Cambridge University Press
0521820405 - The Acropolis in the Age of Periclesm - by Jeffrey M. Hurwit
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THE ACROPOLIS IN THE AGE OF PERICLES

This book is an abridged and revised edition of the author’s monumental The Athenian Acropolis: History, Mythology, and Archaeology from the Neolithic Era to the Present. It focuses specifically on the development of the Acropolis in the fifth century BC and the building program initiated by Pericles. Placing the century-long development within its historical and cultural contexts, Jeffrey M. Hurwit explores the physical nature of the Acropolis itself, the character of the goddess Athena, and how the building program exploits and reveals the Acropolis’s own venerable history. He also offers an interpretation of the thematic unity that links the many structures of the Periclean Acropolis. Incorporating the latest discoveries and research on individual monuments of the Acropolis, this edition is illustrated with 144 halftones as well as a CD-ROM including 180 color images of the monuments of the Acropolis.

Jeffrey M. Hurwit is one of the leading scholars of ancient Greek art in the United States. A professor of art history and classics at the University of Oregon, he is the author of numerous articles on Greek art and archaeology, and is the author of The Art and Culture of Early Greece (1985). A Guggenheim fellow (1987–88), he was appointed in 2000 to the prestigious Martha S. Joukowsky Lectureship for the Archaeological Institute of America.









THE ACROPOLIS IN THE
AGE OF PERICLESM




JEFFREY M. HURWIT
University of Oregon





PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK
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Ruiz de Alarcón 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain
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http://www.cambridge.org

© Jeffrey M. Hurwit 2004

This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2004

Printed in the United States of America

Typeface ITC New Legacy Book 10.5/15 pt.      System LATEX 2e   [TB]

A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Hurwit, Jeffrey M., 1949–
      The Acropolis in the age of Pericles / Jeffrey M. Hurwit.
         p.   cm.
      Includes bibliographical references and index.
      ISBN 0-521-82040-5 – ISBN 0-521-52740-6 (pb.)
      1. Acropolis (Athens, Greece)   2. Athens (Greece) – Antiquities.   I. Title.
   DF287.A2H86   2004
   938′.5 – dc22                                                                        2003065452

ISBN 0 521 82040 5 hardback
ISBN 0 521 52740 6 paperback





For my family





CONTENTS




List of Illustrations page ix
“Views of the Acropolis” CD-ROM Images xv
Preface xxiii
Abbreviations xxv
1   The Rock and the Goddess 1
2   Landscape of Memory: The Past on the Classical Acropolis 49
3   Pericles, Athens, and the Building Program 87
4   The Parthenon 106
5   The Propylaia 155
6   The Erechtheion: The Classical Temple of Athena Polias 164
7   The Sanctuary of Athena Nike 181
8   The Rest of the Program 192
9   Conclusion: The Periclean Acropolis as a Whole 224
Appendix: Chronology 252
Glossary 257
Notes 261
Works Cited 285
Index 297




