Abdul Hamid II, Sultan 125, 222, 768, 938, 939, 944, 946, 947, 948, 950, 951, 952, 953, 987
Achenbach, Heinrich von (Oberpräsident of Province of Brandenburg) 526
Adolf, Grand Duke of Luxemburg 536, 639, 640, 642
Adolf, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe (husband of Viktoria (Moretta)) 197, 401, 630, 633, 636, 640–2, 643, 648, 801
Affie, see Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh
Africa
German colonial policy 149–52
following Bismarck’s dismissal 352–5
as affected by German-African Company’s ownership of the colonies 777–8
South Africa, British colonial policy and its effects on Anglo-German relations 780–98
Ahlwardt, Hermann (anti-Semitic agitator) 465
Albedyll, Emil von (Chief of Military Cabinet under Kaiser Wilhelm I) 110, 154, 162, 170, 724, 873
Albert, Prince Consort (husband of Queen Victoria; father of Empress Frederick) 61, 363
Albert, Prince of Saxe-Altenburg 474, 475, 651, 752
Albert, Prince of Schleswig-Holstein 630
Albert I, King of Saxony 4, 9, 124, 128, 212–13, 248, 249, 305, 416, 417, 498, 513, 514, 548, 571, 591, 610, 612, 616, 801, 802, 829, 830, 967, 1061
Albert Edward (Bertie), Prince of Wales (later King Edward VII of Great Britain) 55, 67, 68, 70, 103, 124, 130, 331, 338, 361, 363, 483, 484, 485, 536, 551, 636, 646, 988
advises Empress Frederick in her relations with Wilhelm II 57–8
Jewish friendships 135
discourtesy towards Wilhelm II 771–2
furious reaction to Krüger telegram 791–2
on German antagonism towards Britain 937
relations with Wilhelm II 967
Vienna incident 77–101
effects on Anglo-German relations 487, 488, 489, 490; speech at Frankfurt an der Oder 73–7
ameliorates anti-German attitudes 972
accused of discourtesy to Senden-Bibran 973
involvement in succession question to duchies of Coburg and Gotha 990
Albert Victor (Eddy), Duke of Clarence (elder son of Prince of Wales) 103, 124, 126–7, 361, 482, 483, 653–4
Albrecht, Archduke of Austria 86
Albrecht, Prince of Prussia, Regent of Brunswick 128, 387, 548, 594, 597, 664, 1049
Albrecht Achilles, Margrave of Brandenburg 350
Alexander II, Tsar 34
Alexander III, Tsar 19, 29, 76, 127, 297, 343, 345, 346, 469, 479, 487, 498, 499, 544, 554, 586, 645, 649, 656, 743, 748, 749, 837, 932
Wilhelm II’s first state visit 30, 32–6, 37, 42
Wilhelm II views as dominated by Tsarina 139–40
visit to Germany (1889) 218–25
and concerns about Wilhelm II’s health 334
derogatory views about Wilhelm II 298, 299
reactions to Bismarck’s dismissal 307
and Reinsurance Treaty 335–6, 337, 339–40, 341–2, 347
presence at Kronstadt during visit by French fleet 364, 365
requests posting of Werder to St Petersburg 430, 587
relations with Wilhelm II (1891–3) 473–8, 485
death 500
Alexandra, Princess of Wales (wife of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales) 34, 57, 67, 68, 74, 75, 103, 124, 219, 349, 941
Alexandra, Tsarina (wife of Tsar Nicholas II) 498, 500, 624, 628, 650, 749, 750, 752, 837, 931, 932, 934, 1048
Alexei, Grand Duke (tsarevich; son of Tsar Nicholas II) 1066
Alexis Alexandrovich, Grand Duke of Russia 753, 754
Alfonso XIII, King of Spain 1, 160
Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh; Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (brother of Victoria, Empress Frederick) 91, 127–8, 641, 989–91
Alfred, Prince (son of Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha) 989
Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse-Darmstadt (wife of Grand Duke Ludwig IV; sister of Empress Frederick) 127, 752
Alix (Alicky), Princess of Hesse-Darmstadt, see Alexandra, Tsarina
Alsace-Lorraine 73–7, 81, 82
Alvensleben, Friedrich Johann Count 326, 327, 328, 587
Anastasia, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg 635
Anglo-French relations, Wilhelm II contemplates war between Britain and France 984–9
Anglo-German relations 30, 31, 34, 276
as result of first state visits 48
after death of Friedrich III 67–72
as reflected in relations between Prince of Wales and Wilhelm II 73–101
Vienna incident 77–101
improvement through appointment of Wilhelm II as Admiral 103–8
Wilhelm II’s views 144–5, 148–53, 156–8
as affected by Russo-German relations 218–19
reactions to Bismarck’s dismissal 317–20
following Bismarck’s dismissal, regarding Africa 351–5
as affected by Wilhelm II’s visit to England (July 1891) 360–4
in 1891–3 481–93
during chancellorship of Hohenlohe 766–98
reactions to Wilhelm II’s Weltpolitik 930–1
effect on Weltpolitik as envisaged by G. A. Müller 934–7
in connection with eastern Mediterranean (1896–7) 939–44
Prince Heinrich’s attitudes to Britain 964–5
Wilhelm II’s attitudes towards Britain 966–98
as affected by Wilhelm II’s naval obsessions 999, 1009, 1010, 1012, 1023, 1030, 1031–3, 1036, 1037
as affected by British power, Szógyény’s assessment 1041–2
as affected by Wilhelm II’s health 1064
Anglo-Russian relations (1899) 992
Annekoff (Russian general) 480
anti-Semitism
Wilhelm II’s views 134–7, 315
involvement denied in Douglas’s speech 230
influence on his relations with Bismarck 303
accusations of Jewish activities in opposition to Canal Bill 884
promotion of Zionism 944–54
Stoecker’s views as cause of conflict between Wilhelm II and Bismarcks 204, 210
Jewish financial involvement in Russo-German relations seen as cause of conflict between Wilhelm II and Bismarcks 210–16
press attacks on Bismarck 232
Bismarck seen as under Jewish domination 295–6, 299
radical anti-Semitic movement 465–7
and Conservative Party, Empress Frederick’s views 511
Waldersee’s views 518–19
convinced of Jewish opposition to Wilhelm II’s ideas 279–80
on Jewish involvement in Stoecker’s fall 402–3
dislike of Paul Kayser 408
as expressed by Charlotte of Saxe-Meiningen 637
as expressed by Nicholas II 758
Aoki (Japanese ambassador) 735
architecture, as expressions of Wilhelm II’s ideology of Personal Monarchy 894–908
Arenberg, Franz Prince (Centre Party member of Reichstag) 717–18
Arendt (editor, Deutsches Wochenblatt) 560
Aribert, Prince of Anhalt 481, 482, 651, 652, 663–4, 665, 667, 669, 674, 972, 973
Armenian massacre (1896), Wilhelm II’s reactions 938
Armstrong, Sir William (British industrialist) 357
army
Wilhelm II’s relations with 1–2, 3, 8, 350
Wilhelm II’s autocratic attitude towards control 387–90
disaffection from Kaiser 547, 565–72
Wilhelm II’s disputes with Bronsart over army reforms 721–8, 807–39
opposition to Wilhelm II’s naval plans 1007–9
Army Bill 291, 292, 293, 294, 471, 512
effects on Wilhelm II’s relationship with Bismarck 304
as cause of disagreement between Wilhelm II and Caprivi 373–4, 456–65
army manoeuvres
Wilhelm II’s ineptitude 413, 416–17, 419
Waldersee’s views 520
Wilhelm II’s ineptitude and wish always to win 569–71
Caprivi’s intervention in Württemberg manoeuvres 582–4
Arnim, Hans von (Flügeladjutant) 166, 493, 716, 794
Arnulf, Prince of Bavaria 461
Arthur, Duke of Connaught (brother of Empress Frederick) 79, 84, 102, 361, 481, 493, 660, 772, 773, 774, 967, 984, 989, 991
Arthur, Prince of Connaught (son of Arthur, Duke of Connaught) 989, 990, 991
arts, as expressions of Wilhelm II’s ideology of Personal Monarchy 888–923
Asseburg, Countess 541
Athens 124–5, 126
August Wilhelm (Auwi), Prince of Prussia (son of Kaiser Wilhelm II) 51, 627
Augusta, Kaiserin (widow of Kaiser Wilhelm I) 9, 17, 29, 61, 64, 83, 161, 245, 246, 366, 620
Augusta Caroline, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 158, 1056
Auguste Viktoria (Dona), German Kaiserin, Queen of Prussia (wife of Kaiser Wilhelm II) 4, 5, 6, 10, 22, 42, 43, 51, 67, 95, 110, 125, 129, 161, 201, 204, 227, 261, 285, 324, 372, 374, 401, 402, 407, 446, 529, 592, 594, 597, 618, 620, 621, 630, 633, 637, 643, 644, 654, 656, 658, 661, 662, 664, 679, 698, 701, 706, 756, 820, 864, 884, 892, 895, 900, 902, 907, 908, 945, 1059
prefers Wilhelm II’s private company to presence of court retinue 165
relations with Liebenau 167, 250, 252
doubts accuracy of Douglas’s speech 231
regard for Caprivi 321–2
visit to England (July 1891) 360–1, 362
views of Franco-Russian relations 365
supports Caprivi in his relations with Wilhelm II 453, 454
relationship with Wilhelm II 622–8
religious interests 624–5
arrogance and love of luxury 625
relationship with Charlotte of Saxe-Meiningen 635, 638, 639
on Viktoria’s (Moretta) marriage 640–1
supports Kotze 669, 672
lectured by Wilhelm II on due respect for the dead Bismarck 871
on Wilhelm II’s health 1057
Austria-Hungary
relations with 28–30, 760–5
Wilhelm II’s views 145, 146–8
following Alexander III’s visit (1889) 222–4
reactions to Bismarck’s dismissal 308–17
in event of Russian invasion 336
Auwi, see August Wilhelm
Avenarius, Ferdinand (art critic) 910, 919
Baare (councillor, Chamber of Commerce) 311
Bachem, Julius (editor, Kölnische Volkszeitung) 851
Baird (admiral) 106
Balfour, Arthur James (British statesman) 974, 979, 982
Balkans, effects on German relations with Austria-Hungary 760–5
Ballestrem, Franz Count (president of Reichstag) 846, 884
Ballin, Albert (owner of Hamburg Packet Line) 695–6
Balzac, Honoré de 554
Barnay, Ludwig (actor and theatre director) 893
Battenberg, Prince Alexander of 66, 639
Battenberg, Prince Franz Joseph of 665
Battenberg, Prince Heinrich of (Liko) (brother-in-law of Prince of Wales) 794
Battenberg, Victoria, Princess Louis of 635
Bavaria, in relation to federal structure of Reich 233–4, 237–40, 262
Bayreuth festival 136–7, 195
Beatrice, Princess of Great Britain (wife of Heinrich Battenberg; daughter of Queen Victoria) 103, 635, 654, 791, 794, 1048
Beauclerk, William (British chargé d’affaires in Berlin) 132
Bebel, August (leader of Social Democrats) 553, 616
Beck (Austrian general) 417, 761
Begas, Reinhold (sculptor) 105, 378, 870, 871, 893, 905, 913, 917, 918, 920, 921
Belgium, Wilhelm II advised against visiting on his accession 27–8
Benda, Robert (member of Parliament) 438
Bennigsen, Rudolf von (Oberpräsident of Province of Hannover) 18, 150, 229, 230, 437, 439, 443, 605, 684, 1013, 1014
Berchem, Maximilian Count von (under secretary of state) 42, 87, 150, 152, 209, 213, 326, 327, 328–9, 338, 340, 430
Berchtold, Leopold Count (Austro-Hungarian foreign minister) 765
Beresford, Lord Charles 158
Berg (father-in-law of Karl Heinrich Boetticher) 218
Berger, Eva von (sister of Sophie von Berger) 664
Berger, Louis Ritter von 664
Berger, Sophie von (wife of Louis Ritter von Berger) 664
Berghahn, Volker (historian) 1021, 1028, 1035
Bergmann, Ernst (surgeon) 53
Berlepsch, Hans Hermann Freiherr von (Prussian minister of trade) 265, 269, 289, 376, 616, 713, 718–20, 726, 729
Berlin, architectural development influenced by Wilhelm II 895
Bernhard, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Meiningen (brother-in-law of Wilhelm II) 176, 322, 458, 459, 513, 562, 570, 620, 621, 633, 635–8, 651, 853
Bertie, see Albert Edward, Prince of Wales
Bethmann Hollweg, Theobald von (Reich Chancellor) 548, 1038
Bigelow, Poultney (American friend of Wilhelm II) 22, 407–8, 494, 495, 926
Bigge, Sir Arthur (private secretary to Queen Victoria) 940, 993
Bismarck, Herbert Count von (secretary of state) 18, 41, 48, 133, 167, 597–8
on Personal Monarchy 11
on civil list 19–20
on Wilhelm II’s attitudes towards Britain 31
behaviour and indiscretions during Wilhelm II’s first visit to Russia 33–4, 37
behaviour during Wilhelm II’s first state visit to Italy 46–7
on conversation with Prince of Wales on Alsace-Lorraine 73–4, 75–6
involvement in Vienna incident 84–5, 89, 91, 92, 95, 96, 98, 101
on Wilhelm II’s commission as Admiral and effects on Anglo-German relations 101–3, 104, 105, 107–8
on Wilhelm II’s working methods 111, 114–15
on Anglo-German relations 144
and colonial policy 149, 150, 151–2
anti-Austrian feelings 146, 147, 148
on Wilhelm II’s naval obsessions 153
decline of influence noted by Széchényi 177
political relations with Wilhelm II
on Wilhelm’s accession 179–87
as influenced by Philipp Eulenburg 187–97
affected by Wilhelm II’s affair with Miss Love 197–9
Waldersee’s involvement 200–9, 216–18
Russo-German relations and Jewish financial involvement 210–18
political conspiracies, and Kartell coalition 228–32, 234–41, 244
political clique opposed to Bismarck 242–9
constitutional conflicts 257–62; over social welfare 259–62, 265–7, 272, 281, 282–3, 284–5, 289, 291, 303–4; conflicts with Crown Council 262–7, 273
Herbert Bismarck’s reactions 273, 274, 277
Wilhelm II’s success over Bismarck 282
analysis 302–5
resignation 306, 324–5, 327, 330, 331
and renewal of Reinsurance Treaty 335–8, 339
on crisis over Army Bill 464
as bad influence over Wilhelm II, Waldersee’s views 523
marriage 591, 866
accused of orchestrating Kladderadatsch attacks 598
dismissal, necessity emphasised by Philipp Eulenburg 601–2
Wilhelm II telegraphs on his father’s death 870
Bismarck, Johanna Princess von (wife of Otto von Bismarck) 506, 871
Bismarck, Marie von (wife of Kuno von Rantzau) 180, 868
Bismarck, Otto Prince von (Reich Chancellor) 18, 19, 23, 27, 30, 32, 41, 47, 48, 49, 53, 60, 62, 65, 67, 74–5, 85, 95, 99, 101, 107, 108, 119, 121, 122, 132, 133, 134, 136–8, 159, 165, 167, 175, 177, 226, 227, 250, 255, 268, 269, 270, 271, 324, 326, 330, 334, 335, 337, 339, 340, 341, 342, 346, 370, 372, 374, 387, 411, 420, 425, 441, 445, 452, 454, 481, 516, 539, 549, 555, 601, 603, 613, 623, 642, 653, 703, 706, 724, 738, 777, 799, 800, 802, 803, 804, 810, 813, 816, 826, 832, 835, 850, 851, 854, 858, 968, 971, 998, 999, 1010, 1012, 1037, 1042, 1061, 1067
