; Japanese pressure on, 263; negotiation of return of Shanghai, 257–58; objectives of, 262, 264–65, 268; relations with Chongqing, 262, 267; relations with Wang Jingwei regime, 262–63, 267
Vietnam, 126
Vietnamese: community in the French Concession, 265; employees of French police, 259, 265
Violet monthly (Ziluolan), 332, 332n13
Vocational Circles National Salvation Association (Zhiye jiu jiuguo hui), 108
Vocational Women’s Club (Zhiye funü julebu), 99, 100
wages, and inflation, 122–23
Wakeman, Frederic, 41, 85, 288, 289
Wales, Nym, 321
Wan Molin, 193
Wang Benpu, 336n19
Wang Bo (Shen Ji), 336n19
Wang Cuixing, 224n35
Wang Fuzhou, 133n87
Wang Jingwei: convened “Sixth National Congress of the Guomindang,” 189; and crime in the International Settlement, 117; draft treaty with the Japanese, 195–96; and labor, 211, 219–20, 222, 224, 227, 228; peace movement of, 188, 206; protests by Shanghai industrialists to, 40n110; secret police of, 219n25, 223; special service organization of, 195
Wang Jingwei regime: assumed administrative control over International Settlement, 263; change in Japanese policy toward, 221n28; contested by Shanghai United Committee, 207; economic policies of, 6, 11, 37, 40, 40n110; establishment of, 218; grain control organs, 116n2; introduction of new currency by, 35n82, 36n87; Japanese efforts to strengthen, 60; and labor, 9, 220–21; order to restore prewar guilds and trade associations, 72n11; and palatability of collaboration, 10; after Pearl Harbor, 117; police of, 198; and policing of the extrasettlement roads, 198; proclamation on return of Chinese property, 61; recognized by Japan, 197; relations with Vichy regime, 262–63; and the return of confiscated factories, 32; and Sino-French relations, 262–63; sought defection of Yu Xiaqing, 196; threat to Guomindang, 188
Wang Jiyu, 305
Wang Kemin, 72
Wang Liling, 332, 342n30
Wang Manyun, 189, 190, 199, 204, 220
Wang Ming (Shen Shaoyu), 212
Wang Shaozhai, 193
Wang Tianmu, 211
Wang Tongzhao, 330
Wang Wei, 138
Wang Xiaolai, 193
Wang Xinheng, 195
Wang Yaokui, 204
Wang Yaoshan, 212
Wang Yuqing, 52, 56
Wang Zhenjiang, 175n37
Wang Zhenya, 175n37
Wang Zhongyuan (collaborator in Liren xing), 349, 353, 354, 355–56
Wannan Incident, 98, 98n14
Wansui banyuekan (Ten thousand years bi-weekly), 332
Wanxian, 131
Wanxiang yuekan (Phenomena monthly), 330–31, 332
war damages, 20–25, 20n7
warlordism, 165
Wartime Goods Transport Management Bureau (Zhanshi huoyun guanli ju), 133–34
wartime Shanghai, depicted in film, 346–47
Water and Land Communications Unified Inspectorate (Shuilu jiaotong tongyi jiancha chu), 137
Wavell, A. P., 252
weaving industry, 27, 28, 29n51
Weixin zhengfu. See Reformed Government
Wen Lanting, 60, 71, 77n25, 204
Wen Yin, 337n21
Wen Yutang, 108
Wenzhou, 132, 148n158
Western District (Huxi): bombing in, 50; crime in, 238; factories moved to, 32–34; grain sales in, 121n24; Great Way Government jurisdiction over, 170; Great Way police bureau in, 177–78; pacification team in, 160, 160n2, 160n4; peace maintenance committee in, 172; personnel lists for Great Way Government in, 185n66; self-government committee in, 175, 185n66; Society for the Economic Reconstruction of the Western District of Shanghai, 33. See also extrasettlement road area
