INFECTIOUS DISEASE AND HOST–PATHOGEN EVOLUTION

It has long been recognized that an important factor in human evolution is the struggle against infectious disease, and more recently, it has been revealed that complex genetic polymorphisms are the direct result of that struggle. As molecular biological techniques become more sophisticated, a number of breakthroughs in the area of host–pathogen evolution have led to an increased interest in this field.

   From the historical beginnings of J. B. S. Haldane’s original hypothesis to current research, this book strives to evaluate infectious diseases from an evolutionary perspective. It provides a survey of the latest information regarding host–pathogen evolution related to major infectious diseases and parasitic infections, including malaria, influenza, and leishmaniasis.

   Written by leading authorities in the field, and edited by a former pupil of Haldane, Infectious Disease and Host–Pathogen Evolution will be a valuable reference for those working in related areas of microbiology, parasitology, immunology, and infectious disease medicine, as well as genetics, evolutionary biology, and epidemiology.

Krishna R. Dronamraju is currently the President of the Foundation for Genetic Research in Houston, Texas. He has authored or edited 13 books and has authored over 200 research papers in the field of genetics. A former student of J. B. S. Haldane, whose pioneering work in epidemiologic research he cites as the basis for this book, Dronamraju holds several distinguished honorary positions in both the United States and Europe.

Krishna R. Dronamraju at the U.K. Genome Center (courtesy of Michele Wambaugh).

OTHER BOOKS BY KRISHNA R. DRONAMRAJU

Biological Wealth and Other Essays (World Scientific, 2002)
Biological and Social Issues in Biotechnology Sharing (Ashgate Publishing, 1998)
Science and Society (University Press of America, 1998)
Haldane’s Daedalus Revisited (Oxford University Press, 1995)
If I Am Remembered: The Life and Work of Julian Huxley (World Scientific, 1993)
The History and Development of Human Genetics: Progress in Different Countries (World Scientific, 1992)
Selected Genetic Papers of JBS Haldane (Garland Publishing Company, 1990)
The Foundations of Human Genetics (C. C. Thomas, 1989)
Cleft Lip and Palate: Aspects of Reproductive Biology (C. C. Thomas, 1986)
Haldane: The Life and Work of JBS Haldane with Special Reference to India (Aberdeen University Press, 1985)
Haldane and Modern Biology (The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1968)

Infectious Disease and
Host–Pathogen Evolution

Edited by
Krishna R. Dronamraju
Foundation for Genetic Research, Houston, TX

PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK
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477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia
Ruiz de Alarcón 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain
Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa

http://www.cambridge.org

© Cambridge University Press 2004

Chapter 8 is a work of the United States Government and is not protected
by Copyright in the United States

Quote from Before Eden used with kind permission of Arthur C. Clarke

This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2004

Printed in the United States of America

Typefaces ITC Stone Serif 9/12.5 pt. and ITC Symbol      System LATEX 2_e   [TB]

A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Infectious diseases and host–pathogen evolution / edited by Krishna R. Dronamraju.
          p.   cm.
       Includes bibliographical references and index.
       ISBN 0-521-82066-9
       1. Microorganisms – Evolution. 2. Host–parasite relationship. 3. Evolutionary genetics.
   4. Human evolution. I. Dronamraju, Krishna R.
   QR13.I546 2004
   616.9′041 – dc21                                                                                      2003055194

ISBN 0 521 82066 9 hardback

To my friend Sir Arthur C. Clarke

“Likewise it absorbed a whole microcosmos of living creatures – the bacteria and viruses which, upon an older planet, had evolved into a thousand deadly strains.

   “Even as the Morning Star set course for her distant home, Venus was dying. The films and photographs and specimens that Hutchins was carrying in triumph were more precious even than he knew. They were the only record that would ever exist of life's third attempt to gain a foothold in the solar system. Beneath the clouds of Venus, the story of Creation was ended.”