presence at Wilhelm II’s accession ceremony 6, 9
Empress Frederick’s dislike of 10, 50, 52, 55, 56, 63, 64
and Personal Monarchy xvii, 11–12, 16
political relations with Wilhelm II
on his accession 22, 24, 179–87
effects of Wilhelm II’s affair with Miss Love 197–9
as influenced by Philipp Eulenburg 187–97
Waldersee’s involvement 200–9, 216–18
Russo-German relations and Jewish financial involvement 210–18
Alexander III’s visit (1889) 218–25
political conspiracies, and Kartell coalition 228–32, 234–41, 244
political clique opposed to Bismarck 242–9
constitutional conflicts 257–62; over social welfare 259–62, 265–7, 272, 281, 282–3, 284–5, 289, 291, 303–4; conflicts with Crown Council 262–7, 273
Bismarck’s reactions 272–7
Wilhelm II’s decision to dispense with Bismarck 277–81
Wilhelm II’s success over Bismarck 281–6
after electoral defeat of Kartell coalition (1890) 286–95
dismissal 295–302; Empress Frederick views in relation to Wilhelm II’s character 505–7
analysis 302–5
following Bismarck’s dismissal 306–20
places documents commented upon by Wilhelm II under restriction 70–1
involvement in Vienna incident 81–2, 83, 84, 86–7, 89–90
and Wilhelm II’s dislike of the press 114
lack of influence over Wilhelm II’s personality 116, 117
views of Personal Monarchy clash with those held by Wilhelm II 117–18
Russo-German policy 141–2, 143–4, 146, 147, 148
policy towards Austria-Hungary 147, 148
on Anglo-German relations and colonial policy 149, 150, 152–3
resignation 176
political situation, in relation to federal structure of Reich 233–4
on Caprivi 322
dismissal, effects 543, 544, 545
continuing popularity 561
‘reconciliation’ with Wilhelm II, effects on political relations with Caprivi 590–8
birthday honours (1895), Wilhelm II’s involvement 704–5
death 866–73
on Wilhelm II’s health 1062
Bismarck, Sibylle Countess von (wife of Wilhelm von Bismarck) 184
Bismarck, Wilhelm (Bill) Count von 198, 277, 593, 705
Bissing, Moritz Ferdinand Freiherr von (Flügeladjutant) 163, 172, 201, 565, 599
Bleichröder, Gerson von (banker) 210, 212, 214, 215, 217, 218, 224, 258, 290, 295, 296, 297, 299, 315, 324, 343, 480
Blücher, Gebhard Leberecht, Prince von Wahlstatt (field marshal) 553
Blumenthal, Leonhard von (field marshal) 73
Bluntschli, Friedrich (architect) 904, 905
Böckel, Otto (anti-Semitic agitator) 465
Bode, Wilhelm von (museum director) 995
Boehn, Oktavio von (general) 167, 168
Boetticher, Karl Heinrich von (secretary of state, minister) 211, 213, 218, 239, 240, 248, 261–2, 263, 264, 266, 274, 275, 289, 290, 305, 330, 331, 376, 378, 386, 407, 439, 440, 447, 680, 682, 687, 694–5, 696, 697, 698, 713, 726, 729, 799, 800, 815, 827, 832, 840, 841, 842, 844, 852, 863, 907
Bohrdt, Hans (marine painter) 908, 913
Boisdeffre (French general) 347–8
Bosse, Dr Robert (minister of ecclesiatical affairs) 271, 291, 447, 616, 682–3, 710, 711, 714, 906, 912
Bothmer, Ernst Freiherr von 600
Bourke, Captain Maurice Archibald 640, 641–2
Boxer Rebellion, Wilhelm II’s reactions to countered by Philipp Eulenburg 1053
Bracht, Eugen (architect) 904
Brandenburg provincial government building (Potsdam) 895–6
Brandis, von (Flügeladjutant) 361
Brandt, Maximilian von (diplomat) 747
Brauchitsch, von (general) 173
Brauer, Arthur von (prime minister of Baden) 372, 380–2, 385, 400, 447–8, 460, 463, 536, 541, 550, 551, 552, 553, 604, 625, 672
Brefeld, Ludwig (Prussian minister of trade) 846
Brincken, Egon Freiherr von der (diplomat) 827
British Royal Archives xix
British royal family 771–7
Brockdorff, Therese Countess (Oberhofmeisterin) 161, 361, 624, 627
Bronsart von Schellendorf, Paul (minister of war) 50, 154–5, 174–5, 578
Bronsart von Schellendorf, Walter (minister of war) 584, 585, 604, 605, 692, 705–6, 714, 718, 721–6, 784, 799–801, 807–10, 811, 812–39, 843, 859, 887, 1027, 1059, 1061, 1067
Brühl, Hedwig Countess von (lady in waiting) 51
Bryan, Alfred (cartoonist) 890
Büchsel, Wilhelm (admiral) 1026
Bülow, Adolf von (Flügeladjutant) 163, 170, 250, 391, 575
Bülow, Alfred von (diplomat) 192, 575
Bülow, Bernhard (later Prince) von (German ambassador in Rome, foreign secretary, Reich chancellor) 120, 326, 365, 586, 611, 613, 614, 627, 650, 678, 700, 718, 730, 763, 770, 783, 799, 859, 866, 868, 869, 884, 885, 886, 887, 931, 945, 948, 950–1, 952, 959, 960, 963, 966, 978, 993, 998, 1000–1, 1023, 1030, 1037, 1046
on dangers of Personal Monarchy 16
failure to conceal diplomatic marginalia 119
attitude to battlefleet development 156
on Wilhelm II’s mentality 309, 873
Philipp Eulenburg’s views of 327–8
appointment to Rome embassy 431, 587–9
shock at opposition to Wilhelm II 512, 554, 630
idealisation of Wilhelm II 573–9, 601, 876, 878, 1000
dangers of proposed marriage of Ernst Günther to Hélène of Orléans 654–6
ambassadorial role in Rome in disputes between Wilhelm II and Hohenlohe 737–40
Philipp Eulenburg’s views on Wilhelm II’s moves to Personal Monarchy 812, 813, 825
Philipp Eulenburg’s support for Bülow’s preferment 603, 604, 717, 825–6, 828, 830, 832
appointment as foreign secretary 840, 841, 860
on Wilhelm II’s personal rule 874–5, 876, 877–8
on Wilhelm II’s opposition to workers’ rights in face of industrial unrest 879–80, 882
shocked by Wilhelm II’s open telegram on Hard Labour Bill 881, 885
Wilhelm II consults with over annexation of Kiaochow 955, 956
Empress Frederick on Bismarck and importance of Anglo-German relations 975–6, 980
on Anglo-German relations 983–4, 1041
Kaiser’s diplomatic marginalia 987
criticisms of Wilhelm II’s independence of Reich government 1035–6
opposition to Wilhelm II’s naval policy 1038
attempts to suppress reports of ‘Hun’ speech 1042
Buol-Berenberg, Rudolf Freiherr von (president of Reichstag) 704
Cabinet Order (1852) 282, 296–7, 299, 300, 316, 371–2
cabinets, reorganisation on Wilhelm II’s accession 168–73
Caffarelli, Palazzo (German Embassy in Rome) 910–11
Calandrelli, Alexander (sculptor) 893
Calma, see Caroline Mathilde (Calma), Princess of Schleswig-Holstein
Cambridge, George 2nd Duke of (Queen Victoria’s cousin; commander-in-chief of British Army) 489, 490, 774, 972
Campbell-Bannerman, Henry (British secretary of state for war) 488, 490
canals
Conservative Party opposition to 470
revolt against Canal Bill as reaction against Wilhelm II’s personal rule 882–5
Canis, Konrad (historian) 364, 369
Caprivi, Georg Leo Count von (Reich chancellor) 119, 155, 171, 173, 245, 273, 290, 304, 317, 326, 331, 332, 334, 348, 349, 350, 353, 355, 358, 366, 374, 383, 386, 399, 401, 403, 406, 408, 413, 418, 419, 420, 425, 434, 481, 501, 514, 535, 539, 570, 648, 677, 678, 679, 686, 700, 701, 705, 716, 741, 808, 826, 841, 868, 935–6, 1061
appointment as Reich chancellor 301, 317, 318, 320–4
and appointment of Marschall as foreign secretary 327, 328
and Reinsurance Treaty 338–9, 340–1, 342
on Wilhelm II’s lack of planning in foreign policy 344
foreign policy
Anglo-German relations 351–2
at odds with that of Wilhelm II over importance of navy 359
policies with regard to Russia 478
chancellorship 371–3, 375–6, 378, 379, 388
problems in his relationship with Wilhelm II 388–96
School Bill crisis 436–50
and Waldersee’s proposed transfer to Stuttgart 414–15
on Wilhelm II’s reaction to Waldersee’s dismissal 421–2
blamed by Waldersee for his dismissal 422–3, 424
involvement in Wedel’s transfer to Foreign Office 426–8, 429, 430–1
Empress Frederick’s support for 509
on Wilhelm II’s autocratic tendencies 537
on Wilhelm II’s unpopularity 552
political relations with Wilhelm II 540
Waldersee’s views 344–5, 528
Kaiser’s intervention in government 450–6
Army Bill 456–65
as affected by Kaiser’s attitude to Conservative Party 465–72
estrangement grows 580–90
and ‘reconciliation’ with Bismarck 590–8
as affected by Kladderadatsch attacks 598–605
lack of unity in government and possibility of coup d’état to combat socialism 604–10
Caprivi’s dismissal 610–19
Carlos I, King of Portugal 124
Carnot, Sadi (French president) 348, 501, 606
Carol I, King of Romania 340
Carolath, Elisabeth Princess, née Hatzfeldt-Trachenberg 184
Caroline Mathilde (Calma), Princess of Schleswig-Holstein (wife of Prince Friedrich Ferdinand of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg) 621, 635, 657
Caserio (Italian anarchist) 501, 606
Casimir-Périer, Jean (French president) 735
Cassini, Artur Pavlovich Count von (Russian diplomat) 205
Catargis, Lascar (prime minister of Romania) 120
Chamberlain, Houston Stewart (racial theorist) 1040–1
Chamberlain, Joseph (British colonial secretary) 785, 974, 975, 976, 979, 980, 981
Charles I, King of England 505, 508, 539
Charles Edward (Charlie), Duke of Albany; Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 989, 991
Charlotte (Ditta), Princess of Prussia (wife of Prince Bernhard of Saxe-Meiningen; sister of Wilhelm II) 6, 10, 55, 58, 68, 75, 498, 620, 621, 625, 629, 630, 633–9, 640–2, 649, 651, 660, 664, 669, 670, 675, 676, 802, 953, 1062–3, 1066
Chelius, Oskar von (Flügeladjutant) 25, 196
Chirol, Valentine (The Times correspondent) 784, 786
Christian IX, King of Denmark 349, 648
Christian, Prince of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg (brother-in-law of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales) 74, 92–4, 95–6, 97–8, 100, 103, 481, 652, 653, 655, 656, 664, 669, 973
churches
building, Kaiserin Auguste Viktoria’s interests in 624–5
architectural design influenced by Wilhelm II 898–903
civil government, Wilhelm II’s approaches to 375–83
civil list 19–20
civil society, Wilhelm II’s views 130–5
Clarence, Duke of, see Albert Victor (Eddy)
Cleveland, Grover (US President) 131
Coburg family relations
effects on international relations 67–72
effects on Anglo-German relations
speech at Frankfurt an der Oder 73–7
Vienna incident 77–101
effects on German foreign policy 481–93
succession question to duchies of Coburg and Gotha 989–91
colonial policy
Wilhelm II’s policies 149–52
following Bismarck’s dismissal 351–5
Connaught, Duke of, see Arthur (Duke of Connaught)
Conservative Party
anti-Semitism 465
Empress Frederick’s views 511
reactions against exercise of Personal Monarchy by Wilhelm II over Canal Bill 882–7
Wilhelm II’s dislike of reported by Philipp Eulenburg 1053
Constantine (Tino), Crown Prince of Greece (husband of Princess Sophie of Prussia) 77, 630, 633, 645, 647, 648, 649
Constantine, Grand Duke of Russia 477
Constantinople, Wilhelm II’s criticisms of fellow monarchs during visit 125–6
Constantinovich, Gabriel 122
Courcel, Baron de (French ambassador in London) 736, 748, 789
court, sycophancy towards Kaiser 565–6, 570, 573–9
Crailsheim, Friedrich Krafft Freiherr von (Bavarian foreign minister) 191, 462, 698
Cramm, Burghard Freiherr von 131
Crispi, Francesco (Italian prime minister) 45
Cromer, Eveline Baring, 1st Baron 773
Cromwell, Oliver 1041
Crowe, Eyre 788
Cullen, Michael (historian) 905
Cumberland, Ernst August, Duke of 41, 74, 128
Cumberland, Thyra Duchess of 41
Dacheux, Léon (French cleric) 841–2
Daller, Dr Balthasar (Centre Party member of Reichstag) 368
Danish-German relations 349
Deines, Adolf von (Flügeladjutant) 86, 147, 223, 419, 761
Deinhard, Karl August (admiral) 125
Deist, Wilhelm (historian) 1000, 1021
Derenthall, Eduard von (diplomat) 903
Deym, Count (Austrian ambassador) 974, 975
Diederichs, Otto von (admiral) 955, 957
Dietz, Amtmann 12
diplomatic reports, Wilhelm II’s marginalia
on Personal Monarchy 119, 120, 121, 122–4
on civil society 131, 133–5
on Russo-German relations 140–1
on Austria-Hungary 147–8
Cassini affair 205
on Franco-German relations after Kronstadt celebrations (1891) 365–6
criticisms of Salisbury 975
on Salisbury’s ignorance at prospects of war between Britain and France 986–7
on Cecil Rhodes 987–8
Dohna, Eberhard Count von 196, 664, 665
Dohna, Richard Count von 196
Dom (Berlin), architecture influenced by Wilhelm II 900–3
Dönhoff, August Count von 469, 563, 598, 705
Dorothea (Dora), Princess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (wife of Ernst Günther, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein) 659–60
Dortmund–Ems Canal, opening 881, 883
Douglas, Hugo Count von (member of Reichstag) 12–16, 18, 21, 109, 112, 113, 115, 117, 133, 229, 230, 231, 265, 276, 305, 438
Dragomirow (Russian general) 757
Dryander, Ernst von (preacher) 401
Eça de Queirós, José Maria de (Portuguese diplomat) 544
Eckardtstein, Hermann Freiherr von 786
Eckhardt, Heinrich von (Baltic baron) 182
Eddy, see Albert Victor (Eddy), Duke of Clarence
education, School Bill crisis 436–50
Edward VII, see Albert Edward (Bertie), Prince of Wales
Egloffstein, Heinrich Freiherr von und zu (Hofmarschall) 715
Eisendecher, Karl von (Prussian envoy in Karlsruhe) 215, 776, 867, 1028
Eissenstein-Lhotta, Arthur von und zu (Austrian chargé d’affaires) 17, 20, 112, 223, 230
Elias, Norbert (sociologist) xiv
Elisabeth, Duchess of Mecklenburg (wife of Grand Duke Peter of Oldenburg) 1059
Elisabeth, Empress of Austria, Queen of Hungary (wife of Kaiser Franz Joseph I) 945, 948
Elisabeth (Ella), Princess of Hesse-Darmstadt (wife of Grand Duke Sergei of Russia) 36, 127, 498, 512, 624, 628, 631, 635, 649–50, 749, 931, 1060
Elisabeth, Queen of Romania 120–1, 635