ILLUSTRATIONS




    1.   View of Acropolis from southwest page 2
    2.   Plan of Acropolis 3
    3.   a. Section through the hills of Athens b. Section through Acropolis 4
    4.   Foundations of Periclean Parthenon 5
    5.   View of Acropolis from west 6
    6.   Map of Athens 6
    7.   View of Acropolis limestone, south slope 7
    8.   Northwest slope of Acropolis 8
    9.   Grotto on east slope (Cave of Aglauros) 8
  10.   Monument of Thrasyllos (320/19), above Theater of Dionysos 9
  11.   View of peripatos (north slope) 10
  12.   View of Asklepieion from east 11
  13.   Plan of the Asklepieion 12
  14.   Map of Attika 13
  15.   a. Shield Goddess on painted tablet from Cult Center, Mycenae b. Helmeted Goddess holding griffin. Drawing of fresco from Cult Center, Mycenae 15
  16.   View of Erechtheion from southwest 18
  17.   View of Erechtheion from southeast 18
  18.   Terracotta seated figurine of Athena, possibly as Polias 19
  19.   Parthenon, south metopes 20
  20.   The central scene of the east frieze of Parthenon 21
  21.   Athena Parthenos, reconstruction by Alan LeQuire in Nashville, Tennessee (1990) 22
  22.   Bronze Palladion (figure of Pallas Athena) from Acropolis 23
  23.   Shrine of Athena Hygieia 24
  24.   Pre-Periclean naiskos (“little temple”) preserved in north colonnade of Parthenon 25
  25.   Drawings by Jacques Carrey of Parthenon west pediment 27
  26.   Torso of Poseidon, from Parthenon west pediment 28
  27.   Drawings by Jacques Carrey of Parthenon east pediment 28
  28.   Parthenon, west pediment and frieze 29
  29.   The Parthenon, from the west 29
  30.   Parthenon, south metope 27 30
  31.   Horsemen, north frieze 30
  32.   East frieze, detail 31
  33.   Relief, Athena receives offering from craftsman 32
  34.   Red-figure cup by Euergides Painter 32
  35.   Parthenon, north metopes 33
  36.   Athena fashioning horse, Berlin F 2415 34
  37.   Terracotta plaque (Athena Ergane or her devotee) 35
  38.   Parthenon, east pediment and frieze 39
  39.   Reconstructions of portion of Gigantomachy on fragmentary black-figure dinos by Lydos 40
  40.   Athena and Giant, from west pediment of Archaios Neos 41
  41.   Restoration of Gigantomachy Pediment 41
  42.   Parthenon, east metopes 43
  43.   Inventory of the treasures of Athena and the Other Gods for 398/7 45
  44.   Moschophoros (“Calf-Bearer,” Acropolis 624) 50
  45.   Acropolis kore 685 51
  46.   The Kritios Boy (Acropolis 698) 54
  47.   The Blond Boy (Acropolis 689) 55
  48.   Angelitos’s Athena (Acropolis 140), made by Euenor 56
  49.   The “Mourning Athena” relief (Acropolis 695) 57
  50.   Plan of Northwest Building 58
  51.   Tentative sketch plan (not to scale) of Erechtheion area in the Early Classical period, c. 460 (the “Pre-Erechtheion”) 58
  52.   Portrait of Pericles, Roman copy after full-length original by Kresilas (?) 59
  53.   Reconstruction of the Athenian Acropolis 60
  54.   Stretch of Cyclopean fortification wall adjacent to Classical Propylaia, late thirteenth century 61
  55.   Plan of the Propylaia of Mnesikles, 437–432 62
  56.   Reconstruction of the Bronze Athena (Promakhos) by Pheidias, c. 460 63
  57.   West elevation of Mycenaean remains within later Nike Temple bastion 64
  58.   Nike Temple bastion 65
  59.   Sculptures from the pediments of the Hekatompedon or
          Bluebeard temple. a. Lioness savaging bull b. Herakles and
          sea god (left) and Bluebeard (right)		 66
  60.   a. Reconstruction of mid-sixth-century Acropolis, with the
          Bluebeard temple on north site and a precinct with smaller
          structures (oikemata) on the south. b. Reconstruction of mid-sixth-century Acropolis, with “Bluebeard temple” on south (Parthenon) site		 67
  61.   Foundations of the Temple of Athena Polias, or Archaios Neos (late sixth century) 68
  62.   Plan, Older Parthenon, 489–480 69
  63.   The state of the Older Parthenon in 480, just before Persian sack 70
  64.   View of north Acropolis wall, 470s 71
  65.   View of Erechtheion, from east 72
  66.   Plan of Erechtheion 73
  67.   Erechtheion, south porch 74
  68.   Plan of Periclean Parthenon 75
  69.   Parthenon, north metope 25 77
  70.   Seated Athena (Acropolis 625), c. 525, possibly by Endoios 79
