Aarts, Flor 42, 233–234
Abberton, Evelyn R. M. 3
Abe, Isamu 191
Abrahamson, Arthur S. 74
Ahoua, Firmin 102
Akinlabi, Akin 144–168
Allen, John 115
Allerton, D. J. 306
Andersen, Tobe 112
Anderson, Anne H. 10, 106
Anttila, Arto 35, 148–163, 253
Appels, René 97
Arnold, G. F. 125, 127–129, 296–302, 304–307
Arvaniti, Amalia 25, 70, 133, 140–141, 297–314
Avesani, Cinzia
Ayers, Gayle M. 57, 128
Bader, Miles 10
Baer, Thomas 7
Bakkes, Pierre 59
Baltazani, Mary 70
Banti, Giorgio 41, 195
Bard, Ellen 10, 191
Bartels, Christine 124
Basbøll, Hans 223
Bateman, Janet 27
Bearth, Tomas 195
Beck, Janet Mackenzie 72
Beckman, Jill 169
Beckman, Mary E. 15–25, 38–42, 57, 83, 106–116, 119, 123, 125–128, 159–167, 170–175, 176, 185–208, 210–212, 222, 257, 292, 296–304, 307–309
Berinstein, Ava E. 14
Besch, Werner 231
Biemans, Monique 81
Bird, Charles S. 103
Bladon, Arthur 81
Bodomo, Adams B. 35, 148
Boersma, Paul 146–163, 168
Bolinger, Dwight 13–17, 19–20, 48, 49–51, 55–69, 84, 124–130, 141, 296–297
Boves, Lou 97–119
Boyle, Elizabeth 10, 162, 317
Braunschweiler, Norbert 72
Brazil, David 95, 114, 124, 296–299
Bresnan, Joan 127
Brown, Penelope 88
Bruce, Gösta 130–139, 209–217, 219, 276, 314
Burzio, Luigi 14
Bush, Ryan 137
Cahill, Mike 28–43
Cajot, José 234
Cambier-Langeveld, Tina 73, 133
Campbell, Nick 48
Caspers, Johanneke 96
Cassimjee, Farida 195–203
Chafcouloff, Michel
Chao, Yuan Ren 28
Chen, Matthew 36
Chen, Aoju 69, 91–92, 93
Cho, Taehong 135, 153
Chomsky, Noam 88, 232
Clements, George N. 34–37, 42–48, 101–102, 103–105, 168, 223
Cohen, Anthonie 61–62, 73–76, 89, 97–98, 125–126, 129
Cohn, Abigail 126
Collier, René 61–62, 76, 97, 108–113, 125–126
Connell, Bruce 48, 68, 75, 98–108
Cooper, F. S. 66
Coppola, Francis Ford 12, 27
Coulthard, Malcolm 95, 124
Couper-Kuhlen, Elizabeth 51
Cruttenden, Alan 76, 124–140, 296–297, 300–301
Crystal, David 28, 69, 178, 296–300, 307–320
Cutler, Anne 122
Cutting, James E. 69
Dainora, Audra 124
de Graaf, Tjeerd 96
de Jong, J. 15, 79
de Jong, Kenneth 85
de Lacy, Paul 104, 137
de Pijper, Willem
de Saussure, Ferdinand
de Vaan, Michiel 228–230, 234
Delais, Elisabeth 253
Di Cristo, Albert 254–260, 262–266
Di Sciullo, A. M.