Ella, see Elisabeth (Ella), Princess of Hesse-Darmstadt
Ellis, Sir Arthur (Equerry to Albert Edward Prince of Wales) 79, 80
Emmanuel, Duke of Aosta 656
Emin Pasha (Eduard Schnitzer) (African explorer) 182, 353–5, 1127n. 100
Empress Frederick, see Victoria, Empress Frederick
Engelbrecht, Karl von (military attaché, Flügeladjutant) 584, 737–40
Epkenhans, Michael (historian) 1021
Erichsen, John (British surgeon-general) 107, 770, 1065–6
Ernst II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 127, 636, 651, 653, 1064
Ernst August, Duke of Cumberland 41, 74, 128
Ernst Günther, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg 360, 513, 621, 651–60, 664, 665, 666, 667, 669, 672, 673–5, 844, 871
Ernst Ludwig, Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt 491, 498, 630, 651, 752, 931, 932
Esebeck, Walter Freiherr von 196
Esher, Lord 1067
Eulenburg, August Count zu (Oberhof- und Hausmarschall; senior master of ceremonies) 16, 25, 161, 168, 196, 250, 251, 252, 259, 275, 282, 332, 333, 356, 361, 402, 423, 440, 441, 442, 443, 445, 446, 447, 451, 461, 462, 470, 482, 531, 582, 584, 585, 594–5, 597, 598, 601, 610, 626, 661, 679, 695, 714, 839, 843, 869, 870, 887, 945, 951, 1014, 1046
Eulenburg, Botho Count zu (Prussian minister-president and minister of interior) 409, 447, 450–1, 453, 471, 531, 549, 594, 597, 601, 603, 604, 605, 608–10, 611, 616, 617–18, 627, 628, 677, 678, 679, 685–6, 705, 814, 825–6, 828, 830, 831, 832, 833, 933, 1061
Eulenburg, Friedrich Count zu 575, 1047
Eulenburg und Hertefeld, Philipp Count (later Prince) zu xvi, 39, 102, 117, 128, 136, 146, 163, 166, 168, 204, 209, 216, 227, 235, 236, 240, 241, 259, 262, 263, 265, 266, 267, 280, 281, 283, 284–5, 290, 291, 294, 303, 304, 324, 325, 326, 338, 343, 352, 368, 377, 391, 393, 396, 398, 400, 409, 412, 426, 451, 452, 453, 460, 467, 470, 475, 485–6, 494–5, 501, 512, 513, 536, 537–8, 549, 554, 562, 594, 607, 617, 639–40, 651, 677, 679, 685, 686, 687, 688, 701, 748, 749, 799, 800, 804, 805, 806, 807, 811, 812, 813, 814, 815, 816, 819, 820, 821, 822, 823, 824, 825, 826, 827, 828, 829, 830, 832–3, 834, 835, 836, 838, 845, 851, 859, 869, 871, 874, 876, 881, 887, 907, 952, 960, 998, 1014, 1024, 1040, 1064, 1067
on Wilhelm II as personification of Germany 16
on Wilhelm II’s working methods 114–15
friendship with Wilhelm II, and its effects on political relations with Bismarcks 187–97
on Jewish financial involvement in Russo-German relations 213
on antagonism between Waldersee and Bismarcks 217
relations with Bismarcks 208, 242, 248–9, 249–56, 257–8, 268, 269, 270–1, 278–9, 282, 592–3, 595
and Redemptorists and relations with Roman Catholic Bavaria 234, 237–9
recognition of Wilhelm II’s dependence on Bismarck 268
on reactions to electoral defeat of Kartell coalition 288
summoned to mediate between Wilhelm II and Bismarcks 292–3
Wilhelm II’s reactions to Bismarck’s dismissal 320
on Caprivi 321
on Marschall 327–8
and Liebenau’s dismissal 332
Wilhelm II’s foreign policy 344
on relations between Wilhelm II and Caprivi 386, 455, 605
on Hinzpeter’s influence over Wilhelm II 406–7
on Wilhelm II and army 413, 423
on Wedel 425, 428, 429–30
as ambassador in Vienna 430, 431, 587–90
concerns about School Bill crisis 437, 438, 440, 441–2, 445, 446, 449
concerns about Wilhelm II’s health 443
on Army Bill 462–3, 464–5
on Conservative Party and anti-Semitism 466
seen by Waldersee as encouraging spiritualist leanings in Wilhelm II 524
friendship with Wilhelm II criticised by Waldersee 531
Holstein’s criticisms of Wilhelm II 534, 535, 539
warns Wilhelm II about his autocratic behaviour 538
aware of political disaffection from Kaiser 561
aware of disaffection within army 569
idealisation of Wilhelm II 573–9
on Wilhelm II’s estrangement from Caprivi 582–4
on Wilhelm II’s disdain for Foreign Office 586
intervenes in appointments within Foreign Office 587–9
and Kladderadatsch attacks 598–600, 601–4
Waldersee criticises as possible Reich Chancellor 605–6
warns Wilhelm II of socialist advance and Caprivi’s weakness 608–10, 611–14
reports on Caprivi’s dismissal 618–19
and relationship between Wilhelm II and Kaiserin Auguste Viktoria 622, 623–4
on Kaiserin Auguste Viktoria 626, 627–8
on Prince Heinrich’s character 632–3
on Ernst Günther’s proposed marriages 654, 656–8
on relations between Wilhelm II and his sister Luise Sophie (Yaya) 661
on Kotze affair 667, 671, 672–4, 675, 676
influence over Wilhelm II 678, 686, 708–10
relations with and views on Hohelohe 678, 689, 691, 708–10, 844–5
on factions within government 692–3
on opening of Kiel Canal 699
on political relations between Wilhelm II and Bismarck 705–6
Wilhelm II’s views on Conservatives and Agrarian League 711–12
on Wilhelm II’s criticisms of Marschall 715–18
role as mediator in ministerial disputes 718–19
and disputes between Wilhelm II and Bronsart over army reforms 721–8
influence over ambassadorial appointments 734
on Wilhelm II’s Scandinavian policy 742–5
on Wilhelm II’s correspondence with Nicholas II 752–5
on Wilhelm II’s allegorical sketch ‘Against the Yellow Peril’ 756
and Wilhelm II’s assurance to Russia of non-intervention in event of attempts to annex Constantinople 760, 761, 762
on beneficial effects of foreign policy on domestic politics 763–4
on British political isolation 769–70
on Wolseley’s proposed appointment as British ambassador in Berlin 773
on African colonies and policy 778, 783
on personal rule of Kaiser with regard to army reforms 810–15, 816
involvement in Bronsart crisis and restructuring of Reich government 817–39
supports Kaiser in face of mounting public criticism 847
Wilhelm II’s intentions to move against Bismarck 867
realisation of cost of Wilhelm II’s exercise of Personal Monarchy 875
Wilhelm II’s reactions to Hard Labour and Canal Bills 885
influences Wilhelm II’s artistic patronage 915
reactions to Wilhelm II’s foreign policy 926, 928, 930, 931, 932
fosters Franco-German alliance 933, 934
influences Wilhelm II’s interest in Zionism 947–51
on Wilhelm II’s reactions to British refusal of possible alliance 982
on Wilhelm II’s naval plans 1010, 1012, 1013, 1017
informs Wilhelm II of public opposition to battlefleet developments 1026–7
complaints at Wilhelm II’s failure to consult government ministers 1035–6
views exercise of Personal Monarchy by Wilhelm II with growing disenchantment 1045–56
and Wilhelm II’s health 1057, 1061, 1062, 1066
Far East, annexation of Kiaochow (China) 954–65
Faure, Félix (French president) 759
Feodora (Baby), Princess of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg (sister of Kaiserin Auguste Viktoria) 621
Ferdinand I, King of Bulgaria 121, 987
Ferdinand I, King of Romania 122
Fesser, Gerd (historian) 871, 955
Finckenstein auf Simnau, Count Finck von 886
Finland, Wilhelm II’s concern with its relations with Russia 347
Fischer, Dr Franz (journalist) xvii, 242, 254, 265, 266, 270, 278, 279, 304, 439, 548, 550, 569, 1010
Forckenbeck, Max von (mayor of Berlin) 37, 132, 377, 378, 401, 456
Foucauld, Comte de (French military attaché) 736
Fragiacomo, Pietro (painter) 912
Franckenstein, Georg Arbogast Freiherr von (member of Reichstag) 233, 235
Franco-German relations 501–3
Vienna incident 89–90
Wilhelm II’s policy 139, 143, 144, 145, 347–9, 367–8
Waldersee’s views on Otto von Bismarck’s policies 203, 208–9
Wilhelm II fosters friendlier relations (1897) 933–4
Franco-Russian relations, 364, 473–8
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria-Hungary 1040, 1048–9
Franz Joseph (Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary) 107, 145, 148, 219, 222–3, 306, 336, 367, 416, 421, 461, 497, 618, 765, 783, 867, 932, 933, 960
Wilhelm II’s first state visit 28, 29, 30, 43
involvement in Vienna incident 77, 79, 81, 83, 85, 86, 87–9, 94, 100
and Bismarck’s dismissal 308–17, 318, 320
Wilhelm II asks him not to meet Bismarck 591–2
Frederick, Empress, see Victoria, Empress Frederick
freemasonry, Wilhelm II’s views 137–8
French Modernism, Wilhelm II’s dislike of 912–13
Freud, Sigmund 676
Freyschlag, Ignaz Freiherr von (Bavarian adjuntant general) 262
Freytag, Gustav (writer) 511
Friedberg, Heinrich von (Prussian justice minister) 50, 53, 60, 61, 62
Friedmann, Fritz (lawyer) 670
Friedrich, Duke of Anhalt 481, 482, 663
Friedrich I, Grand Duke of Baden (uncle of Wilhelm II) 4, 9, 10, 63, 64, 65, 67, 74, 128, 227, 240, 242, 246–8, 249, 251–2, 253–4, 255, 256, 289–90, 291–2, 304, 305, 306, 327, 336, 383, 458, 463, 498, 502, 503, 513–14, 548, 567, 570, 583, 678, 679, 686, 725, 830, 859, 881, 907, 946, 947, 948, 950, 952, 953, 1028, 1061, 1065
Friedrich I, King of Prussia 610
Friedrich II the Great, King of Prussia 14
Friedrich II of Hohenstaufen, medieval emperor 952
Friedrich III, German Kaiser, King of Prussia (father of Wilhelm II) 10, 17, 23, 26, 28, 31, 37, 48, 70, 81, 82, 87, 92, 101, 131, 132, 164, 179, 191, 228, 319–20, 389, 507, 511, 593, 861, 868, 892
Wilhelm II’s attitudes towards 2, 44, 52–7, 65–6
education of Wilhelm II 13
paper archives, treatment 59–62
war diary 62–4, 132, 183, 232
Friedrich, Kaiserin, see Victoria, Empress Frederick
Friedrich Ferdinand, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg 621
Friedrich Franz III, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 760
Friedrich Karl (Fischy), Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel 496, 630, 633, 651, 664, 665, 666
Friedrich Karl, Prince of Prussia 73
Friedrich, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (general) 566, 636, 668, 671
Friedrich, Prince of Saxe-Meiningen (son of Duke Georg II) 802
Friedrich Leopold, Prince of Prussia 137, 138, 621, 660–3, 1049, 1059
Friedrich Wilhelm (Crown Prince), see Friedrich III (German Kaiser)
Friedrich Wilhelm, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 4
Friedrich Wilhelm I, King of Prussia 131, 531, 563, 610
Friedrich Wilhelm II, King of Prussia 267, 531, 539
Friedrich Wilhelm III, King of Prussia 58
Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia 160, 402, 507, 543, 1061, 1062
Fritzen, Bishop Dr Alfons (Centre Party member of Reichstag) 1013, 1014
Fürstenberg, Carl Egon Prince zu 664, 686
Fürstenberg, Princess Dorothee von (née Talleyrand-Périgord) 184
Fusangel, Johann (Centre Party member of Reichstag) 368
Galimberti, Luigi (Cardinal) 135
Galliéra, Duchesse de 59, 349
Gaupp, Robert (psychiatrist) 1067
Geffcken, Heinrich (constitutional lawyer) 53, 54, 61, 63, 64, 65, 183, 232
Georg, King of Saxony 26, 417, 421, 461, 548
Georg II, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen 513, 653, 802
George, Duke of York (later King George V of United Kingdom) 84, 103, 118, 125, 483, 629, 654, 697, 771–2, 792
George, Prince of Greece (son of Crown Prince Constantine of Greece) 648, 939
George I, King of Greece 123, 645, 649, 941, 943
George III, King of Great Britain and Ireland 1066, 1067
George V, King, see George, Duke of York
Gerhardt, Karl (physician) 53
Gersdorff, Fräulein Claire von (lady in waiting) 161, 361, 624
Giers, Nikolai Karlovich (Russian foreign minister) 335, 339, 341, 478, 480
Giese (mayor of Altona) 693
Gladstone, William Ewart (British prime minister) 356, 481, 490
Gleichen, Edward (Eddie) Count 77
Glinka (Russian general) 35
Godet, Pasteur (tutor of Kaiser Friedrich III) 61
Goering, Karl (chief of Reich Chancellery under Caprivi) 442, 446, 467, 680
Goltz, Colmar Freiherr von der (field marshal) 205, 206, 457
Goltz, Karl Friedrich Count (adjutant-general to Kaiser Wilhelm I) 161
Goltz, Leopold von der (admiral) 357
Goluchowski, Agenor Count (Austro-Hungarian foreign minister) 761, 765
Görtz, Anna Countess (daughter of Emil Count Görtz) 658–9
Görtz, Anna Countess (mother of Emil Count Görtz) 657
Görtz, Emil Count 624, 657, 756, 848, 917
Görtz, Sophia Countess (wife of Emil Count Görtz) 659
Gosselin, Martin (British chargé d’affaires in Berlin) 732, 766, 1061, 1064, 1066
Gossler, Gustav von (Prussian minister of ecclesiastical affairs) 235, 239, 263, 330, 331, 380, 382, 383, 384, 386, 402, 406, 407, 408, 504, 508, 705, 852, 873, 959
Gossler, Heinrich von (minister of war) 420, 837, 838
Greco-Turkish war (1897) 941–3
Grenfell, Lt General Sir Francis 151, 775
Grierson, Sir James (British military attaché in Berlin) 926, 933, 940, 971, 973, 974, 986, 989, 990, 992
Groddeck, Georg (psychiatrist) 639
Günther, Heinrich von (Vortragender Rat) 680
Gustaf, Crown Prince of Sweden and Norway 118, 369, 743, 744
Hagenauer, Frau (madam) 665
Hähnisch, Karl von (general) 827, 832, 837
Hahnke, Gustav von (son of Wilhelm von Hahnke) 1063
Hahnke, Wilhelm von (chief of Wilhelm II’s Military Cabinet) 165, 167–8, 173, 244, 295, 299, 328, 358, 361, 399, 425, 582, 583, 585, 697, 721, 723, 808, 820, 831, 837, 844, 856, 945, 1063
relations with Wedel 164, 428, 431
appointment and personality 170–1, 177
presence at visit of Tsar Alexander III (1889) 219–20
supports Bismarck politically 250
Waldersee’s animosity and assessment of Hahnke’s character 253–4, 411, 418, 421, 422
involvement in Bismarck’s dismissal 300, 307
involvement in dismissal of Verdy 374, 375
and Caprivi 452, 613
on Wilhelm II’s state of mind during School Bill crisis 453
criticisms of Wilhelm II 517, 565
Waldersee criticises 572
involvement in Kotze affair 667, 674
influence over Wilhelm II in prosecution of Personal Monarchy 692, 693, 695, 725, 799, 808