West Shanghai General Labor Union, 218, 220, 221; and the Jessfield Park strike, 225, 226, 227; and the Labor Movement Steering Committee, 224
wheat, 59, 126
White Russians, 233, 249
women: in the communist underground, 349; educated, 312–13, 349, 352–53; life during wartime portrayed in Liren xing, 348–59; moral responsibility of, 321; new-style, 352; proletarian, 348; role of, in state and society, 308n14; sustaining ordinary lives during Japanese occupation, 302, 322–23; and wartime print culture, 12, 326–27, 328, 344; writers, 337–38, 340–42, 343–44. See also domesticity
Women’s Circle to Resist Japan and Save the Nation, 305n4
women’s collective, 358, 360
women’s magazines. See home journals; periodicals, women’s; Shanghai funü
women’s movement, 357
Women’s Voices Monthly (Nüsheng yuekan), 334–35, 334n15
Wong, Siu-lun, 48
wood industry, 22, 39
wool, 28, 121
workers: cost of living of, 40, 211–12; in industrial firms in 1943 and 1944, 39; from Jiangbei, 217, 223, 224, 225; lack of support for collaboration, 8; protests of 1940–1941, 8; and Shanghai politics, 227. See also labor
Workers’ League of the Chinese Republic (Zhonghua minguo gongren tongmenghui), 216
Workers Loyal and Patriotic National Salvation Army Training Squad, 206
working class, making of, 226
workplace ties, 108n35
workshops, 42
writers: Shanghai school, 329; women, 337–38, 340–42, 343–44. See also literature
Wu Chengzhi, 340n27
Wu Haohao, 337n21
Wu Jiangfeng, 340n27
Wu Jingguan, 197
Wu Kaixian: arrest of, 198–201; disciple of Du Yuesheng, 193; effort to get Yu Xiaqing to leave Shanghai, 196; intelligence work in Shanghai, 73; and labor control, 210; meetings with Zhou Fohai, 200; and the reconstruction of the Guomindang underground in Shanghai, 190–91; restored radio communications with Chongqing, 193; and the Shanghai United Committee, 191, 192, 194–95, 208; and Tong Xingbai, 189
Wu Kunsheng, 56
Wu Liguo, 76
Wu Mingyi, 101
Wu Qiding, 107
Wu Shaoshu, 73, 195n25, 201
Wu Tiecheng, 196, 219
Wu Yiqing, 144
Wu Yunqing, 144
Wuhan, 51, 69
Wujin (Jiangsu), 124
Wusong: businessmen in, 46; and Great Way Government jurisdiction, 170; refugees from, 52; self-government committee of, 180
Wusong River, 180
Wuxi, 49, 102, 141, 347
Xian, 70
Xiandai (Les contemporains), 329
Xiaoshuo yuebao (Fiction monthly), 332
Xiaowan, 180
Xie Baosheng, 190
Xin jiating (New home), 334
Xin nüxing (New women), 348
Xin Zhongguo baoshe, 340n27
Xingfu (Domestic bliss), 336
Xinhua, 175
Xinjiang, 78
Xinqun (underground activist in Liren xing), 349, 353, 356, 358, 360
Xinwen bao, 194
Xinya da jiudian, 124
Xinya jianye gongsi (New Asia Reconstruction Company), 74
Xinyaoye zhiyaoye lianhehui (Alliance of the New Medicine Trade and the Pharmaceutical Industry), 72n11
Xinya qiye jituan (New Asia Enterprise Group), 68
Xinya zhiyao chang. See New Asia Pharmaceutical Company