Diehl, Randy L. 74, 75–94
Diesing, Molly
Dik, Simon
D’Imperio, Mariapaola 91
Dingeldein, Heinrich 231
Dobrovolsky, Michael 51
Doherty, Gwyneth 10
Donohue, Marc 28–35, 39, 206
Downing, Laura 16, 84, 166, 257
Dresher, Elan 230
Dwyer, David 31
Duanmu, San 33–34, 35, 83–91, 224
Edmondson, Jerold A. 31
Edwards, E. A. 133
Elenbaas, Nina 164
Elordieta, Gorka 42, 126, 170–184, 186–201, 206, 290
Engdahl, Elisabeth
Erteschik, Nomi
Ewan, William G. 8, 43
Farnetani, Edda 141–142
Farrar, Kimberley 138
Faulkner, Dan 134
Faulkner, H. 134
Faure, Wieowie 24
Feng, Shi 36
Féry, Caroline 126–134
Fikkert, Paula 95
Firbas, Jan 291
Fitzpatrick-Cole, Jennifer 46, 141
Flemming, Edward 146
Foard, C. F. 69
Ford, Kevin C. 101–102, 105–106, 162
Fougeron, Cécile 135, 254–266
Fourcin, Adrian J. 3
Fournier, Rachel
Fox, Anthony 34–47, 258
Fretheim, Thorstein 209–217, 222–226
Frota, Sónia 61, 134–141, 153, 250
Fry, Dennis B. 13
Fujisaki, Hiroya 129
Gårding, Eva 129, 209
Gaminde, Iñaki 42, 170–182, 184, 206
Garrod, Simon 10
Geluykens, Ronald 113
Gibbon, Dafydd 296
Giegerich, Heinz 15
Gilles, Peter 251
Goedemans, Rob 257
Goldsmith, John 19, 32–36, 37, 103, 125, 144–146
Gomez-Imbert, Elsa 39–40
Gordon, Matthew 92
Gósy, Maria 91, 140
Goudailler, Jean-Pierre 251
Grabe, Esther 9–10, 88–89, 94, 126–137, 301, 309–319
Greenbaum, Sidney 292
Grice, Martine 25, 33, 91, 133–138, 140, 297–310, 313–314
Griffith, B. C. 66
Grimes, Barbara F. 8, 48
Gr⊘nnum, Nina 84–89, 97–100, 129–138, 223–224, 226
Haan, Judith 82–88, 89–91, 100–120, 121–122
Hackman, Gene
Hadding, Kerstin 82–91, 92–96
Halle, Morris 14–19, 141
Halliday, Michael A. K. 127, 287, 296–307
Hammond, Michael 15
Haraguchi, Shosuke 38, 186–191, 207
Harris, K. S. 66
Hasegawa, Yoko 91, 207
Hata, Kazue 91, 207
Haudricourt, André-Georges 43
Hayes, Bruce 13–14, 33–47, 84, 116, 124, 125–136, 145–155, 159–166, 236, 265, 274, 311–314
Heijmans, Linda 82–88, 89, 234–252
Heike, Georg
Heldner, Mattias 133, 227
Helsloot, Catherine J. 104
Henton, Caroline 81, 318
Hermann, E. 51
Hermans, Ben 57, 195, 211–219, 241
Hermes, Dick J. 3, 5
Hernáez, Inmaculada 170–184
Hess, Wilhelm J. 3
Hewlett, Nigel 75
Hillman, R. E. 3
Hirschberg, Julia 57, 124–134
Hirst, Daniel J. 166, 266–269, 288–290, 294
Hockett, Charles F. 49–50, 52
Hoffman, H. S. 66
Holmberg, J. N. 3
Hombert, Jean-Marie 8, 42–43, 75
Horne, Merle 141, 209
Hoskins, Steven 141
House, David 91
House, Jill 91
Hualde, José 42, 61, 170–182, 206
Huss, Volker 24
Hyman, Larry M. 16, 27–30, 31–32, 84, 102–105, 108–109, 130
Inkelas, Sharon 34–48, 135, 162
Isard, Steve 10
Iwata, Ray 36
Izvorski, Roumyana
Jackendoff, Ray S.
Jacobs, Haike 95
James, Dorothy J. 35
Jankowsky, L. 254
Jassem, Wiktor 296
Jessen, Michael 276
Johns, Catherine 3–8, 95, 124
Johnson, Keith 1
Jongman, Allard 120, 162
Jönsson-Steiner, Elisabeth 211
Jun, Sun-Ah 43, 126–135, 176, 254–266
Kager, René 143–163, 164–169, 282
Kanerva, Jonni 16, 159–161, 166, 286
Katz, William 120
Kawasaki, H.