press attacks on 846
protests against Wilhelm II’s style of government 878
anxiety about Wilhelm II’s naval obsessions at expense of army 1001
Hammacher, Friedrich (politician) 853, 857
Hammerstein-Gesmold, Wilhelm Freiherr von (editor-in-chief, Kreuzzeitung; Conservative member of Reichstag) 228, 231, 232, 243, 244, 442, 882
Hammerstein-Loxten, Ernst Freiherr von (Prussian minister of agriculture) 684, 696, 714, 726, 800
Hanotaux, Gabriel (French foreign minister) 748, 930
Harden, Maximilian (journalist) 539, 557, 593, 676, 717, 869, 1042–5, 1047
Harrach, Auguste Countess 58
Hatzfeldt-Trachenberg, Hermann Prince (Oberpräsident) 683
Hatzfeldt-Wildenburg, Paul Count (German ambassador in London) 81, 82, 91, 92, 96, 98, 99, 101, 104, 150, 181, 325, 331, 353, 361, 485, 486, 588–9, 734–5, 767–8, 773–5, 780, 783, 785, 787, 789, 798, 939, 968, 974, 975, 977, 978–9, 981, 982, 984, 986
Hechler, William H. (Anglican cleric) 946–9, 952
Heeremann, Dr Clemens Freiherr von (Centre Party member of Reichstag) 710–11
Heine, Thomas Theodor (caricaturist) 945
Heinrich, Prince of Prussia (brother of Wilhelm II) 2, 17, 32, 34, 46, 48, 55, 58, 68, 103, 104, 105, 137, 158, 171, 172, 320, 359, 411, 446, 476, 498, 525, 586, 594, 596, 597, 620, 621, 645, 649, 659, 660, 715, 716, 718, 749, 751, 752, 760, 763, 805, 848, 849, 857, 972, 1029, 1038, 1058, 1060, 1062
Empress Frederick regards as more feeling than Wilhelm II 51
Wilhelm II’s displeasure at Heinrich’s appointment as Russian colonel by Alexander III 112
and Wilhelm’s naval interests 154, 155, 999, 1001, 1029–30
on Herbert Bismarck’s influence on Wilhelm II 184
on political relationship between Wilhelm II and Bismarcks 302
attitudes towards Britain 358, 966–98
‘spies’ on French fleet during visit to Osborne (August 1891) 363–4
attendance at wedding of George Duke of York to Victoria Mary of Teck allowed by Wilhelm II 483–4
reported criticisms of his brother 512
relations with Wilhelm II as head of Prussian royal family 628–33
support for Wilhelm II’s foreign policy 926
command of warships dispatched to China for annexation of Kiaochow 958–9, 960, 961, 962–5
invited to Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee 967
relations with Tirpitz 1019–20, 1021, 1027, 1031
Heldburg, Ellen Freifrau von (wife of Duke Georg II of Saxe-Meiningen) 637, 675
Helena (Lenchen), Princess of United Kingdom (wife of Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, sister of Empress Frederick) 61, 62, 103, 482, 663, 666
Helene, Princess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (wife of Albert of Saxe-Altenburg) 474
Hélène Marie, Princess of Orléans 654–6
Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty (1890) 355–6
Helldorff-Bedra, Otto Heinrich von (Conservative member of Reichstag) 240, 258, 289, 290, 299, 419, 438, 439, 441, 442–3, 444, 446, 537, 712
Henckel-Donnersmarck, Guido Count (Silesian magnate) 520, 598, 599, 600, 713
Herbette, Jules Gabriel (French ambassador in Berlin) 348, 502, 735, 736, 767, 786
Herff, Franz von (German consul general in Pretoria) 781, 784, 787
Herrfurth, Ludwig (Prussian minister of interior) 380, 403–4, 408, 442, 448, 450–1
Herzl, Theodor (founder of modern Zionism) 946–53
Heuduck, Count von 662
Heydebrand und der Lasa, Dr Georg von 683–4, 859
Heyden, August von (painter) 265, 305, 893
Heyden-Cadow, Wilhelm von (Prussian minister of agriculture) 377, 682
Hinzpeter, Dr Georg Ernst (former tutor of Wilhelm II) 61, 109–10, 115, 197, 207, 227, 242–4, 245–6, 251, 252, 254, 259, 260–1, 265, 267–8, 271, 276, 280, 281, 282, 302, 303, 304, 305, 307, 310, 345, 380, 382, 401, 402, 405–9, 439, 494, 501, 533, 698–9, 712, 800, 846, 880, 926–7, 1012, 1050, 1058, 1060, 1071n. 57
Hirsch, Baron 135
Hitler, Adolf 1040
Hobrecht, Arthur (minister) 386
Hoensbroech, Paul Count 714, 715, 722
Hoffmann, Paul (Vice-Admiral) 115, 116, 125, 126, 129, 153–4, 320, 357–8
Hohenau, Charlotte (Lottka) Countess von (née von der Decken; wife of Friedrich Count von Hohenau) 664–6, 674, 675
Hohenau, Friedrich Count von 131, 664, 667, 669
Hohenau, Wilhelm Count von 664
Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Adelheid zu (wife of Duke Friedrich of Schleswig-Holstein, mother of Kaiserin) 621
Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Prince Ernst zu 96, 135, 149, 219, 347, 356, 437, 474, 477, 484, 485, 490, 513, 517, 636, 640, 652, 991
Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Prince Hermann zu 181, 353–5, 462, 640, 654, 686, 687, 777, 778, 878
Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Prince Viktor zu 77
Hohenlohe-Oehringen, Prince Christian Kraft zu (principal chamberlain) 531, 672, 674, 885, 886
Hohenlohe-Oehringen, Prince Friedrich Karl zu 664, 665
Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Prince Alexander zu (son of Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst) 515, 578, 680, 681, 683, 687, 689, 700–1, 714, 717, 733, 797, 812, 816–17, 818, 822, 836, 837, 839, 879
Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Prince Chlodwig zu (Reich chancellor) 119, 130, 321, 323, 331, 339, 350, 451, 462, 619, 653, 669, 853, 854, 857, 859, 867, 869, 871, 891, 929, 931, 942, 943, 950, 975, 980, 991, 1011, 1012, 1021, 1027
political relations with Wilhelm II 540
seen as having duty to curb Wilhelm II’s excesses on becoming Chancellor 515–16
Waldersee’s views 528, 531
appointment as Reich Chancellor 677–82
involvement in political appointments 682–7
Wilhelm II’s authority over government 687–93
opening of Kiel Canal (June 1895) 693–9
Wilhelm II’s autocratic attitudes to Reichstag 700–13
Kaiser’s interference with ministers and their political weakness 713–31
Wilhelm II’s interference in foreign policy 732–98; Italo-German relations 737–41; Norwegian independence 741–5; Sino-Japanese war (1894–5) 745–9; Russo-German relations 749–65; German relations with Austria-Hungary 760–5; Anglo-German relations 766–98; colonial policy and its effects on Anglo-German relations 777–98; annexation of Kiaochow (China) 955–60
moves to autocratic personal rule (1896–7) 799–807, 807–42, 843–52, 852–60
exercise of Personal Monarchy, 860–6, 873–9, 879–87
Kaiser’s anger with over Reichstag’s reluctance to fund developments of battlefleet 1014–16, 1023, 1024–5
outmanoeuvred by Tirpitz and Wilhelm II in promotion of Navy Bill (1900) 1035, 1036–7
denies wish to become Reich Chancellor 595
on Holstein’s reactions to Wilhelm II’s foreign policy 928
on Wilhelm II’s fostering of Franco-German alliance 934
on Wilhelm II’s concerns about size of navy 1005, 1013, 1024
concerns about Wilhelm II’s health 1062
Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Prince Constantin zu (Austrian Obersthofmeister) 78, 87, 88, 89
Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Prince Gustav Adolf zu, Cardinal 44, 654, 680, 1049
Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Prince Karl zu 469
Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Prince Moritz zu (son of Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst) 689
Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Princess Marie zu (wife of Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst) 679, 689, 839
Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, Princess Stephanie zu 760
Hohenthal, Wilhelm Count von (Saxon envoy in Berlin) 273, 275, 447
Hoiningen-Huene, Ernst Freiherr von (German military attaché in Paris) 426
Holleben, Theodor von (Prussian envoy in Stuttgart) 734
Hollmann, Friedrich von (admiral) 131, 356, 357–8, 359, 692, 695, 778, 785, 788, 801, 840, 841, 1000, 1010, 1014, 1015, 1017, 1018, 1021, 1023, 1024, 1025, 1027, 1028
Holstein, Friedrich von (Geheimrat, privy councillor in German Foreign Office) 36, 37, 44, 46, 111, 112, 113, 115, 124, 133, 146, 159, 163, 168, 173, 179, 199, 206, 209, 213, 214, 227, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 248, 249, 254, 256, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 265, 267, 268, 270, 282, 285, 288, 289, 291, 303, 304, 307, 319, 323, 324, 328, 329, 330, 331, 341, 351, 372, 377, 386, 391, 393, 394, 396, 413, 414, 423, 424, 425, 430, 438, 440, 441, 445, 446, 452, 455, 461, 466, 467, 475, 478, 530, 533, 536, 537, 538, 554, 577, 578, 586, 587, 588, 589, 593, 605, 607, 611, 673, 679, 680, 686, 699, 700, 707, 714, 716, 717, 727, 730, 736, 740, 757, 759, 760, 762, 763, 764, 768–9, 774, 783, 785, 786, 787, 789, 797, 798, 801, 803–4, 821, 839, 846, 850–1, 859, 927–8, 934, 957, 984, 1010, 1012, 1017, 1047, 1059, 1060, 1065, 1067
on Wilhelm II’s political standing in comparison with that of Bismarck 239–40, 267–8
opposition to Bismarck 242, 243, 244
on Bismarck’s tactics in opposition to Wilhelm II 278–9
not appointed as foreign secretary after Herbert Bismarck’s resignation 326–7
warns about Bismarck’s overdependence on Russia 334
and Reinsurance Treaty 338–9, 342
on Hinzpeter’s influence over Wilhelm II 406–7
on Wedel’s transfer to Foreign Office 426, 428
on School Bill crisis 442
criticisms of Wilhelm II 456, 534–5, 539, 541, 549–50, 562
advises against reconciliation with Bismarck 591
satirised in Kladderadatsch attacks 598–600
breakdown of political relationship with Philipp Eulenburg following Kladderadatsch attacks 601–4
advises Hohenlohe to resist Wilhelm II’s attempts at control of government 688
on Hohenlohe’s political weakness 690
on Wilhelm II’s interventions in government 692
on relations between Wilhelm II and Marschall 718
on Wilhelm II’s interference in foreign policy under Hohenlohe 733, 734, 735, 737–8
on Wilhelm II’s correspondence with Nicholas II 752
on personal rule of Kaiser with regard to crisis over army reforms 810–15, 819–20, 823, 827, 828, 829, 833, 834–5, 838
criticises Wilhelm II’s intervention in Anglo-German relations 978
on Wilhelm II’s naval obsessions 1002, 1013–14, 1024
on reluctance of Reichstag to fund development of battlefleet 1022
Holzamer, Wilhelm (poet) 919
Holzing-Berstett, Max Freiherr von (Flügeladjutant) 166
Homolatsch, Anna 197, 410
Hompesch, Alfred Count 471
Hornby, Sir Geoffrey (British admiral of the fleet) 157
Hoskins, Sir Anthony (British rear admiral) 157, 158
Hoyos, Marguerite Countess (wife of Herbert Bismarck) 591
Huene, Karl Freiherr von (Centre Party member of Reichstag) 235, 256, 271, 462, 583
Hülsen, Georg von (Flügeladjutant) 573, 672, 865–6, 1053
Hülsen-Haeseler, Dietrich Count von (Flügeladjutant) 361, 672, 893
‘Hun Speech’ 1042–4
Hutten-Czapski, Bogdan Count von 725
Ihne, Ernst (architect) 870, 893, 894, 913
Ilberg (imperial physician) 945
industrial relations 257, 258
Wilhelm II’s involvement, in disputes with Bismarck 207
Wilhelm II’s opposition to strikes 855
Hard Labour Bill and opposition to Wilhelm II’s exercise of Personal Monarchy 879–87
Wilhelm II’s opposition to workers’ rights (1899) 1050–1
industry, proposed staging of international exhibition in Berlin and Wilhelm II’s opposition to idea 454–6
Irène, Princess of Prussia (wife of Prince Heinrich) 54, 363, 483–4, 498, 625, 628–9, 630, 631, 635, 967
Italo-German relations 236–7
Wilhelm II’s interference with under Hohenlohe 737–41
Italy, Wilhelm II’s first state visit 43–7
Jackson (favourite of King Karl I of Württemberg) 4
Jacobi, Albano von (Flügeladjutant) 70
Jacobi, Hugo (journalist) 600
Jagemann, Eugen von (Badanese envoy in Berlin) 678, 1005
Jameson raid 780, 783–8
Japan, German relations with 961–2
Jencke, Johann Friedrich (industrialist) 271, 376, 377
Jersey, Victor, 7th Earl of 775
Joachim, Prince of Prussia (son of Kaiser Wilhelm II) 74, 643, 1067
Joachimides, Christos (art historian) 913
Johann Albrecht, Duke of Mecklenburg 469, 1013
Kalau vom Hofe (naval attaché) 754
Kall, von (admiral) 131
Kálnoky, Count (Austro-Hungarian foreign minister) 78, 79, 83, 85, 88, 93, 98, 107, 349, 592, 618–19, 732, 749–50, 761
Kaltenborn-Stachau, Hans von (minister of war) 165, 375, 389, 390, 418, 434, 457
Kanitz, Hans Wilhelm Count 404, 469, 597
Kardorff, Wilhelm von (member of Reichstag) 287, 464, 852
Karl I, King of Württemberg 4, 128, 189, 209, 415, 424
Kartell coalition 258, 262, 303
political relations between Wilhelm II and Bismarcks 228–32, 234–41, 244, 277–8
electoral defeat (1890) 286–8
Wilhelm II’s support for 303
and Bismarck’s dismissal 311, 314, 315
Kayser, Dr Paul 240, 242, 265, 268, 271, 278, 279, 282, 283, 284, 285, 288, 289, 290, 292, 293, 294, 302, 304, 405, 408, 718, 778, 784, 785, 801, 1013
Keller, Mathilde Countess (lady in waiting) 161, 624
Kennedy, John (British chargé d’affaires in Rome) 45
Kennedy, Paul (historian) 925, 999, 1021
Kessel, Gustav von (Flügeladjutant) 25, 32, 55, 59, 104, 163, 195, 196, 250, 282, 361, 396, 523, 591, 594, 716, 945
Keszyki, Heinrich von 196
Kiderlen-Wächter, Alfred von (diplomat) 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 40, 111–12, 153, 215, 217, 238, 328, 341, 351, 358, 378, 386, 414, 417, 423, 424, 452, 454, 455, 461, 462, 486, 538, 581, 587, 591, 598–9, 600, 601, 607, 624, 652, 768, 772, 773–4, 848–9, 1002, 1016
Kiel Canal 690, 693–9
opening, and relations between Wilhelm II and British royal family 771–2
Kimberley, John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of (British foreign secretary) 779
kingship mechanism, effects on Prussian-German officialdom 284–5
Kladderadatsch attacks 598–601