  71.   Area of bronze-casting installation, south slope 81
  72.   Athena Promakhos, dedicated by Meleso 82
  73.   Fragments from base of Bronze Athena (from a Roman repair) 83
  74.   South frieze (detail), Temple of Athena Nike 85
  75.   South frieze (detail), Temple of Athena Nike 85
  76.   Temple of Athena Nike, from east (before restoration) 89
  77.   Nike Temple parapet: Athena (seated) and a Nike 98
  78.   Nike Temple parapet: Nike unbinding her sandal 99
  79.   Nike Temple parapet: Nikai restraining sacrificial bull 100
  80.   Plan of the Chalkotheke 101
  81.   Reconstruction of Attalid Victory Monument, northeast corner of Parthenon 102
  82.   Temple of Roma and Augustus, inscribed architrave 103
  83.   Inventory of the Treasury of Athena for the years 430–426 (IG I3 296–299) 108
  84.   Reconstruction of west room of the Parthenon 109
  85.   Plan of Parthenon frieze 111
  86.   Detail of columns of Parthenon proneos, with cuttings from iron grills 114
  87.   Reconstruction of proneos of Parthenon 115
  88.   Exaggerated rendering of upward curvature and inclination of columns of Parthenon 119
  89.   Parthenon, east façade (in the foreground are the remains of the later Temple of Roma and Augustus) 121
  90.   Reconstruction of northeast corner of Parthenon roof 123
  91.   Reconstruction of the Amazonomachy on the exterior of the Shield of Athena Parthenos 125
  92.   Marble fragments of olive tree encoiled by snake (Acropolis 6510) 131
  93.   Reconstruction of center of east pediment 133
  94.   Reconstruction of west peristyle 135
  95.   Reconstruction of center of east frieze seen through peristyle 136
  96.   Family sacrifice relief (Acropolis 581) 137
  97.   Youths leading sacrificial cattle, south frieze 138
  98.   East frieze (drawing) 138
  99.   East frieze, detail 139
100.   The south side of east frieze 140
101.   Horse-taming scene, center of west frieze 141
102.   Elders, north frieze 142
103.   Youths carrying hydriai, north frieze 143
104.   Apobatai, south frieze 144
105.   Maidens and marshals, east frieze (Louvre MA 738) 144
106.   Male figures (Eponymous Heroes?), east frieze 145
107.   East frieze, detail 147
108.   Varvakeion Athena (NM 129) 149
109.   Lenormant Athena (NM 128) 150
110.   Lenormant Athena (Athens NM 128), detail of shield 151
111.   Peiraieus relief (Roman in date) 152
112.   Detail of base of Hellenistic version of Athena Parthenos from Pergamon (cast) 153
113.   The Propylaia of Mnesikles, 437–432, from the east 156
114.   The northwest wing of the Propylaia (the Pinakotheke) 157
115.   Propylaia from southeast, over the precinct of Artemis Brauronia 160
116.   Plan, Nike Temple bastion 161
117.   Erechtheion from the west 169
118.   Erechtheion, north porch 171
119.   The Prokne and Itys of Alkamenes 176
120.   Erechtheion frieze (Acropolis Museum) 177
121.   Sculptural Program of Temple of Athena Nike 184
122.   Temple of Athena Nike, from north 185
123.   North frieze (detail), Temple of Athena Nike 185
124.   East frieze (detail), Temple of Athena Nike 187
125.   Parthenon south frieze, detail 189
126.   Plan of the Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia 194
127.   View, Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia, rock-cut north precinct wall 195
128.   Head of a colossal statue, probably Artemis Brauronia, by Praxiteles 197
129.   Cuttings in Acropolis bedrock for placement of stelai 198
130.   Great flight of steps west of Parthenon 199
131.   Defeated Gaul (Roman copy) from Attalid Group 203
132.   Plan of Buildings IV and V, southeast angle of Acropolis 205
133.   Area of Sanctuary of Zeus Polieus 208
134.   Plan of Sanctuary of Zeus Polieus 209
135.   Sanctuary of Aphrodite and Eros, north slope 215
136.   View, area of Odeion of Pericles 215
137.   View of Theater of Dionysos, south slope 217
138.   Plans of early Theaters of Dionysos 219
139.   The boundary of the spring (horos krenes), south slope 220
140.   Votive relief from Asklepieion: Asklepios and Hygieia bless a worshipper 221
141.   Votive relief from Asklepieion: Epione, Asklepios, and daughter receive worshippers 221
142.   Kallias base 241
143.   Portrait of Alexander the Great 246
144.   East architrave of Parthenon 247