Xinyi chuxinhui, 225n41
Xu Amei: association with Communist Party, 219n25; collaboration with Zhang Kechang, 219, 219n25; and federation of communication and utility company employees, 219; leader of CFTE union, 222–23; mentioned, 223n34, 225, 225n39, 225n41; murder of, 223; wrote chapter on CFTE strikes, 215n14
Xu Baiyi, 334, 334n14, 334n15, 335
Xu Caicheng, 193, 196, 199; and cross-zone trade, 202; and the Tongji Company, 203–4, 205
Xu Guangcheng, 77
Xu Guangping, 305, 305n4
Xu Guanqun: campaign for healthy home, 81–83; as citizen of People’s Republic of China, 68n4; commercial empire of, 78; connections with Nationalists, 73; established branch in Chongqing, 70; financial institutions of, 74; financial transactions of 74–75; flight to Hong Kong, 71, 84–85; marketing network of, 69; memoir of, 68, 68n4; moved equipment inland while maintaining Shanghai business, 69–70; opened Guangcheng pharmacy school, 77–78; political alliances of, 71–73; and popularization of science, 82; positions in International Settlement, 71; relations with Japanese-sponsored Chinese officials, 72; relationships with Communists, 73; return to Shanghai, 85; as self-identified fixer, 9, 66, 68, 85, 86–87; sold medical products to the Japanese, 72. See also New Asia Pharmaceutical Company
Xu Jinxian, 287n34
Xu Sheng, 215n13
Xu Shiying, 193
Xu Zhuodai, 83n42
Xu Ziwei, 205
Xuan Tiewu, 136
Yan Duhe, 285
Yan Xueting, 279, 287–88
Yang Hu, 193
Yang, Mayfair, 108n35
Yang Wei, 193
Yang Xiuzhen, 332
Yang Naiwu (storytelling script), 280n2
Yangshupu: cotton industry in, 22n20, 51; factories in, 21; Japanese closure of, 234; labor in, 210, 215; unions in, 218, 220; war in, 20, 21
Yangzi River, 34n78, 46, 92
Yangzi steam cabin boys’ union, 210
Yan ju jiu dui (Ninth Brigade Theater Troupe), 347
Yao, Chief Deputy Commissioner of Police, 250
Yao Huiquan, 194
Yaoyuan de ai (Faraway love; Chen Liting), 346
Yen bloc, 30
Yexie Town, 182
Yichang, 131
Yi jiang chun shui xiang dong liu (A spring river flows east; Cai Chusheng; Zheng Junli), 346, 348
Yinhang xuehui (Banking Study Society), 40n111
Yiqianjie (The World of Banking), 24
yisen yosen (using war to nourish war), 116n2
Yiyoushe (Helpful Friend Society), 91, 91n4, 93, 103
yi zhan yang zhan (using war to nourish war), 116n2
Yongda Transport Company, 91, 93
Yorke, Reginald, 244
Youhang jiancha chu (Postal and Aviation Inspection Office), 137
youji dui (roving strike forces), 138n110
Yousheng (factory worker in Liren xing), 351, 352, 355
Youth Corps, 178
Yu Fengjian, 197
Yu Guixiang, 223n34
Yu He, 76
Yu Hongjun, 191n12
Yu Qie, 330
Yu Shaoming, 332
Yu Xiaqing, 126n49, 196
Yu Yaoqiu, 220, 222
Yuan Lideng, 204
Yuan Ludeng, 71, 77n25
Yuetangji, 94
Yūhō Textile Company, 51, 61
Yuhuatai (Jade Flower Terrace) execution ground, 146
Yuliang (husband in Liren xing), 352–55, 356
Yunshu tongzhi ju (Transport Control Bureau), 133, 134
Yuyao, 140
Yuyuan Road Conference (1939), 218
Zaojin, 175
Zazhi yuekan. See Miscellany Monthly
Zeng Guangfang, 76, 82
Zeng Guofan, 141
Zeng Wenqiang, 332
Zeng Xigui, 133n86