Klopp, Emilie (Miss Love) xx, 197–9, 411, 623
Knackfuss, Hermann (artist) 75, 891, 909, 910, 913
Knesebeck, Bodo von dem (chamberlain to Kaiserin Auguste Viktoria) 361, 515–16
Knollys, Sir Francis (private secretary to Albert Edward, Prince of Wales) 88, 92, 97, 98, 99, 100, 489, 490
Knorr, Ernst Wilhelm Eduard von (admiral) 695, 746, 785, 801, 1015, 1026
Knorring, Ludwig Freiherr von 664, 665
Koch, Richard (director of Reichsbank) 684
Kögel, Rudolf (court preacher) 401, 402
Köller, Ernst Matthias von (Prussian minister of interior) 677, 679, 680, 682, 683–4, 687, 696, 699, 702, 706, 709, 714, 718, 719, 723, 725–9, 799–800, 807
Köller, Georg von (Prussian parliamentarian) 446
Koner, Max (painter) 541
Kopp, Georg von (Archbishop of Breslau; Bishop of Fulda) 234, 717
Koscielski, Joseph von (Polish member of Reichstag) 495
Koser, Reinhold (historian) 917, 918, 920
Kotze, Elisabeth von (née von Treskow; wife of Leberecht von Kotze) 664, 670, 675
Kotze, Leberecht von (master of ceremonies) 664, 666–73, 674
Kronstadt 364–5, 473, 485
Kropatschek, Wilhelm (editor, Kreuzzeitung) 408
Krosigk, General von 570
Krüger, Paul (president of the Transvaal) 781, 784, 785, 786, 788
Krupp, Friedrich Alfred (industrialist) 271
Laetitia, Duchess of Aosta 654
Lamsdorff, Vladimir Nikolaievich Count (Russian foreign minister) 37, 337, 341
Langen, Albert (publisher) 945
Lansdowne, Henry Charles Keith, 5th Marquess of (British secretary of state for war) 774
Lascelles, Sir Frank (British ambassador in Berlin) 770, 775, 784, 786, 792, 796, 797, 798, 844, 939–40, 968, 973, 975, 980, 983, 985, 987–8, 990, 991, 992, 993, 995, 1064, 1066
Launay, Eduard Count de (Italian ambassador in Berlin) 131
Lavisse, Ernest (French historian) 21, 543, 545
Leckert, Heinrich (journalist) 844
Lecomte, Raymond (French diplomat) 933
Ledochowski, Mieczyslaw Count von, Cardinal, Archbishop of Posen 237
Lehmann (mayor of Hamburg) 698
Lehndorff, Heinrich August Count von (adjutant-general of Kaiser Wilhelm I) 162, 692
Lehnert, Uta (historian) 917, 919
Lenbach, Franz von (painter) 594
Leo XIII (Pope) 46–7, 118, 133, 367–8, 475
Leopold, Prince, Duke of Albany (brother of Empress Frederick) 632, 989
Leopold, Prince of Bavaria 26, 414, 567
Leopold II, King of the Belgians 61, 83, 548
Lerchenfeld-Köfering, Hugo Count (Bavarian envoy in Berlin) 19, 24, 238, 239, 240, 248, 262, 273, 274–5, 298, 667, 671, 786, 805
lèse majesté, prosecutions and convictions 557, 558
Leszczynski, Paul von (general) 590
Leuthold, Dr Rudolf (imperial physician) 32, 37–8, 40–1, 112, 161, 361, 443–4, 869, 945, 1055, 1056–7, 1062
Levetzow, Albert Erdmann von (Conservative deputy and speaker of Reichstag) 469, 563, 1013, 1014
Leyden, Casimir Count (diplomat) 103, 123, 588
Li Hung Tschang (Chinese viceroy) 530
Lichnowsky, Karl Max Prince (diplomat) 1030
Lichtwark, Alfred 913
Liddell, Very Revd Dr Henry (dean of Christ Church, Oxford) 995
Liebenau, Eduard von (Oberhof- und Hausmarschall) 18, 20, 48, 61, 166–8, 183, 201, 231, 232, 250–3, 331–3, 425
Lieber, Dr Ernst (leader of Centre Party) 368, 714, 715, 716, 718, 821
Liebermann, Max (painter) 912, 919
Liebermann von Sonnenberg, Max (anti-Semitic member of Reichstag) 465
Liebert, Eduard von (general; governor of German East Africa) 352–3
Liebknecht, Wilhelm (Socialist politician) 702, 847
Limburg-Stirum, Friedrich Wilhelm Count zu (member of Reichstag) 326, 327, 328, 884, 885
Lindau, Rudolf (diplomat) 210, 211, 255, 282, 423, 424
Lindenau, Karl von (diplomat) 833
Lippe, Colonel von (Flügeladjutant) 163, 411
Lippe (princedom), succession, as evidence of Wilhelm II’s attitudes to his ministers 801–4
Lippe-Biesterfeld, Countess zu 802
Lippe-Biesterfeld, Ernst Count zu 846
Lippe-Detmold, Alexander Prince zu 801
Lippe-Detmold, Woldemar Prince zu 801
Lobanow-Rostowski, Alexei Fürst von (Russian foreign minister) 736, 756, 759, 763
Löe, Walther Freiherr von (General) 453, 548, 724, 808
Lohmann, Christian Theodor (social reformer) 291
Loisinger, Johanna Maria (wife of Prince Alexander of Battenberg) 122
Londonderry, Charles Stewart, 6th Marquess of 775
Lonsdale, Hugh Cecil Lowther 5th Earl of 682, 776, 794
Louise, Marchioness of Lorne (later Duchess of Argyll; sister of Empress Frederick) 635
Louise, Princess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (mother of Dorothea (Dora) of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha) 660
Louise, Queen of Prussia 627
Louise Augusta (Marie Louise), Princess of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg (wife of Aribert of Anhalt) 481, 482, 651, 652, 663–4, 665, 666, 674
Louise Margaret, Duchess of Connaught (wife of Arthur, Duke of Connaught) 660
Love, Miss, see Klopp, Emilie
Löwenfeld von (Flügeladjutant) 994
Lucanus, Hermann von (chief of Wilhelm II’s Civil Cabinet) 104, 112, 136, 167, 168–9, 177, 201, 211, 231, 232, 250, 253–4, 300, 307, 361, 378, 387, 399, 402, 404, 405, 408, 439, 445, 448, 451, 525, 530, 580, 582, 609, 613, 680, 692–3, 698, 707, 708, 715, 718, 719, 721–2, 725, 727, 728, 729, 730, 799–800, 802–3, 819, 824, 825, 837, 840, 869, 884, 887, 893, 912, 945, 1035, 1037, 1046, 1052
Lucius von Ballhausen, Robert Freiherr (Prussian minister of agriculture) 59, 330, 331, 377, 401
Ludwig, Prince of Bavaria 417, 632, 735, 804–7, 1063
Ludwig II, King of Bavaria 103, 165, 187, 445, 534, 537, 539, 804, 829, 917, 1061
Ludwig IV, Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt 85, 89, 95, 127, 510, 630, 752
Luise, Grand Duchess of Baden (wife of Grand Duke Friedrich I of Baden; aunt of Wilhelm II) 17, 61, 246, 514, 629
Luise, Queen of Denmark 41
Luise Margarete of Prussia (wife of Arthur, Duke of Connaught) 79
Luise Sophie (Yaya), Princess of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg 168, 621, 635, 660–3
Luitpold, Prince Regent of Bavaria 4, 137, 233, 419, 591, 613, 804
Luiz I, King of Portugal 126
Lutz, Johann Freiherr von (Bavarian prime minister) 9, 133, 191, 233, 234, 235, 236, 238, 239, 262, 278
Lützow (police agent) 844
Lyncker, Maximilian Freiherr von (house minister) 32, 55, 161, 403, 632, 672
McDonnell, Sir Schomberg 1065, 1066
Machtan, Lothar (historian) 870
Mackensen, August von (General) 662, 945
Mackenzie, Sir Morell (British physician) 53, 59, 132
McKinley, William (US president) 929
MacMahon, Maurice Comte de (French president) 501
Magdeburg, Eduard 213
Mahan, Alfred Thayer (American naval officer and historian) 1003, 1033
Malet, Sir Edward (British ambassador in Berlin) 22, 25, 71, 75–6, 81, 93, 94, 102, 265, 274, 275–6, 318–19, 448–9, 487, 552–3, 588, 773, 774, 779, 781–3
Malkowsky, Gerhard (art historian) 892
Maltzahn-Gültz, Helmuth Freiherr von (Secretary of Reich Treasury) 580, 581
Manteuffel, Otto Freiherr von (Conservative political leader) 438, 441, 466, 467, 853, 857, 859
Marchand, Jean-Baptiste (French officer) 985, 986
Margarethe (Mossy), Princess of Prussia (wife of Friedrich Karl of Hesse-Kassel; youngest sister of Wilhelm II) 348, 496, 621, 630, 633, 634, 642, 646, 649, 650–1, 664, 665
Marie, Duchess of Edinburgh, Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (wife of Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh) 640, 641
Marie, Princess of Orléans (wife of Waldemar of Denmark) 655
Marie, Princess of Saxe-Altenburg (wife of Prince Regent Albrecht of Brunswick) 128
Maria Anna, Princess of Prussia (wife of Friedrich Karl) 67
Maria Feodorovna, Tsarina (wife of Tsar Alexander III) 33, 34, 429, 635, 752, 941
Marie Louise, Princess, see Louise Augusta (Marie Louise)
Marie Pavlovna, Grand Duchess of Russia (wife of Grand Duke Vladimir) 36, 76, 649
Marschall von Bieberstein, Adolf Freiherr 244, 248, 321, 329, 334, 361, 429, 446, 450, 453, 458, 578, 583, 585–6, 587, 591, 601, 602–3, 607, 609, 614, 685, 687, 726, 762, 764, 767, 783, 785, 796, 816, 819, 822, 842, 854, 947, 955, 968
role in Bismarck’s dismissal 209, 227, 242, 244, 256, 262, 266–7, 278, 279, 282, 283, 284, 288, 289, 291, 292, 294, 304
on political relations between Wilhelm II and Bismarck after 1890 elections 294
appointment and service as foreign secretary 325, 326–8, 602
opposes renewal of Reinsurance Treaty 341
supports Caprivi’s foreign policy 351
ministerial weakness in face of Wilhelm II’s autocratic attitudes 378
involvement in School Bill crisis 438
support for Caprivi’s modified role as Reich chancellor 446–7
comments on Caprivi’s powerlessness 451
criticisms of Army Bill 458
on Wilhelm II’s anti-Russian feelings 476
on renewal of friendship with Russia through Kiel visit (June 1892) 476, 477
criticisms of Wilhelm II 533, 535, 536, 537, 539, 690, 703, 707, 708, 709–10
on ‘reconciliation’ with Bismarck 594–5
involvement in Kladderadatsch attacks 600–1
Wilhelm II’s dislike 603, 714–18, 728, 729, 733, 800, 810, 844, 943, 1025
on Bronsart’s disagreements with Wilhelm II 721–2
Anglo-German relations, as affected by British colonial policy 766, 781
and Wilhelm II and Transvaal 784, 797
involvement in sending of Krüger telegram 786–8
dismissal 799, 823, 827, 828–9, 831, 832, 835, 839
Lippe succession 801, 803
opposition to Wilhelm II’s style of government 812, 813, 818, 821, 826
on Wilhelm II’s demands for restrictions on press freedom 815
ambassador at Constantinople 840, 950, 951
Wilhelm II’s naval policy 939, 1003, 1013, 1015, 1016, 1021
Martin, Sir Theodore 972
Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck 653
Mattachich-Keglevich, Lieutenant 660
Max, Prince of Baden 650, 664, 665
May of Teck, see Victoria Mary (May), Duchess of York
Maybach, Albert von (Prussian minister of public works) 206, 213, 226, 263, 330, 331, 377
Mediterranean, eastern, Wilhelm II’s policy towards 938–44
Meerscheidt-Hüllessem, Gustav Freiherr von (general) 550, 566
Meinecke, J. G. R. (deputy finance minister) 211
Meissonier, Jean-Louis-Ernest (French painter) 347, 535
Menzel, Adolf von (painter) 865, 912, 914
Miessner, Geheimrat 169, 197
Milan I, Obrenovic, King of Serbia 121–2, 148
military retinue, court duties and influence over Wilhelm II 161–6
Millet, Jean-François 912
Miquel, Dr Johannes (Oberbürgermeister of Frankfurt am Main, finance minister) 240, 269, 280, 359, 376, 377, 379, 398–9, 438, 439, 441, 444, 447, 452, 464, 468, 537, 580, 581, 584, 594, 597, 603, 604, 605, 607, 609, 616, 713, 720, 726, 728, 729, 840, 841, 864, 869, 877, 878, 882, 883, 885, 894, 1029, 1060
Mirbach, Ernst Freiherr von (Oberhofmeister) 161, 167, 228, 361, 401, 402, 515, 624, 625, 674, 844, 945
Mirbach, Kamilla Freifrau von 252
Mirbach-Sorquitten, Julius Count von (Conservative member of Reichstag) 721
Miribel, de (French general) 142
Mischke, Albert von (general) 61
Mohrenheim, Arthur Baron von (Russian ambassador in Paris) 348, 477
Moltke, Helmuth Carl Bernhard Count von (general, field marshal) 3, 5, 6, 10, 18, 173, 301, 420, 424, 452, 728, 751, 758, 759, 869, 909
Moltke, Helmuth von (Flügeladjutant general) 3, 5, 6, 517, 694
Moltke, Kuno Count von (Flügeladjutant) 166, 196, 282, 383, 484, 493, 573–4, 578, 585, 594, 595, 601, 685, 694, 706, 728, 739, 865, 866, 893, 1010, 1012, 1047
Mommsen, Wolfgang J. (historian) xiii–xiv, 734
monarchy
kingship mechanism xiv
effects on Wilhelm II’s loss of confidence in Caprivi 604–10
constitution xvii–xviii, xix, 11–12
role within Reich 11–16, 19
costs 16–20
Personal Monarchy 324, 1031
Wilhelm II’s ideology 3, 8, 10–11, 117–30, 369, 504–5, 507, 543–4, 549, 860–6; expressed through arts 888–923
lack of collective responsibility in Reich compared to other European countries 329–31
destructive role of favourites as shown by Philipp Eulenburg’s influence 601–4
Wilhelm II’s claims to autocracy 799–842
Wilhelm II’s exercise, 843–52
as viewed by Harden 1044–5
seen with growing disenchantment by Philipp Eulenburg 1045–56
as affected by possible health problems 1056–67
Wilhelm II contemplates coup d’état against Reichstag (1896–7) 852–60
Wilhelm II’s response to Bismarck’s death 866–73
Monson, Sir Edmund (British diplomat) 732, 774
Montagu, Hon. Victor (rear admiral) 483
Montebello, Gustave Lannes Count de (French ambassador in St Petersburg) 123, 131
Montel, Johannes de (Vatican official) 46
Monts, Anton Count (ambassador) 148, 308, 326, 588, 671, 794, 805, 850, 859, 911, 1061–2
Monts de Mazin, Count Alexander XVI (vice-admiral) 171, 173
Moretta, see Viktoria (Moretta), Princess of Prussia
Morier, Sir Robert (British ambassador) 37, 54
Mossy, see Margarethe (Mossy), Princess of Prussia
Müller, Georg Alexander (chief of Wilhelm II’s Naval Cabinet) 177, 934–7, 1002, 1019
Munich, Golden Book 388, 504, 508, 536
Münster, Georg Count zu (German ambassador in Paris) 55, 173, 223, 251, 325, 345, 348, 426–7, 541, 656, 740, 789, 972
Muraviev, Michael Count (Russian foreign minister) 957, 985
Napoleon I, Emperor 33, 366, 367, 929
Napoleon III, Emperor 361
Nassr ed-Din, Shah of Persia 107, 126
Natzmer, Captain von 585, 586
Naumann, Friedrich xiii, 713
navy
Wilhelm II’s obsessions with 2, 940–1, 1041
as expressed in state visit to Scandinavia 40
his commission as British Admiral 101–8
effects on foreign policy 153–8
following Bismarck’s dismissal 355–60
and its effects on German colonial policy 778–9
disgust at refusal of Reichstag to accept naval estimates (1897) 848–9
linked with interests in marine painting 908–9
as threat to Anglo-German relations 970
development of battlefleet 999–1039