“VIEWS OF THE ACROPOLIS”
CD-ROM IMAGES




I. The Acropolis: General Views

001   Acropolis, general view from the southwest
002   Acropolis, from the southwest
003   Acropolis, from the west
004   Acropolis, from the northwest
005   Acropolis, north slope
006   Acropolis, north wall
007   Acropolis, north slope (detail of Older Parthenon column drums built into north wall)
008   Acropolis, from east
009   Acropolis, east slope, Cave of Aglauros
010   Acropolis, south slope
011   Acropolis limestone “cap” above layer of schist, sandstone, and marl (south slope)
012   “Acropolis limestone” outcropping on summit, east of Parthenon
013   Acropolis limestone, detail with vein of red calcite
014   The Areopagos (Hill of Ares), west of Acropolis

II. The Pre-Periclean Acropolis

015   Stretch of fortification wall of Cyclopean masonry adjoining southwest wing of Classical Propylaia
016   Cyclopean masonry at southeast angle of Acropolis summit
017   Limestone column base probably from Mycenaean palace
018   Remains of terrace wall of Mycenaean palace
019   Column-drums and capitals from Bluebeard Temple
020   Lioness savaging bull from pediment of Bluebeard Temple, Acropolis Museum 4
021   Lions savaging bull from pediment of Bluebeard Temple, Acropolis Museum 3
022   Herakles and sea god from angle of pediment of Bluebeard Temple, Acropolis Museum 36
023   Bluebeard from angle of pediment of Bluebeard Temple, Acropolis Museum 35
024   Foundations of Archaios Neos at northwest corner
025   Foundations of Archaios Neos, general view
026   Column capitals from Archaios Neos
027   Sculptures from west pediment of Archaios Neos (battle of gods and giants), Acropolis Museum
028   Athena from west (gigantomachy) pediment, Acropolis Museum 631
029   Relief of Charioteer, possibly from continuous Ionic frieze of Archaios Neos, Acropolis Museum 1342
030   Foundations of Older Parthenon, below and east of Periclean Parthenon
031   Unfinished column–drum from Older Parthenon
032   Unfinished column capital from Older Parthenon
033   Retaining wall for Archaic ramp (c. 550) leading up to Older Propylon (490–480)
034   Remains of Older Propylon forecourt south of southwest wing of Periclean Propylaia
035   Remains of Older Propylon forecourt east of southwest wing of Periclean Propylaia