Zhabei: businessmen in, 46; Great Way Government jurisdiction over, 170; industry in, 21, 23; refugees from, 52; war in, 20, 21
Zhang Ailing. See Chang, Eileen
Zhang Aliu, 109
Zhang Desheng, 217
Zhang Fubao, 223n34, 225
Zhang Genfu, 93–94
Zhang Henshui, 83n42
Zhang Jia’ao, 74
Zhang Jin’gen, 102
Zhang Jixian, 193
Zhang Junliang, 139–40, 140n117
Zhang Kechang, 189, 190, 219, 220, 221
Zhang Qi, 215n13, 215n14, 219n25
Zhang Qun, 191
Zhang Xiaolin, 197
Zhang Yingzeng, 189
Zhang Yongkang, 225n42
Zhang Yongzong, 215n13
Zhangjiabang, 182
Zhanshi huoyun guanli ju (Wartime Goods Transport Management Bureau), 133, 134
Zhanshi lianhe xunkan (Wartime united triweekly), 309n16
Zhao Dan, 347, 352
Zhao Rudiao, 71, 76, 77
Zhao Yuan, 347
Zhaofeng gongyuan da bagong (Jessfield Park Strike), 222–25
Zhejiang: blockade of, 35; food supplies in, 147; refugees from, 29
Zhen Junli, 346
Zheng Dingwen, 330
Zheng Jiemin, 205
Zheng Yitong, 189
Zheng Yuzhi, 106
Zhengxue xi (Political Study Clique), 73–75
Zhenjiang (Jiangsu): flour mills in, 124; smuggling of goods to Communist bases through, 92, 93, 94
Zhenli (Truth), 215
Zhenru, 159n2, 170
Zhiye funü julebu (Vocational Women’s Club), 99, 100
Zhiye jiu jiuguo hui (Vocational Circles National Salvation Association), 108
Zhong Biao, 124
Zhongguo gongren yundong xiehui (Association for the Chinese Labor Movement), 219
Zhongguo gongye yinhang (China Industrial Bank), 74
Zhongguo gongye yuebao, 34n80
Zhongguo gongye yuekan, 38
Zhongguo Guomindang zhongyang weiyuanhui diaocha ju (Zhongtong), 100, 194
Zhongguo nübao (Chinese women’s newspaper), 333
Zhongguo wuxiandian, 286n30
Zhongguo xin nüjie zazhi (Journal of a new Chinese women’s world), 333
Zhonghua minguo gongren tongmenghui (Workers’ League of the Chinese Republic), 216
Zhonghua shiye xintuo gongsi (China Industry and Commerce Trust Company), 202–3
Zhonghua zhiye jiaoyu she (China Vocational Education Society), 194
Zhongtong, 100, 194
Zhongyang yanjiu yuan (Academia Sinica), 76–77
Zhou Bangjun, 284, 294
Zhou Fohai: established Committee for Popular Movements, 221–22; meeting with Wu Kaixian after his arrest, 199; mentioned, 194; and the Minhua Company, 204; and puppet currency, 124; pursued contacts between Wang Jingwei and Chongqing regimes, 200; and Wang Jingwei, 188
Zhou Guoqiang, 225, 225n41, 226
Zhou Lianxia, 332
Zhou Ling, 332
Zhou Naiwen, 144
Zhou Shoujuan, 83n42, 329, 332, 332n13
Zhou Weilong, 193
Zhou Xuexiang, 210
Zhu Bangxing, 215n13
Zhu Boquan, 74
Zhu Huiqing, 203
Zhu Lin, 347
Zhu Shengyuan, 197
Zhu Wenju, 287n34
Zhu Wenying, 305
Zhu Xuefan: and Green Gang organization in French concession, 179; and the Post Office Employees’ Union, 219; and the Shanghai General Labor Union, 210, 220; and the Shanghai United Committee, 193
Zhu Yuzhen: difficulty controlling self-government committees, 174; established workers’ league, 216; and Great Way Government police force, 161, 179; and taxation, 180
Zhujiajiao, 279
Zilan huapian (Violet petals), 334
Ziluolan (Violet monthly), 332
Zou Taofen, 320n53
Zuo Junzhi (Tamura Toshiko), 334n15