use during first state visit to Russia 31–2
reorganisation on Wilhelm II’s accession 171–3
Caprivi’s views 351–2
developments influenced by Sino-Japanese war (1894–5) 745
administration, reorganisation (1899) 878
Nelidow, Alexander von (Russian ambassador in Constantinople) 206
Nelson, Horatio Viscount 190, 929
Neumann-Cosel, Gustav von (Flügeladjutant) 166
newspapers, Wilhelm II’s selective reading 254–5
Nicholas II, Tsar 140, 221, 334, 367, 476, 477, 496, 497, 498, 500, 632, 650, 737, 749–59, 781, 785, 797, 804, 810, 909, 910, 929, 931, 932, 933, 934, 941, 944, 950, 952, 956, 957, 958, 959, 976, 977, 979, 982, 984, 992, 1048
Wilhelm II’s first state visit to Russia 32–6
Wilhelm II’s views of 123, 125, 140
discussion with Wilhelm II on German foreign policy (1893) 367
presence at Kiel meeting (1892) 476–7
relations with Wilhelm II, effects on Russo-German relations 496–8
marriage to Princess Alix of Hesse-Darmstadt 498, 500
agrees to Germany’s colonial policy in China 748
anti-Semitism 758
Wilhelm II’s views on Turkish position in relation to Cyprus 844
comments on ‘Against the Yellow Peril’ (painting) 909–10
reactions to Wilhelm II’s Weltpolitik 929–34
on annexation of Kiaochow 956, 957, 958, 959, 960
Wilhelm II’s assessment of his friendship with 979
correspondence with Wilhelm II
and its effects on foreign policy 737, 749–60
on Anglo-German relations and possible alliance between the two countries 976–8
on prospects of war between Britain and France 984
attitudes towards Wilhelm II 1047–8, 1063–4
Nicolson, Sir Arthur (British diplomat) 107
Nieberding, Arnold (Secretary of Reich Justice Office) 684
Nietzsche, Friedrich 866
Nipperdey, Thomas (historian) 342, 469, 925
Normann, Karl von (Hofmarschall) 61
Norway, independence 741–5
O’Conor, Sir Nicholas 775
Oidtman von, Colonel 175
Olga, Queen of Greece 635, 649
Oppersdorff, Hans von, Count 475
Order of St John of Jerusalem 130–1
Orléans, Princess Hélène Marie of 654–6
Orterer, Georg Ritter von (member of Reichstag) 163, 368
Oscar II, King of Sweden and Norway 39, 40, 118–19, 741, 744
Oskar, Prince of Prussia (son of Kaiser Wilhelm II) 6, 627
Osten-Sacken, Nikolai Count von der (Russian ambassador in Berlin) 753, 985
Otto, King of Bavaria 4
Pacific, Wilhelm II’s policy 149, 151–2
Paget, Sir Augustus (British ambassador in Vienna) 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 86, 88, 98, 99, 100
painting, Wilhelm II’s interests in 908–15
Païva, Blanche Marquise de (née Lachmann; wife of Guido von Henckel-Donnersmarck) 600
Pallat, Ludwig 912
Pape, Alexander von, (general; governor of Berlin) 668
Parlaghy, Vilma (society painter) 906
Parsefal, von (general) 461
Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil 119
Persius, Pastor 61
Personal Monarchy, see under monarchy
Peter, Hereditary Grand Duke of Oldenburg 567, 1059–60
Peters, Carl (colonial adventurer) 150
Pflanze, Otto (historian) 240
Pfuel, Kurt Wolf von (Flügeladjutant) 163, 184, 211
Philipp, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 129, 659
Philipp, Prince of Württemberg 640
Planck, Gottlieb (jurist) 711
Pless, Hans Heinrich XI Prince 885, 886
Pless, Hans Heinrich XV (diplomat) 361
Pless, Princess Daisy 786
Plessen, Freiherr von (naval attaché in St Petersburg) 32
Plessen, Hans von (adjutant-general) 82, 434, 435, 516, 600, 632, 674, 694, 723, 724, 751, 808, 829, 853, 887, 943, 945, 1001, 1017
Pobedonostzew, Konstantin (Supreme Procurator of Holy Synod of Russia) 135
Podbielski, Viktor von (general; secretary of Reich Post Office) 570, 841, 873
Poland 493–6, 580
political parties, disaffection from Kaiser 560–5
Polstorff, Wilhelm (editor, Kladderadatsch) 599
Ponsonby, Sir Henry (private secretary to Queen Victoria) 70, 71, 95, 97, 100, 488, 489, 490
porphyria 639
Posadowsky-Wehner, Count Arthur von (secretary of Reich Treasury) 580–2, 583, 604, 730, 826, 832, 840, 862, 878, 880, 886
Pourtalès, Friedrich Count von (diplomat) 36, 37, 307
Prell, Hermann (painter) 910, 911
press
Wilhelm II attempts to curb press freedom 114
Wilhelm II’s dislike 132–3, 217
Wilhelm II’s responses to criticism 845–6, 849
Wilhelm II counters attacks on Britain 968
Queen Victoria tries to ameliorate anti-German feeling in British press 972, 974
reports on Wilhelm II’s health 1063
Preysing-Lichtenegg-Moos, Konrad Count (Centre Party member of Reichstag) 805
Pritzelwitz von (Flügeladjutant) 945
Protestantism, Wilhelm II’s views 130–1
Prussian royal family, Wilhelm II’s role as head 620–76
Prusso-German power elites xiv
Pückler, Karl Count 166, 168
Puttkamer, Robert Viktor von (Prussian Minister of Interior) 228, 511
Quidde, Ludwig (historian) 556–7, 1060, 1064
Radolin, Hugo Prince von (Hofmarschall; German ambassador in Constantinople, St Petersburg and Paris) 161, 193, 430, 734, 739, 759, 763, 832, 927
Radowitz, Joseph Maria von (German ambassador in Constantinople) 206, 325, 327, 328, 345
Radziwill, Maria Countess von, née Countess Branicki 184
Radziwill, Prince Anton von (adjutant-general to Kaiser Wilhelm I) 162
Rampolla, Mariano, Cardinal 46
Rantzau, Kuno Count zu (diplomat; Bismarck’s son-in-law) 36, 42, 86, 107, 114, 180, 182, 183, 191, 192, 193, 194, 212, 214, 215, 234, 238, 239, 593
Rantzau, Marie Countess, née Bismarck (wife of Kuno von Rantzau) 180, 868
Raschdau, Ludwig (diplomat) 43, 44, 238, 338, 341, 342, 423, 600
Raschdorff, Julius (architect) 900, 901, 902, 913
Rathenau, Walther (industrialist, intellectual) 547
Rauch, Rosalie von (wife of Albrecht Prince of Prussia) 664
Rauchhaupt, Wilhelm von (Conservative leader) 228, 229, 383, 387, 403, 562
Recke von dem Horst, Eberhard Freiherr von der (Prussian minister of interior) 730, 800, 882, 883
Redemptorists, recall 234–5, 237–40
Reich government
reorganisation after Bismarck’s dismissal 320–33
operation under Wilhelm II 371–83
Kaiser’s autocratic attitudes 383–8
problems in Kaiser’s relationship with Caprivi 388–96
domestic policy 396–405
restructuring as result of Bronsart crisis 822–32
Wilhelm II’s attitude towards 873–9
Reich Railway Office 206–7, 225–6
Reichensperger, August (architect) 904
Reichstag
political relations with Wilhelm II, as reflected in public opinion 700–13
and Wilhelm II’s concept of Personal Monarchy 843–60
funding of naval developments 999–1001, 1005–25
first Navy Bill (1898) 1025–30
second Navy Bill (1900) 1033–9
Reichstag building, architecture influenced by Wilhelm II 903–8
Reischach, Hugo Freiherr von (Hofmeister) 51, 591, 643, 664, 665, 670, 674
Reuss, Feodora Princess (daughter of Charlotte of Saxe-Meiningen) 1066
Reuss, Maria (Sitta), Princess (wife of Heinrich VII Reuss) 429, 430
Reuss, Prince Heinrich VII (German ambassador in Vienna) 78, 79, 86, 87, 88, 89, 93, 94, 98, 99, 100, 121, 122, 197, 210, 308, 325, 345, 429, 451, 513, 589, 591, 593, 598, 705
Reuss, Prince Heinrich XIX 665
Reventlow, Ernst Count zu 919
Rheinhaben, Georg Freiherr von (Prussian minister of interior) 885
Rhodes, Cecil 780, 781, 784, 987–8, 995, 996, 1051
Ribot, Alexandre (French foreign minister and prime minister) 554
Richter, Eugen (Left Liberal member of Reichstag) 19, 467, 553, 616, 852, 1000
Richthofen, Bernhard Freiherr von (police chief of Berlin) 674
Richthofen, Oswald Freiherr von (Regierungspräsident in Cologne) 730
Rickert, Heinrich (Left Liberal member of Reichstag) 467
Rintelen, Viktor (Centre Party member of Reichstag) 710, 711
Roeder von Diersburg, Karl-August Freiherr (Hofmarschall) 638
Roggenbach, Franz Freiherr von (Badanese statesman) 53, 54, 59, 65
Roman Catholic Church
seen as threat to Reich 233–4, 237–9
Wilhelm II’s attitudes towards 710–11
Roosevelt, Theodore (US president) 130
Rosebery, Archibald 5th Earl of (British foreign secretary and prime minister) 76, 481, 485, 486, 488, 490, 491, 492, 766, 767, 768, 769, 774, 979
Rössler, Konstantin (publicist) 255
Rotenhan, Wolfgang Freiherr von (under secretary of state at Foreign Office) 957
Rothschild, Gustave Baron de 135
Rothschild, Nathaniel Mayer 135
Rottenburg, Franz Johannes von (head of Reich Chancellery) 12, 182, 213, 217, 229
Royal Household, reorganisation 159–68
Rudolf, Archduke, Crown Prince of Austria 30, 31, 43, 77, 80, 81, 83, 99, 129
Russell, Colonel Francis (British military attaché in Berlin) 434–5
Russo-British relations (1899) 992
Russo-German relations 473–81, 796–8
policy towards, and first state visit 9, 28, 29–30, 32–8
Vienna incident 89–90
Wilhelm II’s policy 139–45
Waldersee’s views 203, 205–6, 216, 350–1
conflicts between Wilhelm II and Bismarcks 210
visit of Alexander III (1889) 218–25
and Bismarck’s resignation 300–1, 307–8
Reinsurance Treaty 317, 334–43, 347
as affected by Wilhelm II’s impulsiveness 346–7, 350–1
fostered by renewal of trade agreements 469–70
in connection with Poland 493–6
trade agreements 496–501
as affected by Wilhelm II’s correspondence with Nicholas II 749–60
reactions to Wilhelm II’s Weltpolitik 929–34
annexation of Kiaochow 956–9
Saalburg (Roman fort) 892
Saladin (mediaeval Sultan) 953
Salisbury, Robert Cecil 3rd Marquess of (British prime minister and foreign secretary) 45, 67, 71, 75, 79, 107, 158, 181, 260, 276, 308, 353, 357, 361, 364, 480, 481, 767, 769, 770, 772, 782, 784, 785, 787, 789, 793, 796, 797, 798, 939, 941, 976, 978, 979, 980–1, 982, 984, 985–7, 990, 1034
involvement in Vienna incident 80–1, 82, 90–1, 92, 93, 96–7, 98, 99, 100
promotes Anglo-German relations through Wilhelm II’s commission as admiral 101–3, 104, 105, 106
colonial policies 151, 152
and Bismarck’s dismissal 318, 319–20
supports Wilhelm II’s ‘thirst for uniforms’ as favouring British foreign policy 490
returned as prime minister 766, 768
discourtesy to Wilhelm II over Wolseley’s appointment as British ambassador in Berlin 773–4
and Germany’s policy towards Transvaal 783
attitudes to Wilhelm II 930, 931, 967, 968–9, 974, 982
policy in eastern Mediterranean 935
relays telegram to Prince of Wales about his discourtesy to Senden-Bibran 973
subject of adverse criticism from Wilhelm II 975, 978–9, 981–2
Wilhelm II’s attitudes towards, effects on Anglo-German relations (1899) 991–8
on Wilhelm II’s mental health 1064, 1065–6
Salzmann, Carl (marine painter) 908, 909, 913, 1006
Samwer, Karl Friedrich 652
Saurma von der Jeltsch, Anton Freiherr (diplomat) 938
Scandinavia
Wilhelm II visits after his accession 38–42
Wilhelm II’s attitudes to Norwegian independence of Sweden 741–5
Schack, Adolf Count von 915
Schaper, Friedrich (sculptor) 893, 918, 919, 920
Schaumburg-Lippe, see Adolf Prince of
Scheffler, Karl 919
Scheibert, Johannes (Major) 562
Schele, Friedrich Baron von (governor of German East Africa) 585, 718, 785
Schelling, Ludwig Hermann von (Prussian minister of justice) 387, 684
Schillings (Russian admiral) 753, 754
Schleinitz, Alexander Count (minister of royal house under Kaiser Wilhelm I) 160
Schlieffen, Alfred Count von (chief of general staff) 70, 165, 171, 420, 434, 435, 502, 567, 571, 572, 669
Schlözer, Kurd von (Prussian envoy to Holy See) 46, 135, 322
Schneider, Louis (Hofrat under Kaiser Wilhelm I) 160
Schnitzer, Eduard, see Emin Pasha
Scholl, Friedrich von (Flügeladjutant) 163, 164, 211, 361, 427, 428, 493, 667, 912, 945
Scholz, Adolf von (finance minister) 213, 330, 331, 375
Schönaich-Carolath, Heinrich, Prince zu 600
Schönborn-Wiesentheid, Count Clemens von 680
Schönburg-Waldenburg, Heinrich, Prince von (Flügeladjutant) 166
Schönstedt, Karl Heinrich von (Prussian Minister of Justice) 685, 708, 714, 726
School Bill 471
school reform, as evidence of Wilhelm II’s approach to government 380–2
Schott (sculptor) 901
Schottmüller, Konrad 380, 382, 407, 1058
Schrader, Alide von (née de Villier; wife of Karl Freiherr von Schrader) 184, 664
Schrader, Karl Freiherr von (master of ceremonies) 664, 668, 670, 672, 673
Schulenburg-Beetzendorf, Count von (member of Reichstag) 467
Schuler von Senden, Max Freiherr von 664, 665
Schuler von Senden, Paul Freiherr von 664, 665
Schwabach, Paul von (banker) 218, 295
Schwarzkoppen, Dr Erich von 282
Schwechten, Franz (architect) 898, 899, 904, 913
Schweinitz, Hans Lothar von (general; German ambassador in St Petersburg) 37, 122, 123, 127, 135, 142, 144, 321, 325, 328, 339, 340–1, 346, 427, 428, 430, 474, 587
Schweninger, Ernst (physician) 180, 639, 869, 870, 1062
sculpture, as expression of Wilhelm II’s ideology of Personal Monarchy 915–23
Seckendorff, Albert Freiherr von (adjutant to Prince Heinrich) 32, 61, 171, 172, 348, 484, 629
Seckendorff, Götz Count von (Oberhofmeister to Empress Frederick) 51
Seckendorff, Gustav Freiherr von (Flügeladjutant) 391
Segantini, Giovanni (painter) 912
Seidel, Paul (art historian) 889, 898, 899, 900, 901–2, 908, 909, 914, 915, 917, 918
Semon, Sir Felix (physician) 53, 1065
Senden-Bibran, Gustav Freiherr von (admiral, chief of Wilhelm II’s Naval Cabinet) 2, 38, 39, 40, 104, 115, 153, 172–3, 358, 361, 484, 531, 586, 631, 692, 695, 747, 785, 801, 811, 853, 860, 865, 887, 945, 973, 1001, 1010, 1012, 1015, 1017, 1018–21, 1022, 1023, 1034
Sergei (Sergius), Grand Duke of Russia 36, 123, 630, 649, 650, 749, 931, 932, 1060
Sermoneta (Italian foreign minister) 738
Seymour, Laura (wife of Prince Viktor zu Hohenlohe-Langenburg) 77
Shah of Persia, see Nassr ed-Din
Shuvalov, Count (Russian ambassador in Berlin) 86, 140, 335–7, 338, 339, 340, 341, 587, 735