III. The Periclean Age

The Parthenon

036   View of Parthenon from Propylaia
037   General view of Parthenon from northwest
038   West façade of Parthenon
039   East façade of Parthenon
040   Interior of Parthenon from east (prior to restoration)
041   Cutting in floor for support of statue of Athena Parthenos (prior to restoration)
042   Foundations of Parthenon, west side
043   View of curvature in steps of Parthenon (north side)
044   Marble roof tiles of Parthenon
045   West Pediment Figure A (River God?), British Museum
046   West Pediment Figure H (Hermes), British Museum
047   West Pediment, horsehead (Roman imitation?), Vatican 1016
048   West Pediment Figure L (torso of Athena), British Museum
049   West Pediment, fragments of olive tree and sacred snake (Roman restorations?), Acropolis Museum
050   West Pediment Figure M (torso of Poseidon), British Museum
051   West Pediment Figure N (Iris), British Museum
052   West Pediment Figures V and W (local hero and deity), Acropolis Museum
053   East Pediment Figures A–G, British Museum
054   East Pediment Figure D (probably Dionysos), British Museum
055   East Pediment Figures E and F (Demeter and Kore?), British Museum
056   East Pediment Figure G (Artemis?), British Museum
057   East Pediment Figures K, L, and M (Hestia, Dione?, and Aphrodite), British Museum
058   East Pediment Figures L and M, detail, British Museum
059   East Pediment Figure O (horse of Selene), British Museum
060   West Metopes 12–14 (Greeks versus Amazons)
061   North Metopes 24–32 (Episodes from Trojan War)
062   East Metopes 1–6 (Gods versus giants)
063   East Metopes 8–14 (Gods versus giants)
064   South 2 (Lapith versus Centaur), British Museum
065   South 4 (Lapith versus Centaur), British Museum
066   South 27 (Lapith versus Centaur), British Museum
067   South 28 (Lapith versus Centaur), British Museum
068   South 29 (Centaur carrying off Lapith woman), British Museum
069   South 30 (Lapith versus Centaur), British Museum
070   South 32 (Lapith versus Centaur), British Museum
071   West frieze, in position before removal
072   West frieze, horsemen, British Museum
073   North frieze, general view, British Museum
074   North frieze, horsemen preparing, British Museum
075   North frieze, horsemen, British Museum
076   North frieze, horsemen, British Museum
077   North frieze, apobates, British Museum
078   North frieze, elders, Acropolis Museum
079   North frieze, musicians (kithara-players), Acropolis Museum
080   North frieze, water-jar bearers (hydriaphoroi), Acropolis Museum
081   North frieze, men with sacrificial sheep, Acropolis Museum
082   North frieze, men with sacrificial cattle, Acropolis Museum
083   South frieze, horsemen, British Museum
084   South frieze, apobates, British Museum
085   South frieze, detail of horses, British Museum
086   South frieze, men with sacrificial cattle, British Museum
087   East frieze (south end), women and heroes (?), British Museum
088   East frieze (south end), detail of maidens, British Museum
089   East frieze (south end), Eponymous Heroes (?), British Museum
090   East frieze, divinities (Hermes, Dionysos, Demeter, Ares, Hebe?, Hera, and Zeus), British Museum
091   East frieze, Hebe?, Hera, and Zeus, British Museum
092   East frieze, center: peplos scene, British Museum
093   East frieze, center: child holding peplos, British Museum
094   East frieze, Athena and Hephaistos, British Museum
095   East frieze, Poseidon, Apollo, Artemis, Aphrodite, and Eros, Acropolis Museum
096   East frieze, north end: Eponymous Heroes (?), British Museum
097   East frieze, north end: Marshals and maidens, Louvre
098   East frieze, north end: maidens, British Museum
099   Varvakeion Athena (NM 129)
100   Varvakeion Athena (NM 129)
101   Strangford shield (BM 302)
102   Lenormant Athena (NM 128)
103   Lenormant Athena, detail of base (NM 128)

The Propylaia

104   Propylaia, from below (before restoration)
105   Propylaia, west façade and northwest wing (Pinakotheke), view from Nike Temple bastion
106   Propylaia, southwest wing
107   Propylaia, detail of wall with Eleusinian limestone orthostates
108   Propylaia, from southeast
109   Propylaia, from east
110   Propylaia, ashlar masonry with lifting bosses still present

Shrine of Athena Hygieia

111   Shrine of Athena Hygieia, general view from east
112   Shrine of Athena Hygieia, statue base signed by Pyrrhos

Great Rock-Cut Steps West of Parthenon

113   Great steps, general view from northwest
114   Great steps, general view from north

Sanctuary of Zeus Polieus

115   Sanctuary of Zeus Polieus, from east
116   Sanctuary of Zeus Polieus, from south

Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia

117   Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia, general view from east
118   Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia, entrance, rock-cut steps

Odeion of Pericles

119   General view of area of Odeion, from south

Erechtheion (Classical Temple of Athena Polias)