Keating, Patricia 58, 135
Kenesei, István 286–293
Kenstowicz, Michael 39
Kerkhoff, Joop 21
Keyser, Jay 73, 168, 223
King, Tracy H.
Kingston, John 8, 43, 71–89, 237
Kiparsky, Paul 58, 229–250, 276–277, 294
Kirsner, Robert S. 46–48
Kiss, Katalin É. 86
Kisseberth, Charles J. 195–203
Kluender, K. R. 74
Knoop, Ulrich 231
Kohler, Klaus 8, 42, 67, 74, 319
Kori, Shiro 141–142
Kowtko, Jacqeline 10
Kraehenmann, Astrid 43
Kratzer, Angelika
Kristoffersen, Gjert 42, 209, 217–222
Kubozono, Haruo 186, 187–199
Künzel, Hermann J. 236–250
Kutsch Loyenga, Connie 112
Labov, William 73, 229–250
Ladd, D. Robert 14–19, 22–23, 34–48, 52–54, 57–61, 76–80, 98–114, 123–126, 129–133, 153–168, 273, 296–297, 299–306
Ladefoged, Peter 1, 16, 141, 153, 306
Lahiri, Aditi 33–46, 84, 124, 136–140, 145–155, 159–162, 211, 230, 274–280, 313, 314
Laniran, Yetunde O. 27–35, 46–48, 101–110
Laver, John 1–8, 79–81
Leben, William R. 19, 31–34, 48, 96, 125, 146, 195
Leech, Geoffrey 292
Leer, Jeff 43
Levinson, Stephen C. 88
Levitt, A. E. 75
Liberman, Alvin 66
Liberman, Mark 19, 20, 46, 77, 110–111, 119, 124–125, 130–133, 144–168, 304–313, 314
Lieberman, Philip 79–89, 97–120, 296
Lindblom, Björn 79
Lindsey, Geoffrey 69
Lodge, Ken 293
Longacre, Robert E. 27
Löqvist, Anders 7
Lorentz, Ove 41, 149, 209–218
Maddieson, Ian 27–43, 48
Makarova, Veronika 83
Marsi, Erwin 88–89, 94
Martín de Vidales, Igor 170–184
Martinet, André 69
Matisoff, James 42–48
Matsumori, Akiko 40
Mcallister, Jan 10
McGarr, Nancy S. 7
McCarthy, John J. 143–144, 146, 294
McCawley, James 42
Meeussen, A. E. 103–105
Mennen, Ineke 133, 134
Mertens, Piet 266–271
Mihm, Arend 230–251
Miller, Jim 10
Miller, Mark 120
Mol, Hendrik 13
Monaghan, Alex 90, 141, 300–319
Morton, Eugene W. 80
Morton, Rachel 52–68, 85
Moulines, E. 10
Mountford, Keith W. 48, 100–108
Myers, Scott 70 36
Nespor, Marina 125–135, 142, 263–264, 290, 317
Nettle, David 42
Newman, John 32
Newman, Paul 103
Newport, E. L. 66–68
Ngunga, Armindo 32
Nilsen, Randi Alice 209–217, 222–226
Nolan, Francis 138, 318
Nooteboom, Sieb G. 257
O’Connor, J. D. 125, 127–129, 296–302, 304–307
Odden, David 32, 104–112
Ohala, John J. 8, 43, 71–72, 79–80, 196
Ohara, Yumiko 81
O’Shaughnessy, Douglas 115
Ostendorf, Mari 57, 135–141, 317
Otake, Takashi
Pacilly, Jos J. A. 120
Palmer, Harold E. 296
Pang, Keng-Fong 48
Pearson, Mark 122
Peeters, Wim 234
Peng, Shu-Hui 36
Perkell, J. S. 3
Peters, Jörg 91, 155, 241
Petterson, Robert G. 32
Pierrehumbert, Janet 19–22, 25, 38–42, 48, 57, 58–62, 77, 93, 98–106, 123–132, 134–137, 145–156, 159–162, 170–175, 176, 185–208, 209–210, 212, 263–264, 281–286, 292–293, 296, 298–300
Pike, Eunice 41, 232
Pike, Kenneth L. 22, 26–27, 33–48, 110, 128, 296
Pitrelli, John F. 57
Poser, William J. 15, 38, 100, 186–188, 190–191
Post, Brechtje 68, 89–94, 104, 138–142, 253–254, 273
Price, Patti 57, 135–141
Prieto, Pilar 134
Prince, Alan 19–20, 141, 142, 143–146, 148–150, 275–280, 281