Siegesallee sculpture park (Berlin), as expression of Wilhelm II’s ideology of Personal Monarchy 916–23
Siemering, Rudolf 918
Sigismund Prince of Prussia (deceased brother of Kaiser Wilhelm II) 58
Sigismund Prince of Prussia (son of Prince Heinrich) 856
Simon, Edouard 21
Simon, Jules (French prime minister) 348
Sino-Japanese war (1894–5)
Wilhelm II’s partisan attitude 745–9
Japanese success arising from naval planning confirms Wilhelm II’s naval obsessions 1003–4, 1006–7
Social Democratic Party, Wilhelm II’s animosity towards 708, 709, 710, 848
social policy, changes in Wilhelm II’s attitudes after Bismarck’s dismissal 387–400
social welfare, Wilhelm II’s interests in 259–62, 264–7, 272, 281, 282–3, 284–5, 289, 291, 303–4, 551
socialism, advance seen as threat to Caprivi and leads to his dismissal 611–19
Soden, Oskar Freiherr von (Württemberg envoy in Munich) 127
Solms-Sonnenwalde, Eberhard Count zu (German ambassador in Rome) 236, 325, 430, 587, 588, 886
Sommssich, Ella 197
Sonnemann, Leopold (newspaper editor) 616
Sophie Princess of Prussia (wife of King Constantine I of Greece; sister of Wilhelm II) 77, 124, 125, 222, 512, 620, 621, 624, 630, 631, 633, 634, 636, 642, 643–9, 650, 662, 941, 942–3, 1060
Soveral, Marquis de (foreign minister of Portugal) 736
spiritualism
Wilhelm II and Philipp Eulenburg’s interests in 195, 600
Waldersee’s criticisms of Wilhelm II’s views 524
Spitta, Max (architect) 898, 899
Spitzemberg, Hildegard Freifrau von, née Varnbüler 9, 23, 320, 656, 668, 786, 871, 903, 926, 933
Spitzemberg, Johanna Freifrau von (daughter of Hildegard von Spitzemberg) 656
Stambulow, Stefan (Bulgarian prime minister) 761
Steinberg, Jonathan (historian) 1021
Steininger, Rudolf Freiherr von (Austrian military attaché in Berlin) 223
Steinmann, Georg (Oberpräsident of Schleswig-Holstein) 695, 697
Stephan, Heinrich von (secretary of Reich Post Office) 468, 695, 873
Stephanie, Crown Princess (wife of Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria) 80, 660
Stepniak (Sergei Kravchinski) (Russian anarchist) 493
Stockmar, Bogumilla Freifrau von 50, 51, 54, 379, 507, 512, 633, 646, 648
Stockmar, Ernst Baron 61
Stoecker, Adolf (anti-Semitic court preacher) 204, 210, 228, 230, 231, 401–3, 405, 419, 439, 712
Stolberg-Wernigerode, Otto Count zu (minister of royal house) 17, 160–1, 283, 326, 328, 667, 668
Stolberg-Wernigerode, Prince Hermann von 664, 665
Stosch, Albrecht von (general) 59, 61, 605, 1020
Strauss, Richard 866
Studt, Konrad (Prussian minister of ecclesiastical affairs) 305, 730, 885, 913
Stumm, Ferdinand Freiherr von (German ambassador in Madrid) 453
Stumm-Halberg, Karl Ferdinand Freiherr von (industrialist) 16, 271, 712, 853, 857, 859
suffrage, universal 203–4, 287
Sullivan, Sir Edward 769–70
Swaine, Colonel Leopold (British military attaché in Berlin) 71, 79, 80, 82, 101, 127, 163, 176–7, 488, 490, 491, 553, 669, 767, 769, 771, 779, 782, 783, 788, 794, 970–1
Swiss–German relations 208–9
Széchényi, Imre Count von (ambassador) 4, 23–6, 28, 114, 129, 160, 162, 177–8, 181, 183, 200
Szögyény, Count Ladislaus von (Austro-Hungarian ambassador in Berlin) 761–2, 764–5, 931, 1041–2
Taaffe, Edmund Count (prime minister) 43
Tattenbach, Christian Count von (diplomat) 779
Tausch, Eugen von (police commissioner) 673, 674, 844, 854
Tenniel, Sir John (cartoonist) 545
Tessendorf, Hermann von (prosecuting judge) 53, 683–4
Tewfik Pasha (Turkish ambassador in Berlin) 952
Thielen, Karl von (Prussian minister of public works) 377, 695, 697, 713–14, 726, 800, 882
Thielmann, Max Freiherr von (diplomat, secretary of Reich Treasury) 590, 841
Thyra, Duchess of Cumberland (wife of Ernst August, Duke of Cumberland) 41
Tiedemann, Christoph von (member of Reichstag) 18, 438
Tino, see Constantine (Tino), Crown Prince of Greece
Tirpitz, Alfred von (admiral) 840, 841, 860, 868, 869, 873, 878, 936, 957, 960, 998, 999, 1005, 1018–22, 1026–30, 1030–9
trade agreements
Wilhelm II supports Caprivi’s policies in opposition to conservatives 467–70
importance for Russo-German relations 496–501
trade policies, Waldersee’s criticisms of Wilhelm II’s views 518
Trautmann, Dr Moritz Ferdinand (otologist) 832, 1065
Treitschke, Heinrich von (historian) 53, 511, 543
Triple Alliance 497–8, 544, 749, 767
Waldersee’s views 360, 365
Salisbury convinced of need for British independence from 364
Wilhelm II’s views 367
Tschudi, Hugo von (museum director) 911, 912, 913
Uhde, Fritz von (painter) 912
Umberto I, King of Italy 44, 45, 219, 222, 345, 367, 589, 737–41
Unruh, Count von 60
Varnbüler, Axel Freiherr von (Württemberg envoy in Berlin) 265, 282, 573–4, 594, 600, 601, 607, 656, 657, 658, 1047
Vatican, seen as support of Franco-Russian relations against German interests 475
Verdy du Vernois, Julius von (minister of war) 38, 174, 175, 206, 210, 213, 219, 224, 225, 226, 248, 256, 282, 284, 291, 293, 331, 373, 374, 375, 388, 399, 412, 422, 433, 434, 446, 451, 457, 502, 503, 517, 531, 553, 572, 573–9, 618, 690, 854, 857, 858, 1001
Versen, Max von (adjutant-general) 162–3, 255, 387, 417, 432, 457, 516
Victoria, Empress Frederick (widow of Kaiser Friedrich III; mother of Wilhelm II) 37, 77, 85, 91, 99, 105, 106, 108, 124, 130–1, 222, 228, 231, 277, 358, 408, 421, 434, 463, 474–5, 476–7, 478, 483, 535, 536, 569, 621, 629–30, 631, 661, 664, 705, 706, 768, 786, 868, 872–3, 893, 905, 908, 931, 940, 943, 953, 1062, 1067
condemns Reichstag ceremony on Wilhelm II’s accession 10
criticisms of Bismarck 10, 12, 89–90
income 17, 51–2
criticisms of Wilhelm II 22, 31, 366, 505–12, 541, 551–2, 792
relations with Wilhelm II 33–4, 44, 50–72
on relations between Edward VII and Wilhelm II 73–4
on Wilhelm II’s involvement in Vienna incident 95
on Bismarck’s colonial policies 152–3
on Wilhelm II’s court appointments 163–4
on relation between Wilhelm II and Bismarcks 181, 183
on Wilhelm II’s plans for social welfare 260
regard for Caprivi 321–2
on Wilhelm II’s power in contrast to weakness of Reich government 331
and Liebenau’s dismissal 332, 333
visits Paris to promote Franco-German relations (1891) 348–9, 535
views of Franco-Russian relations after Wilhelm II’s visit to Britain (1891) 364–5
on balance of political power in Reich government 379–80
on Stoecker’s dismissal 402
and Wilhelm II’s health 443, 1057, 1060, 1063
on Wilhelm II’s interventions in government 450, 451
disagrees with Wilhelm II over reconciliation with Bismarck 597
Wilhelm II’s role as head of Prussian royal family 620
on Kaiserin Auguste Viktoria 625, 653
on Prince Waldemar’s (son of Heinrich and Irène) haemophilia 632
relationship with her children 633
on Charlotte of Saxe-Meiningen 635–6, 639
attitude to Viktoria’s (Moretta) marriage 640–3
relations with Wilhelm II and Kaiserin Auguste Viktoria over Sophie’s conversion to Greek Orthodoxy 643–6, 648, 649
on Margarethe’s (Mossy) marriage 650, 651
on Ernst Günther 652
on marriage of Luise Sophie (Yaya) 660, 662
on Kotze affair 672
improvement of relations with Wilhelm II 794–5
interest in architecture shared with Wilhelm II 894–5, 900, 902
talent for painting 907
visit to new Reichstag building 907
on Wilhelm II’s attitude to Britain and its effects on Anglo-German relations 941
receives letters from Prince Heinrich about geopolitical struggle in Far East 962, 963–4, 965
bewails German press attacks on Britain 968
bewails Wilhelm II’s antagonism to Britain 969–70
involvement in attempts to improve Anglo-German relations 973, 975–6, 978–80, 982, 983
and prospects of war between Britain and France 985, 988–9
involvement in succession question to duchies of Coburg and Gotha 990
shocked by Wilhelm II’s plans to challenge British naval supremacy 1023
Victoria, Queen of United Kingdom 22, 31, 34, 40, 44, 56, 61, 67, 76, 81, 91, 106, 107, 108, 110, 129, 135, 151, 155, 170, 222, 260, 282, 306, 322, 331, 366, 372, 449, 464, 470, 473, 477, 478, 483, 484, 485, 494, 497, 544, 633, 635, 639, 645, 648, 649, 653, 655, 752, 768, 770, 789, 794–5, 848, 938, 973, 979, 983, 985, 988, 1012, 1037, 1046
criticisms of Wilhelm II’s first state visits 30, 34, 47–8, 68
Wilhelm II’s attitudes towards 44, 45
Empress Frederick’s criticisms of Wilhelm II after death of Friedrich III 50, 53, 54, 55, 58–9, 65
intervention in relations between Empress Frederick and Wilhelm II 67–72
involvement in Vienna incident 79–80, 82–3, 85, 90, 92, 95, 96–100
persuaded to create Wilhelm II admiral and to invite him to Osborne 101, 103–5
Wilhelm II proposes Anglo-German naval alliance 156–8
communications with Wilhelm II following Bismarck’s dismissal 318–20
complains of German policy in Africa 353
praised by Wilhelm II 356–7, 362
Wilhelm II advises on naval matters 357
thanked by Wilhelm II for success of visit to England (July 1891) 362–3
letters from Wilhelm II on Russian famine and continuing Russian beligerence 479–81
relations with Wilhelm II, effects on Anglo-German relations 481–2, 487–93, 771–7, 966–8, 970
on marriage of Princess Alix to Nicholas II 498
Empress Frederick’s criticisms of Wilhelm II 505, 506, 507, 508, 509, 510, 511
Empress Frederick on Wilhelm II’s role as head of Prussian royal family 620
Empress Frederick’s comments on Kaiserin Auguste Viktoria 625
Empress Frederick complains of her relationship with her children 633
Viktoria’s (Moretta) marriage 640–1, 642
on Wilhelm II’s behaviour in response to Sophie’s conversion to Greek Orthodoxy 646
drawn into quarrels between Wilhelm II and his sister-in-law Luise Sophie (Yaya) 662
asks Wilhelm II not to come to wedding of Aribert and Louise of Anhalt 663
admonishes Wilhelm II over sending of Krüger telegram 791, 792–3
reactions to Wilhelm II’s Weltpolitik 930
interest in Greco-Turkish war (1897) 941, 942–3
advised by Swaine to appoint representative for funeral in event of Bismarck’s death 971
tries to ameliorate anti-German feeling in British press 972, 974
shows Salisbury Empress Frederick’s assessment of Anglo-German relations 980–1, 982
involvement in succession question to duchies of Coburg and Gotha 989–90
relationship with Wilhelm II, effects on Anglo-German relations (1899) 991–8
warned by Empress Frederick of Wilhelm II’s plans to challenge British naval supremacy 1023
receives report on Wilhelm II’s health from Empress Frederick 1057
Victoria Mary (May), Duchess of York (wife of future King George V of United Kingdom) 483, 653, 654
Vienna incident 77–101
Viktoria, Crown Princess of Sweden and Norway (wife of Crown Prince Gustaf) 39, 741
Viktoria (Moretta), Princess of Prussia (wife of Adolf Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe) 66, 165, 197, 348, 401, 402, 509, 512, 621, 630, 633, 634, 636, 639–43, 644–5, 646, 648, 649, 650, 652, 802
Viktoria Melitta, Princess of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (wife of Ernst Ludwig Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt) 498
Villaume, Karl von (German military attaché at St Petersburg) 111, 221, 345, 474, 751
Virchow, Rudolf von (physician; Left Liberal politician) 19, 378, 456
Vladimir, Grand Duke of Russia 31, 35, 36, 75, 76, 649, 763, 927, 932
Vogel von Falckenstein, Eduard (general) 531
Vogeler, Heinrich (art critic) 920
Völderndorff-Waradein, Otto Freiherr von (Bavarian statesman) 841, 925
Volkovsky (Russian revolutionary) 494
Voronzov, see Woronzoff
Wagner, Cosima 136–7
Waldemar, Prince of Denmark 349, 655, 656
Waldemar, Prince of Prussia (deceased brother of Kaiser Wilhelm II) 58
Waldemar, Prince of Prussia (son of Prince Heinrich) 632
Waldersee, Count Alfred von (chief of general staff; field marshal) 22, 29, 43, 46–7, 70, 92, 127, 128, 137, 140, 154, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 166, 169, 170–1, 174–5, 176, 197, 198, 230, 233, 236, 240, 267, 268, 282, 291, 293, 297, 298, 304, 320, 323, 324, 325, 349, 373, 380, 391, 393, 402–3, 436–7, 442, 446, 460, 475, 495–6, 512, 538, 543, 580, 599, 600, 604, 611, 616–17, 618, 622, 624, 626, 643, 660, 681, 683, 695, 697, 698, 699, 710, 712–13, 764, 787, 772, 775, 776–7, 780, 781, 783, 784, 796–7, 823, 828, 833, 844, 846, 852, 887, 916, 932, 1022, 1023, 1042, 1053
diaries xix
on Wilhelm II’s proclamations at his accession 3–4
on Bismarck’s attitudes to cost of monarchy 18
worries about Wilhelm II’s restless personality 23
on Russo-German relations 38, 473–4, 477, 479
on Wilhelm II’s personality 113–14, 116–17
on Wilhelm II’s anti-Semitism 134–6
on German relations with Russia and France 142–6, 147
on German relations with Austria-Hungary 146–8
on Anglo-German relations 149–50, 481, 487
on Wilhelm II’s naval obsessions 155
on Royal Household 165, 167, 168
appointment as Chief of Great General Staff 173–4
on Bismarcks 183, 184–5, 186, 187, 210–18, 231–2, 241, 257–8, 263, 273–4, 279–81, 283–4, 285–6, 295–6, 299–301, 302
influence over Wilhelm II, and its effects on political relations with Bismarcks 200–9, 216–18
involvement in Russo-German relations, during Alexander III’s visit (1889) 218–25
fall from favour 225–8
on return of Redemptorists and relations with Roman Catholic Bavaria 234
support for Kartell coalition 237
opposition to Bismarck 242, 245–6, 247–8, 249–56
on Wilhelm II’s plans for social welfare 260–1
on electoral defeat of Kartell coalition (1890) 286–7, 292, 295
relations with Wilhelm II after Bismarck’s dismissal 321
on Marschall 327
and Liebenau’s dismissal 331, 332–3
warns about Bismarck’s overdependence on Russia 334