From Before Eden, by Arthur C. Clarke (1961)

Contents

Contributors

L. Abel
Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases
INSERM, U. 550
Paris
France

L. Argiro
Immunology and Genetics of Parasitic Diseases
INSERM, U. 399
Marseille
France

Francisco J. Ayala
University of California, Irvine
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
321 Steinhaus Hall
Irvine, CA 92697-2525

B. Bucheton
Immunology and Genetics of Parasitic Diseases
INSERM, U. 399
Marseille
France

Robin M. Bush
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
University of California, Irvine
Irvine, CA 92697

Luca Cavalli-Sforza
Genetics Department, M346
Stanford University Medical School
Stanford, CA 94305-5120

C. Chevillard
Immunology and Genetics of Parasitic Diseases
INSERM, U. 399
Marseille
France

Kyle D. Cochran
57 Robbs Hill Road
Lunenberg, MA 01462

Gregory M. Cochran
6708 Loftus Street, N.E.
Albuquerque, NM 87109

Rita R. Colwell
Center of Marine Biotechnology
University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute
701 East Pratt Street
Baltimore, MD 21202

Lindsay G. Cowell
Department of Immunology
Campus Box 3010
Duke University Medical Center
Durham, NC 27701

Nancy J. Cox
Influenza Branch
Centers for Disease Control & Prevention
Atlanta, GA 30333

James F. Crow
Genetics Department
University of Wisconsin
Madison, WI 53706

A. Dessein
Immunology and Genetics of Parasitic Diseases
INSERM, U. 399
Marseille
France

Helia Dessein
Immunology and Genetics of Parasitic Diseases
INSERM, U. 399
Marseille
France

Krishna R. Dronamraju
Foundation for Genetic Research
PO Box 27701-0
Houston, TX 77227

Dieter Ebert
Université de Fribourg
Departement de Biologie
Ecologie et Evolution, Chemin du Musée 10
1700 Fribourg
Switzerland

S.H. El-Safi
Institute for Tropical Medicine
PO Box 1304
Khartoum
Sudan

N.M.A. Elwali
Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Biology
University of Gezira
Wad Medani
Sudan

Ananias A. Escalante
Division of Parasitic Diseases
National Center for Infectious Diseases
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Public Health Service
US Department of Health and Human Services
Atlanta, Georgia 30333

Shah M. Faruque
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease, Bangladesh
Dhaka
Bangladesh

Sylvain Gandon
School of Biological Sciences
University of Edinburgh
Edinburgh EH9 3JT
UK

Altaf A. Lal
U.S. Embassy
New Delhi, 110021
India

Tom Little
Institute for Cell, Animal and Population Biology
University of Edinburgh, Kings Buildings
West Mains Road
Edinburgh EH9 3JT
UK

Margaret J. Mackinnon
School of Biological Sciences
University of Edinburgh
Edinburgh EH9 3JT
UK

S. Marquet
Immunology and Genetics of Parasitic Diseases
INSERM, U. 399
Marseille
France

N. Avrion Mitchison
Department of Immunology
Windeyer Institute of Medical Science
46 Cleveland Street
London W1T 4JF
UK

Newton E. Morton
Human Genetics Division
University of Southampton
Duthie Building (MP 808)
Southampton General Hospital
Tremona Road
Southampton SO16 6YD
UK

Brigitte Muller
Deutsches Rheuma Zentrum Berlin
Shumannstrasse 21/22
10117 Berlin-Mitte
Germany

G. Balakrish Nair
International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease, Bangladesh
Dhaka
Bangladesh

Sean Nee
School of Biological Sciences
University of Edinburgh
Edinburgh EH9 3JT
UK

Andrew F. Read
School of Biological Sciences
University of Edinburgh
Edinburgh EH9 3JT
UK

Stephen M. Rich
Division of Infectious Disease
Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine
200 Westboro Road
North Grafton, MA 01536

V. Rodrigues
Laboratory of Immunology
University of Medicine
Triangulo Miniero
Uberaba
Brazil

Michel Tibayrenc
Unité de Recherche “génétique des maladies infectieuses”
Unité Mixte de Recherche no. 9926 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/ Institut de Recherche pour le Développement
911 avenue Agropolis, BP 64501
34394 Montpellier Cedex 5
France

Sarah A. Tishkoff
Department of Biology
Biology/Psychology Building
University of Maryland
College Park, MD 20742

Brian C. Verrelli
Department of Biology
Biology/Psychology Building
University of Maryland
College Park, MD 20742

D.J. Weatherall
Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine
University of Oxford, UK

Peter A. Zimmerman
The Center for Global Health and Diseases
Case Western Reserve University
School of Medicine, W147D
2109 Adelbert Road
Cleveland, OH