Animal and human societies are multifaceted. In order to understand how they have evolved, it is necessary to investigate each of the constituent facets including individual abilities and personalities, life-history traits, mating systems, demographic dynamics, gene flow, social relationships, ecology, and phylogeny. By exploring the nature and evolution of macaque social organization, this book develops our knowledge of the rise of societies and their transformation during the course of evolution. Macaques are the most comprehensively studied of all monkey groups, and the 20 known species feature a broad diversity in their social relationships making them a particularly good group for exploring the evolution of societies. This book will be of primary interest to those studying animal behavior and primatology, but will also be useful to those involved in the study of human societies.
BERNARD THIERRY is Research Director at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique in Strasbourg, France. He has studied the social behavior of non-human primates for the past 25 years, and is particularly interested in how internal constraints channel the evolutionary changes of social organization.
MEWA SINGH is Professor of Psychology at the University of Mysore, India. His main research focus is on the evolution of sociality, and he is especially interested in bridging the gap between conservation biology and behavioral biology.
WERNER KAUMANNS is Curator of Primates and Head of the Primatology Working Group at Cologne Zoo, Germany. His special interest is also in conservation biology, and he has been involved in research on liontailed macaques with special reference to the effects of habitat fragmentation.
Series editors
HUMAN ECOLOGY
C. G. Nicholas Mascie-Taylor, University of Cambridge
Michael A. Little, State University of New York, Binghamton
GENETICS
Kenneth M. Weiss, Pennsylvania State University
HUMAN EVOLUTION
Robert A. Foley, University of Cambridge
Nina G. Jablonski, California Academy of Science
PRIMATOLOGY
Karen B. Strier, University of Wisconsin, Madison
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Edited by
Bernard Thierry
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg
Mewa Singh
University of Mysore
Werner Kaumanns
Zoologischer Garten Köln
PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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© Cambridge University Press 2004
This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2004
Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge
Typeface Times 10/12.5 pt. System LATEX 2e [TB]
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data
Macaque societies: a model for the study of social organization / edited by Bernard
Thierry, Mewa Singh, and Werner Kaummanns.
p. cm. – (Cambridge studies in biological and evolutionary anthropology)
Includes bibliographical references (p. ).
ISBN 0 521 81847 8
1. Macaques – Behavior. 2. Animal societies. I. Thierry, Bernard. II. Mewa Singh. III. Kaumanns, Werner. IV. Series.
QL737.P93M29 2004
599.8′64156 – dc22 2003069749
ISBN 0 521 81847 8 hardback
List of contributors | page x | ||
Acknowledgments | xiii | ||
Introduction | |||
1 | Why macaque societies? | 3 | |
Bernard Thierry, Mewa Singh, and Werner Kaumanns | |||
Part I | Individual attributes | 11 | |
2 | Personality factors between and within species | 13 | |
John P. Capitanio | |||
Box 2 Social intelligence | 33 | ||
Josep Call | |||
3 | The role of emotions in social relationships | 38 | |
Filippo Aureli and Gabriele Schino | |||
Box 3 Power and communication | 56 | ||
Signe Preuschoft | |||
4 | Reproductive life history | 61 | |
Fred Bercovitch and Nancy Harvey | |||
Box 4 Life-history traits: ecological adaptations or phylogenetic relics? | 80 | ||
Mewa Singh and Anindya Sinha | |||
Part II | Demography and reproductive systems | 85 | |
5 | Demography: a window to social evolution | 87 | |
Wolfgang Dittus | |||
Box 5 Patterns of group fission | 112 | ||
Kyoko Okamoto | |||
6 | Gene flow, dispersal patterns, and social organization | 117 | |
Hélène Gachot-Neveu and Nelly Ménard | |||
Box 6 Dominance and paternity | 131 | ||
Andreas Paul | |||
7 | Mating systems | 135 | |
Joseph Soltis | |||
Box 7 Homosexual behavior | 151 | ||
Paul L. Vasey | |||
Part III | Social relationships and networks | 155 | |
8 | Dominance style, social power, and conflict management: a conceptual framework | 157 | |
Jessica C. Flack and Frans B. M. de Waal | |||
Box 8 Social space and degrees of freedom | 182 | ||
Marina Butovskaya | |||
9 | How kinship generates dominance structures: a comparative perspective | 186 | |
Bernard Chapais | |||
Box 9 Inter-group relationships | 204 | ||
Matthew A. Cooper | |||
10 | Intergenerational transmission of behavior | 209 | |
Christophe Chauvin and Carol M. Berman | |||
Box 10 Maternal behavior, infant handling, and socialization | 231 | ||
Dario Maestripieri | |||
Part IV | External and internal constraints | 235 | |
11 | Do ecological factors explain variation in social organization? | 237 | |
Nelly Ménard | |||
Box 11 Intraspecific variation: implications for interspecific comparisons | 262 | ||
David A. Hill | |||
12 | Social epigenesis | 267 | |
Bernard Thierry | |||
Box 12 The role of contingency in evolution | 290 | ||
Christophe Abegg | |||