on aimlessness of Wilhelm II’s foreign policy 343–5
on Caprivi 344–7
on Franco-German relations 348, 501, 502
on Russo-German relations 350–1, 498, 499–500
on Anglo-German relations, following Bismarck’s dismissal 351–2, 353
on Wilhelm II’s obsession with navy 359–60
on Triple Alliance 360, 365
on Anglo-German relations after Wilhelm II’s visit (July 1891) 364, 365
on inconsistency in Wilhelm II’s foreign policy 366
on Caprivi as Reich chancellor 371, 372
on dismissal of Verdy 374–5
on Wilhelm II’s approach to control of army 375, 387–8, 394
on Wilhelm II’s approaches to civil government 378–9, 382
on Wilhelm II’s domestic policy 397, 398–9, 400, 401, 402–5
on Paul Kayser’s influence over Wilhelm II 405, 408
on Hinzpeter’s influence over Wilhelm II 405–6, 407, 408–9
dismissal 410–25
and Wedel 425–6, 431
on Wittich 432–3, 434
on Plessen 434
on School Bill crisis 437–8, 439
on relations between Wilhelm II and Caprivi 451–3, 456, 467–9
and Army Bill 457, 458–9, 461–2, 463
on anti-Semitism and its links with Conservative Party 465–6, 467
on criticisms of Wilhelm II from within imperial circles 514, 515, 516–17
criticisms of Wilhelm II 517–33, 535–6, 541, 542, 547–9, 553, 555–6, 557, 559–60
on Philipp Eulenburg’s idealisation of Kaiser 538
on disaffection about Kaiser within army 547, 565–72
on political disaffection about Kaiser 560–1, 562–4
on Wilhelm II’s estrangement from Caprivi 582, 584–5
on Wilhelm II’s interventions in government appointments 590
suggests reconciliation between Wilhelm II and Bismarck 592, 595–7
accused of orchestrating Kladderadatsch attacks 598
criticisms of Philipp Eulenburg as possible Reich Chancellor 605–6
contemplates coup d’état to counter socialist advances 606–7
on Ernst Duke of Saxe-Coburg 636
on effects in army of Wilhelm II’s promotion of members of his family 637
on Ernst Günther of Schleswig-Holstein 651–2
on Kotze affair 667–8, 669, 670–1, 672, 673–4
on Hohenlohe 681, 688–9, 690–1, 693
on Wilhelm II’s involvement in building of Kiel Canal 694, 696
on relations between Wilhelm II and Reichstag 702–4
on political relations between Wilhelm II and Bismarck 705
on disputes between Wilhelm II and Bronsart over army reforms 721, 723, 728–9
on Wilhelm II’s interference in foreign policy under Hohenlohe 732–3, 735–6, 737
on dangers of Wilhelm II’s partisanship in Sino-Japanese war (1894–5) 745–6, 748–9
on Wilhelm II’s policy towards Russia 750–1, 752
on relations with Austria-Hungary 761
on Wilhelm II’s pretensions to global empire 777, 779
on Krüger telegram 790–1, 794
on Bronsart crisis and reactions to it 807–9, 817, 824–5, 838
attitude to Wilhelm II’s contemplation of coup d’état against Reichstag (1896–7) 853–8, 859–60
on Wilhelm II’s exercise of personal rule (1896–7) 873–4
on Wilhelm II’s naval obsessions 1001, 1009, 1014–16, 1017, 1022–3
and anger with Hohenlohe 1024–5
on Wilhelm II’s health 1057–61, 1063, 1064–5
Wallot, Paul (architect) 700, 701, 903–6
war ministry, reorganisation on Wilhelm II’s accession 174–6
Weber, Max xiii
Wedekind, Frank (poet) 945
Wedel, Carl von, Count (Flügeladjutant; ambassador) 161, 163, 164, 167, 211, 250, 256, 308, 309, 327, 328, 332, 336, 344, 346, 347, 350, 351, 352, 359, 375, 376, 379, 397–8, 399, 402, 404, 405, 408, 409, 410, 411–12, 417, 418, 419, 420, 421, 423–5, 425–32, 513, 535, 591, 636, 646, 705, 741
Wedel, Edgard von (chamberlain) 664
Wedel, Elisabeth Countess 197, 410, 566
Wedel, Ernst von (Oberstallmeister) 426, 945
Wedell-Piesdorf, Wilhelm von (house minister) 18, 60, 61, 62, 160, 403, 531, 666, 686
Werder, Bernhard von (general; German ambassador at St Petersburg) 430, 486, 587, 734
Werder, Carl (German teacher) 116, 120
Werner, Anton von (painter) 5, 10, 870, 893, 902, 912, 913–14
Wesdehlen, Ludwig Count von (diplomat) 192, 193
Wichert, Ernst (playwright) 893
Wied, Prince zu 635, 853, 857, 859
Wilamowitz-Möllendorff, Freiherr Hugo von (Oberpräsident of Province of Posen) 580, 683
Wildenbruch, Ernst von (playwright) 534, 553, 865, 866
Wilhelm, Crown Prince of Prussia (son of Kaiser Wilhelm II) 636
Wilhelm I (German Kaiser, King of Prussia; grandfather of Wilhelm II) 4, 16, 21, 23, 24, 26, 48, 63, 137, 160, 162, 164, 257, 290, 308, 319, 388, 402, 412, 459, 507, 526, 563, 568, 611, 691, 692, 709, 807, 916, 1001, 1065
accession 1
assessment by Wilhelm II 2, 8
monarchical role 12, 18, 19, 20
estate 17
Empress Frederick criticises 56–7
naval interests 154
traduced by Wilhelm II, Waldersee’s views 527
Waldersee compares character with that of Wilhelm II 529
‘canonisation’ 861–6
Wilhelm II (German Kaiser, King of Prussia)
assessment xiii–xiv, xvi–xx, 1040–5
naval obsessions xvii
receives British commission as admiral 101–8
during first state visits 111
following Bismarck’s dismissal 355–60
development of battlefleet 999–1033
health xviii, 443–4
concerns expressed by Queen Victoria and Prince of Wales 83, 84
concerns expressed by Alexander III 220–1, 334
Bismarck claims concerns about Wilhelm II’s health influenced his wish to continue in power 303
Waldersee’s concerns 525–6
mental health 539, 547, 549, 554, 794
operation on right middle ear 832, 834, 835
Grierson suspects of suffering from megalomania 993
Philipp Eulenburg’s concerns for 1053, 1055–6
effects on exercise of Personal Monarchy 1056–67
accession 1–11
reactions to 20–6
foreign policy 8–9, 544
relations with Russia and France 139–46
relations with Austria-Hungary 145, 146–8
Anglo-German relations and colonial policy 148–53
as affected by naval obsessions 153–8
following Bismarck’s dismissal 343–51, 366–70; non-renewal of Reinsurance Treaty 334–43, 347; Anglo-German relations; and policy towards Africa 351–5; naval policy 355–7; as affected by visit to England (July 1891) 360–4; as affected by Franco-Russian relations 364–6
Russo-German relations (1891–3) 473–93
Anglo-German relations as affected by liking for British military uniforms 487–93
Russo-German relations
in connection with Poland 493–6; trade agreements 496–501
Franco-German relations 501–3
interference in criticised by Holstein 535–6
Wilhelm II’s interventions lead to estrangement from Caprivi 586–90
Weltpolitik 924–65
promotion of Zionist homeland 944–54; annexation of Kiaochow (China) 954–65
Continental Europe 929–37
eastern Mediterranean 938–44
attitudes towards Britain as affected by concept of Personal Monarchy 966–98
monarchical role 11–16
and its costs 16–20
education 13–14, 109–10
personality and reputation 22, 23, 24–5
as assessed by Hinzpeter 109–10
reactions to affairs of state 110–17
psychosexual constitution 122–3
psychosexual interests 198
psychology, Brauer’s speculations 385–6
effects in political circles 504–5
as criticised by Empress Frederick 505–12
as criticised from within imperial family and court 512–17
Waldersee’s criticisms 517–33
working habits criticised by Waldersee 525, 527, 531
as perceived in German Foreign Office 534–40
outside Germany 541–6
within Germany 546–60
disaffection within army 547, 565–72
political disaffection grows against Kaiser 560–5
idealisation 573–9
fetishism 623
political relations with Bismarcks
on his accession 22, 24, 179–87
as influenced by Philipp Eulenburg 187–97
effects of his affair with Miss Love 197–9
Waldersee’s involvement 200–9, 216–18
Russo-German relations and Jewish financial involvement 210–18
Alexander III’s visit (1889) 218–25
following Waldersee’s fall from favour 225–7
political conspiracies, and Kartell coalition 228–32, 234–41, 244
relations with Roman Catholic Bavaria 233–4
political clique opposed to Bismarck 242–9
witch-hunt against Bismarck’s supporters 249–56
constitutional conflicts 257–62; over social welfare 259–62, 265–7, 272, 281, 282–3, 284–5, 289, 291, 303–4; conflicts in Crown Council 262–7, 273; and constitutional reforms 267–71
Otto von Bismarck’s reactions 272–7
decision to dispense with Bismarck 277–81
Wilhelm II’s success over Bismarck 281–6
after electoral defeat of Kartell coalition (1890) 286–95
Bismarck’s dismissal 295–302
analysis 302–5
as affected by Kaiser’s attitudes to personal power 305
following Bismarck’s dismissal 306–20
visits abroad
after accession 27–49, 68, 111–13
Russia 28–38
Scandinavia 38–42, 189
Italy 43–7
refuses to attend to affairs of state during visit to Greece for marriage of his sister Sophie 115–16
England 360–4, 776, 992–5, 1036
personal relationships
relations with Empress Frederick 33–4, 44, 50–72; see also Victoria, Empress Frederick
relations with Friedrich III 44
relations with Queen Victoria 68–70; see also Victoria, Queen of United Kingdom
relations with Albert Edward, Prince of Wales
and their effect on Anglo-German relations, speech at Frankfurt an der Oder73–7; Vienna incident 77–101
see also Albert Edward (Bertie), Prince of Wales
relations with Prince Heinrich in Kaiser’s role as head of Prussian royal family 628–33; see also Heinrich, Prince of Prussia
enthusiam for Nordic culture 39–40, 189, 195
‘passion for travel’ 47–9
Personal Monarchy 117–30, 843–52
Kaiser-ideology, as shown in foreign policy 30
threatens to stage coup d’état against Reichstag (1896) 852–60
response to Bismarck’s death 866–73
ideology expressed through arts 888–923
seen with growing disenchantment by Philipp Eulenburg 1045–56
as affected by health problems 1056–67
social views and attitudes to political parties 130–8
anti-Semitism 134–7, 230, 315, 465, 466–7
as seen in accusations of Jewish activities in opposition to Canal Bill 884
court reorganisation 159–78
reactions to concerns at Bismarck’s dismissal 306–13
racism 369
as expressed in his attitudes to Norwegian independence of Sweden 743–4
role in government 371–83
autocratic attitudes 383–8
problems in his relationships with Chancellor Caprivi 388–96
domestic policy 396–405
consolidation of personal power
removal of Waldersee 410–25
transfer of Wedel to Foreign Office 425–32
removal of Wittich 432–5
political relations with Caprivi
School Bill crisis 436–50
Kaiser’s intervention in government 450–6
Army Bill 456–65
as affected by Kaiser’s attitude to Conservative Party 465–72
Waldersee’s views 528
estrangement grows over Kaiser’s interventions in government 580–90
‘reconciliation’ with Bismarck 590–8
as affected by Kladderadatsch attacks 598–605
lack of unity in government and possibility of coup d’état to combat socialism 604–10
Caprivi’s dismissal 610–19
political relations with Hohenlohe
Waldersee’s views 528, 531
appointment as Reich Chancellor 677–82
interference in political appointments 682–7
Wilhelm II’s authority over government 687–93
opening of Kiel Canal (June 1895) 693–9
Wilhelm II’s autocratic attitudes to Reichstag 700–13
Kaiser’s interference with ministers and their political weakness 713–31
foreign policy 732–98; Italo-German relations 737–41; Norwegian independence 741–5; Sino-Japanese war (1894–5) 745–9; Russo-German relations 749–65; German relations with Austria-Hungary 760–5; Anglo-German relations 766–98; colonial policy and its effects on Anglo-German relations 777–98; Greco-Turkish war 942, 943
annexation of Kiaochow (China) 955–60
moves to autocratic personal rule (1896–7) 799–807
Bronsart crisis over army reforms 807–42
Personal Monarchy 873–9; ideology 860–6; opposition to over Hard Labour and Canal bills 879–87
as head of Prussian royal family 620–76
political relations with Reichstag, as reflected in public opinion 700–13
painting, ‘Against the Yellow Peril’ 754–6, 909–10
attempts to use Bismarck’s death as propaganda 866–73
involvement in succession question to duchies of Coburg and Gotha 989–91
Wilhelm II, King of Württemberg 4, 415, 612, 613
Wilhelm IV, Grand Duke of Luxemburg 120
Wilhelm Ernst, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 651
Wilmowski, Karl Freiherr von (chief of Civil Cabinet under Kaiser Wilhelm I) 168, 169, 692, 726, 877, 880
Wilmowski, Kurt Freiherr von (head of Reich Chancellery under Hohenlohe) 680
Wimmer, Rudolf (painter) 102, 362
Windthorst, Ludwig (leader of Catholic Centre party; member of Reichstag) 133, 237, 243, 244, 293, 295, 297, 298, 299, 315, 379, 380, 401
Winterfeldt, Hugo von (adjutant-general) 59, 70, 71, 565, 566
Wissmann, Hermann von (explorer; governor of German East Africa) 150, 152, 353–5
Wittich, Adolf von (adjutant-general) 32, 103, 104, 111–12, 114, 162, 163, 164, 165, 172, 177, 219, 296, 298, 299, 361, 375, 402, 410, 417, 422, 425, 432–5, 452, 453, 457, 516, 552, 565, 591, 1064, 1065
Wohlgemuth (police agent) 208
Wölckern, Wilhelm von (general) 461
Wolff-Metternich, Paul Count (diplomat) 361, 486
Wolkenstein, Anton Count von (Austro-Hungarian ambassador in St Petersburg) 933
Wolseley, Garnet Joseph 1st Viscount (general) 773, 774
Woodcock (companion of King Karl I of Württemberg) 4
Woronzoff (Russian nobleman in attendance on Tsar Alexander III) 220, 223
York, Duke of, see George, Duke of York
York von Wartenburg, Maximilian Count 140, 210
Zedlitz-Trützschler, Robert Count von (Prussian minister of ecclesiastical affairs) 380, 383, 436–50, 452, 471, 528, 605–6, 671, 903
Zelle, Robert (mayor of Berlin) 456, 893
Zimmerer (governor of Cameroons) 585
Zionism, Wilhelm II’s promotion of 944–54
Zitzewitz, Cölestin von (Flügeladjutant) 163, 350
Zorn von Bulach, Hugo Freiherr von (Alsatian statesman) 934
Zubkov, Alexander (second husband of Viktoria (Moretta)) 643, 644