120   Erechtheion, general view from southwest
121   Erechtheion, from south
122   Erechtheion, Karyatid (south) Porch
123   Erechtheion, from southeast
124   Erechtheion, east façade
125   Erechtheion, interior from east
126   Erechtheion, from northeast
127   Erechtheion, north porch, from east
128   Erechtheion, north porch, doorway and cutting in roof
129   Erechtheion, west façade
130   Erechtheion, entablature, detail
131   Erechtheion frieze (old reconstruction in Acropolis Museum)
132   Erechtheion frieze, detail of female figure with child in her lap, Acropolis Museum 1075

The Nike Temple

133   Nike Temple bastion
134   Nike Temple bastion, niches in west façade
135   Nike Temple bastion, polygonal window in north face (revealing Cyclopean masonry within)
136   Nike Temple bastion, stairway from ramp to summit
137   Nike Temple, from north (before restoration)
138   Nike Temple, from east (before restoration)
139   Nike Temple, east frieze: divine assembly, Acropolis Museum
140   Nike Temple, east frieze: divine assembly (central figures of Poseidon, Athena, male god, and Zeus), Acropolis Museum
141   Nike Temple, east frieze: divine assembly, Poseidon, Athena, male god (Ares? Hephaistos?), Acropolis Museum
142   Nike Temple, south frieze: battle of Marathon, British Museum
143   Nike Temple, south frieze: Marathon, detail, British Museum
144   Nike Temple, details of north frieze, Acropolis Museum
145   Nike Temple, detail of west frieze, British Museum

The Nike Temple Parapet

146   Nike climbing stairway, Acropolis Museum 977
147   Nike leading cattle to sacrifice, Acropolis Museum 7098
148   Nikai erecting a trophy, Acropolis Museum 994
149   Nike approaching a seated Athena, Acropolis Museum 989
150   Detail of Nike
151   Nikai leading sacrificial cattle, Acropolis Museum 972 and 2680
152   Nike unbinding her sandal, Acropolis Museum 973

The Sanctuary of Asklepios (Asklepieion)

153   Asklepieion, view from atop south wall of Acropolis
154   Asklepieion, area of Propylon (entrance)
155   Asklepieion, Temple of Asklepios
156   Asklepieion, remains of Doric stoa and entrance to spring
157   Asklepieion, bothros (“sacred pit” or hero-shrine)
158   Asklepieion, Ionic stoa

The Theater of Dionysos

159   Theater of Dionysos, general view

IV. Classical Sculptures from the Acropolis

160   The Kritios Boy, c. 480, Acropolis Museum 698
161   The Kritios Boy, detail of head
162   Statue base signed by Kritios and Nesiotes, Acropolis Museum 13270
163   Blond Boy, c. 480, Acropolis Museum 689
164   Athena dedicated by Angelitos, made by Euenor, c. 480, Acropolis Museum 140
165   Base of Angelitos’s Athena
166   Area of base of Bronze Athena, by Pheidias, c. 460
167   Fragment of marble base of Bronze Athena (Roman repair)
168   So-called Mourning Athena relief, c. 460, Acropolis Museum 695
169   Head of youth, c. 440, Acropolis Museum 699
170   Base of bronze statue dedicated by Kallias, c. 430
171   Inventory of the Treasury of Athena (430/29–427/6), Epigraphical Museum 6788, Athens
172   Prokne and Itys, by Alkamenes, c. 430–420 (head has now been removed), Acropolis Museum 1358
173   Portrait of Pericles (Roman copy after original by Kresilas, c. 425), Vatican Museums
174   Base of Trojan Horse, by Strongylion, c. 420 (inside sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia)
175   Lenormant relief, showing men at oars on a trireme, c. 410, Acropolis Museum 1339
176   Document Relief recording accounts of Treasurers of Athena (410/409), Louvre MA 831
177   Decree honoring Philiskos of Sestos (c. 355/4), NM 1474
178   Head of Artemis Brauronia, by Praxiteles, c. 350, Acropolis Museum
179   Head of portrait of Alexander the Great (late fourth century?), Acropolis Museum 1331
180   Atarbos base, c. 323, Acropolis Museum 1338




PREFACE




This book is an abridged, revised, updated, and reorganized version of The Athenian Acropolis: History, Mythology, and Archaeology from the Neolithic to the Present (Cambridge, 1999). It focuses on the Acropolis during the Classical period, specifically during the age of Pericles. Readers interested in the earlier and later history of the site are invited to consult the earlier book.