13 | The use of artificial-life models for the study of social organization | 295 | |
Charlotte K. Hemelrijk | |||
Box 13 Proximate behaviors and natural selection | 313 | ||
William A. Mason | |||
Part V | An outside viewpoint | 319 | |
14 | An anthropologist among macaques | 321 | |
Maurice Godelier | |||
Box 14 Do macaque species have a future? | 328 | ||
Yasuyuki Muroyama and Ardith A. Eudey | |||
Conclusion | |||
15 | Toward integrating the multiple dimensions of societies | 335 | |
Bernard Thierry, Mewa Singh, and Werner Kaumanns | |||
References | 341 | ||
Index | 414 | ||
The color plates are situated between pages 5 and 6. |
Christophe Abegg
Centre d’Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie, UPR 9010, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Strasbourg, France, & Abteilung Reproduktionsbiologie, Deutsches Primatenzentrum, Göttingen, Germany
Filippo Aureli
School of Biological and Earth Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
Fred B. Bercovitch
Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species, Zoological Society of San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
Carol M. Berman
Department of Anthropology, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, USA
Marina Butovskaya
Center of Evolutionary Anthropology, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
Josep Call
Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
John P. Capitanio
Department of Psychology and California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA
Bernard Chapais
Département d’Anthropologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
Christophe Chauvin
Centre d’Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie, UPR 9010, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Strasbourg, France
Matthew A. Cooper
Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA
Frans B. M. de Waal
Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Wolfgang Dittus
Primate Biology Program, Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka, and Department of Conservation Biology, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
Ardith A. Eudey
Primate Specialist Group, Species Survival Commission, International Union for Conservation of Nature, Upland, California, USA
Jessica C. Flack
Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center and Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, and Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
Hélène Gachot-Neveu
Centre d’Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie, UPR 9010, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Strasbourg, France
Maurice Godelier
Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris, France
Nancy C. Harvey
Center for Reproduction of Endangered Species, Zoological Society of San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
Charlotte K. Hemelrijk
Theoretical Biology, Centre For Ecology and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groeningen, Haren, the Netherlands
David A. Hill
School of Biological Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK
Werner Kaumanns
Zoologischer Garten Köln, Köln, Germany
Dario Maestripieri
Laboratory of Comparative Development, Institute of Mind and Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
William A. Mason
California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA
Nelly Ménard
Ethologie, Evolution et Ecologie, UMR 6552, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Rennes Ⅰ, Paimpont, France
Yasuyuki Muroyama
Field Research Center, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
Kyoko Okamoto
Faculty of Humanities, Tokai-Gakuen University, Tenpaku, Nagoya, Japan
Andreas Paul
Institut für Zoologie und Anthropologie, Universität
Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
Signe Preuschoft
Cooperation and Communication Study Group, Home of Primates Europe, Safaripark Gänserndorf, Gänserndorf, Austria
Gabriele Schino
Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy
Mewa Singh
Biopsychology Laboratory, University of Mysore, Mysore, Karnataka, India
Anindya Sinha
National Institute of Advanced Studies, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, and Centre for Ecological Research and Conservation, Nature Conservation Foundation, Mysore, Karnataka, India
Joseph Soltis
Laboratory of Comparative Ethology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Poolesville, Maryland, USA
Bernard Thierry
Centre d’Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie, UPR 9010, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, & Centre de Primatologie, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France
Paul L. Vasey
Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
This volume arises from a conference on Macaque Societies and Evolution sponsored by the Wenner–Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research and held at the University of Mysore in March 2001. The conference provided a perfect place for free-thinking and stimulating discussion owing to the continuous support of the Foundation and the keen assistance of the staff of the Department of Psychology of the University of Mysore. During the conference, it became apparent that the time was ripe to synthesize different lines of investigation on macaque social organization and to start considering how their various dimensions could be integrated.