Pulgram, Eric 258
Pulleyblank, David 30, 58
Putschke, Wolfgang 232
Quirk, Randolph 292
Radford, Andrew 285
Ramsay, Robert 28–44
Reetz, Henning 3–8, 95, 124
Remijsen, Bert 41, 67–68
Repp, Bruno 52, 85, 118
Riad, Tomas 150, 215–219, 222–223
Rialland, Annie 108–111, 114
Rietveld, Toni 1–5, 21, 52–63, 64, 82–85, 107–113, 115–116, 126, 128–134, 225, 292–293, 307–308, 319
Rivera-Castillo, Yolanda 41
Rivierre, Jean-Claude 28–44
Robert, Stéphanie 87
Römer, Raúl G. 41, 87
Rooth, Mats
Rosner, B. S. 69, 167
Ross, Ken 317
Rudin, Catherine
Rump, Willem 52, 85, 118
Sag, Ivan 124
Sagart, Laurant 27
Salaberria, Jasone 170–184
Szabolcsi, Anna
Schepman, Astrid 134
Scherer, Klaus 72–81, 92–93
Schmerling, Susan 72–81, 92–93
Schmidt, Jürgen E. 228–236
Schouten, Bert 48, 234
Schubiger, Maria
Scobbie, James M. 75
Selkirk, Elisabeth 14, 47, 86, 125, 141, 144–145, 150–159, 187, 212, 263, 287, 289–290, 317
Sereno, Joan 162
Seuren, Pieter A. M. 251
Shakespeare, William 212, 316
Shankweiler, D. P. 66
Shattuck-Hufnagel, Stephanie 22, 123–135, 141, 317
Shen, Tong 83, 159
Shen, X. S. 91
Shimizu, Katsumasa 153
Silverman, Kim E. A. 8–9, 57, 93, 234
Slis, Iman 73
Sluijter, Agaath 14, 15
Smiljanić, Rajka 42, 61, 170–182
Smith Jr., Henry L. 19–20, 126–128
Smith, Norval 41, 75
Smolensky, Paul 143, 257
Snider, Keith 34, 101–102, 105
Sotillo, Catherine 10
Soukka, Maria 46
Steedman, Mark 297
Steele, Joshua
Steele, Shirley 62, 93, 184, 306
Stevens, Kenneth 73
Stewart, John 100–102
Story, Robin S. 7
Strangert, Eva 133, 227
Strik, Helmer 97–119
Studdert-Kennedy, Michael 66, 82–91, 92–96
Sugahara, Mariko 205–206
Sun, Xuejing 196
Sundberg, Johan 196
Svantesson, Jan-Olof 42–44
Svartvik, Jan 292
Swerts, Marc 113
Taff, Alice 135
Terken, Jacques 52, 76–91, 113–118, 126–137, 140
’t Hart, Johan 61–62, 76–89, 97–98, 108, 125–126, 129
Thomas, Elain 88
Thompson, Henry 10
Thorsen, Nina; see Gr⊘nnum
Trager, George L. 19–20, 126–128
Trim, J. L. M. 291
Trommelen, Mieke 276
Truckenbrodt, Hubert 108, 126–129, 144–161, 162–163, 285–286, 309
Turk, Alice E. 73, 123–133
Uhlenbeck, E. M. 13
Uldall, Elizabeth 82–88
Uwano, Zendo 32–38
Vaissiere, Jacqueline 129
Vallduvì, Enric 86
van den Berg, Rob 107–115, 116, 126–128, 308
van Bezooijen, Reneé 72–96, 120
van der Hulst, Harry 28–36, 41, 76, 105–106
van der Vliet, Peter 42, 137–139, 140, 230–243, 247, 320
van Gestel, Joost 5
van Heuven, Vincent 5, 15, 46–48, 67–68, 91, 120
van Santen, Jan 134
Vance, Timothy J. 189
Vanderslice, R. 20, 141, 306
Varga, Laszlo 70, 140, 153
Vergnaud, Jean-Roger 14–19
Verhelst, E. 10
Verluyten, S. 253
Vismans, Roel 48, 263
Vogel, Irene 125–135, 142, 167, 263–264, 286–290, 293
Voorhoeve, Jan 27
Warner, Natasha 191
Wedekind, Klaus 27, 96
Weinert, Regina 10
Wells, John C. 15, 294
Welmers, William E. 100–106
Wetterlin, Allison 211
Whalen, Douglas H. 75
Wichmann, Anne 85–91
Wiegand, Herbert E.