   Much new and important scholarship has appeared even in the relatively few years since I completed the manuscript of The Athenian Acropolis in 1997, and I am happy to have the opportunity to incorporate it here. I have changed my mind about some things, which I hope is permissible. I have not changed my views on many others, which I know is normal.

   Included in this book is a CD-ROM (“Views of the Acropolis”), produced by Adam D. Newton, which contains 180 of my own color images of the Acropolis and its monuments. I hope this will be a useful supplement to the black-and-white illustrations in the book itself.

   I continue to have many people and institutions to thank for many things. For first igniting my interest in the Acropolis so many years ago, there is J. J. Pollitt. For generously supplying photographs and permitting their publication, there are John Boardman (Oxford), P. Massouras (TAP, Athens), E. Schwichtenberg (Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, Antikensammlung), Kristine Gex (Antike Kunst), Hans R. Goette (Deutsches Archäologisches Institut-Zentrale), Michael Krumme (Deutsches Archäologisches Institut-Athens), I. D. Jenkins (British Museum), Wesley Paine (Nashville), A. Choremi (Acropolis), and Natalia Vogeikoff (American School of Classical Studies, Athens).

   For permission to reproduce their own excellent drawings and plans, I am heavily indebted to John Boardman, Ernst Berger, Hans R. Goette, Evelyn Harrison, Ira Mark, Mary B. Moore, Olga Palagia, Candace Smith, and especially Tasos Tanoulas and Manolis Korres, whose brilliant studies of the Propylaia and Parthenon have so changed and deepened our understanding of those monuments and their history. The book would be much poorer without their exquisite work.

   Once again, I would like to thank Beatrice Rehl for her patience and encouragement and Nancy Hulan for her editorial labors and skill.

   A few random notes: Translations are my own unless otherwise stated. My transliteration of ancient Greek is admittedly inconsistent (using “c” in “Acropolis” but “k” in “Herakles,” for instance). Finally, all dates (even little ones like “27” or “2”) are “BC” unless otherwise stated, and they are often expressed in slashed terms such as “424/3” because the Athenian calendar year began in the summer of one of our years and ended in the summer of the next.

January 2004





ABBREVIATIONS




AA Archäologischer Anzeiger
AD Arkhaiologikon Deltion
AE Arkhaiologike Ephemeris
AJA American Journal of Archaeology
AJP American Journal of Philology
AM Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Athenische Abteilung
ANRW Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt
AntK Antike Kunst
AR Archaeological Reports
ARV2 J. D. Beazley, Attic Red-Figure Vase-Painters, 2nd. ed. Oxford, 1963
ASAtene Annuario della Scuola archeologica di Atene e delle Missioni italiane in Oriente
BABesch Bulletin antieke beschaving
BCH Bulletin de correspondance hellénique
BICS Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies of the University of London
BM British Museum
BSA British School at Athens, Annual
ClAnt Classical Antiquity
CJ Classical Journal
CP Classical Philology
CRAI Comptes rendus des séances de l’Academie des inscriptiones et belles-lettres
DAI Deutsches Archäologisches Institut
EM Epigraphical Museum, Athens
FGrHist F. Jacoby, Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker, I–II (Berlin 1923–26), III (Leiden 1940–58)
GRBS Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies
IG Inscriptiones Graecae
JdI Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts
JHS Journal of Hellenic Studies
JMA Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology
JRA Journal of Roman Archaeology
JRS Journal of Roman Studies
LIMC Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae
NM National Archaeological Museum, Athens
OJA Oxford Journal of Archaeology
OpAth Opuscula Atheniensia
Pliny, NH Pliny the Elder, Natural History
RA Revue archéologique
REA Revue des études anciennes
SEG Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum
ZPE Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik




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