Many people have participated in bringing this book to fruition. The editors would like to express their heartfelt gratitude to the contributors of the volume. They met the challenge to produce innovative syntheses within the scope of a tight editorial schedule. They generously assisted as reviewers of other contributors. All have agreed to join the editors in donating their share of royalties to a primate conservation fund.
We are indebted to Roland Seitre and Christophe Abegg for offering photographs free of charge. We are grateful to James Anglin and Chittampalli Ravichandra for high-quality language advice. We owe additional thanks to Tracey Sanderson at the Cambridge University Press for unremitting commitment during the editorial process. Last but not least, we would like to acknowledge Odile Petit, Pierre Uhlrich, Philippe Ropartz and Yvon Le Maho for unfailing support.
Acknowledgments by contributors
Chapter 2. Thanks to S. Gosling, M. Prather, R. Robins and W. Mason for helpful comments, to C. Brennan, K. Floyd and E. Tarara for technical assistance, and to the National Institutes of Health for their support (MH49033 and RR00169).
Chapter 3. Thanks to J. Capitanio, C. Schaffner and the three editors for useful discussion and comments.
Chapter 4. Thanks to W. Mason, M. Singh, J. Soltis and B. Thierry for comments on the manuscript.
Chapter 5. The research on toque macaques was supported by a series of grants from the US National Science Foundation, the National Geographic Society, the Harry Frank Guggenheim Foundation, the Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Studies Fund and the Institute for Field Studies (Earthwatch). The Smithsonian National Zoological Park provided logistic and administrative support. Thanks to the government of Sri Lanka for permission to carry out the research and in particular the directors of the Institute of Fundamental Studies, A. Kovoor and K. Tennakone. Thanks to S. Gunatilake and K. Liyanage for long-term assistance with field research, N. Basnayake, U. Chandra for assistance in data collection, V. Dittus for help in project management, and W. Kaumanns, N. Ménard, M. Singh, B. Thierry and A. Watson for critical reading of the manuscript.
Chapter 6. Thanks to B. Thierry, A. Paul, J. de Ruiter and G. A. Hoelzer for helpful comments on an earlier draft, and to the Bettencourt–Schueller Foundation for financial support.
Box 6. Thanks to W. Kaumanns, B. Thierry, and P. Vasey for comments, and M. Singh and his collaborators, whose efforts made the Mysore conference both pleasant and successful.
Chapter 7. Thanks to M. Singh, B. Thierry, and W. Kaumanns for inviting me to the conference from which this book grew. The work on Japanese macaques was supported by the National Science Foundation and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, and I wrote the chapter while receiving an intramural training award from the National Institutes of Health.
Chapter 8. Thanks to B. Thierry, B. Chapais, M. Butovskaya, A. Paul, and W. Kaumanns for helpful comments. The first author acknowledges the Wenner–Gren Foundation for support during the project.
Chapter 9. Thanks to the editors for inviting me to contribute to this volume, and to M. Cooper, L. Isbell, W. Kaumanns, D. Maestripieri, J. Prud’homme, S. Teijeiro, and B. Thierry for helpful comments.
Chapter 10. Thanks to the editors for inviting us to contribute to the volume, and to B. Thierry, D. Custance, F. de Waal, M. Drapier, W. Kaumanns, and K. Watanabe for helpful discussion and comments.
Chapter 11. Thanks to the editors for inviting me to participate, and to D. Hill, B. Thierry, M. Singh, P. Deleporte, and C. Chauvin for constructive comments.
Chapter 12. Thanks to C. Marengo, C. Abegg and O. Petit for providing suggestions and data, to C. Hemelrijk, F. Aureli, and R. Noë for helpful comments, and to A. Iwaniuk and S. Pellis for carrying out phylogenetic analyses.
Chapter 13. Thanks to the editors for inviting me to contribute to the volume, to R. Pfeifer and R. Martin for continuous support, and to the A. H. Schultz Foundation for financial support.