Wiesinger, P. 232
Wightman, Colin W. 57, 135
Willems, Nico J. 66–68, 73
Williams, E.
Winkler, Susanne
Winston, F. D. D. 101
Wistrand, Kent 110
Wright, B. A. 74
Xu, Yi 72, 134
Yip, Moira 28–33, 133, 143
Zahid, Indirawati 84
Zec, Draga 135
Zhang, Jie 31, 157–158
Zimmerman, Roger 120
Zoll, Cheryl 157
Zonneveld, Wim 276
Zubizarreta, Maria Luisa 86
*P 165, 288
*T 1–2, 3–9, 159, 188–194, 257–260
accent 12–22, 26–27, 36–42, 171, 190, 309
accent range 79–94
accent language 41–42
accentability 310
accentual analysis, of tone language 39, 210
accent assignment 38, 186
accent deletion, see deaccentuation
accentual downstep 115
accentual lengthening 73, 133
Accent Phrase 209–220
Accentual Phrase 126, 170–172, 176, 186–199, 200
Addition 297, 299–307
affective meaning 79–94
aliasing 4
alignment, in Optimality Theory 143–150, 152, 179, 192, 215, 242–245, 255, 278–287, 309
alignment, phonetic 22, 61, 62–67, 72–74, 84–91, 124–133, 134, 213, 245
alignment, with head
alignment, with focus 180–182, 204, 212, 287
alignment, with two edges 134, 153, 302
allophone 189–190, 269
allomorphy 236–247
Alternation Principle
Analogical Lengthening 230, 249–250
analogy 229–243, 249
animal communication 50–53
Apocope 230–231, 232
arbitrariness 50, 53–54, 80
arytenoids 1, 7
association 144–148, 149–150, 171, 185–188, 189–202, 210–215, 246–247, 272, 297
Association Convention 31, 186
association with focus 171
autocorrelation 5
automatic downstep 101, 171
Autosegmental-Metrical model 123, 170, 185–187, 209, 266, 316–320
autosegmental phonology 19, 28–48, 123–125
autosegmental representation 129, 274
Bernoulli effect 2
binary opposition
BinMap 161, 184, 187, 289–290
biological code 79–95, 206
boundary tone 22, 123–126, 128–134, 174, 187–189, 200, 266–272, 274–291, 295, 305–319
breath group 79, 97
breathy voice 8, 27–29, 43, 81
British tradition in intonation analysis 125–127, 140, 319
categorical perception 66, 69
central tone 212
clash 294, 317
clefting
cliché mélodique 266–270, 271
clitic 179, 290–291, 292
compensatory listening 234
complete linking 134
complete reset
complex predicate
compound 15–18, 19–21, 171, 214–219, 274–277
compound stress 19–23
compression 138
CON 145–168
CONCATENATE 150, 152–153, 192–197, 215–216, 220
constraints, unranked 160–163
constraint ranking, on the hoof 163
constraint ranking, variable ranking 163, 232, 260–265
constraint reranking 163, 253–265
contour interaction 129
contour tone 26, 273
contour tone language 26, 232
contrast preservation 73–74, 75
contrastive stress
control, in articulation 60, 72, 75–77, 97
cricoid 1–7
creaky voice 8, 27–43, 81, 88
cumulative upstep
curtailment, see truncation
cyclicity 163–164, 166, 280–282, 284–294
deaccentuation 38, 87, 254, 276–277, 287
declination 80–88, 89, 97–113, 226
definitional focus
Dehnung 230
delay morpheme 306
delayed peak feature 307
DEP-(IO) 148, 279–281
dephrasing 206, 274
depictives
desequencing 250
design features, of language 49–50
diacritic use, of phonology 104, 232
digitization 3–4
dimorphism 80
discrete level (tone language) 100
discreteness 50–51, 52–54, 306
doubling error 6
downdrift 101
downstep 32–34, 83–90, 98–119, 131, 177, 178, 200–202, 266–267, 271, 303–307, 310–313
downstep, after H-tone 104, 268–271
downstep, automatic
downstep, interrupted
downstep, of L-tone 102–105, 106
downstep, of M-tone 106
downstep, PA-internal in English
downstep feature 105–117, 308
downstep morpheme 308
duality of structure 22, 50–52, 53–57
duration 17
echo question
Effort Code 71–94, 122, 206
encliticization 290–291, 294
encliticized 315
enhancement 27–34, 73–74, 75, 114, 224–225, 228, 232–234
epithet 162
epitone 236–250
ERB 5
excursion size 76–85
EXHAUSTIVITY 162
extra High 66, 130, 185–207
EVAL 145–146, 162
fade out reversal 9, 236
FAITH 216–220
final lengthening 73, 135, 254–273
final lowering 98–99, 107–110, 178, 276
flat hat 269
floating tone 35, 128–133, 159, 212–214, 272
floating L-tone (downstep) 102, 103, 130
floating tone (morpheme) 35
focal tone 211–212, 213–216
focus 23, 50, 86–88, 159, 180, 192–204, 212–214, 221–222, 243, 286–293
focus, broad 86
focus, contrastive 86
focus, corrective 86, 180–181, 182–184, 212–227, 295
focus, informational; see focus, presentational
focus, narrow 60–61, 86–91
focus, presentational 86, 88, 180, 184, 212–227
focus ambiguity
focus domain
focus particle 87
focus projection
focus types 86
focus constituent 86, 211–212, 223, 314
focus constituent, minimum size of
foot 12–14, 15
Frequency Code 71–94, 122
function words
fundamental frequency 2–9, 81
geminate
GEN 144–145
gender 207
glottalized voice; see creaky voice
glottis 1
gradience 52, 116
grammaticalization 49, 83–94, 98–107, 112–113, 178
HAMMOCK 256–259, 262–271
H-raising 108–110, 297
half-completion 142, 299–300, 302–316
halving error 6
head (British tradition) 302
headedness 162
high rise 63, 299–319
hyoid 8–11
iamb 14–16
iconicity 51, 72–76
IDENT 52, 116
imperative, accent in 265
implementation; see phonetic implementation
incorporation 290–294
interrogative intonation 54, 82–84, 100–119, 120–122, 186–202, 225–226, 229–233, 235–236, 266
information structure 23, 86
informational meaning 79–82, 83–85
Initial Accent Deletion
INITIALBRANCHING 180, 290
initial raising 114–119
initial strengthening 135
Intermediate Phrase 125–126, 127–137, 167, 170–176, 180, 192–199, 292, 316
interpolation 29, 128–129, 198–201
intonation 12–22
intonational meaning 24, 79–95, 124, 306–312, 315
intonational lexicon 46
routine (intonational meaning) 22–23, 76, 77, 123–125, 166–169, 170–176, 254–266, 275–287, 292, 299, 316
intonational phrase 22–23, 76, 77, 123–125, 166–169, 170–176, 254–266, 275–287, 292, 316
intrinsic F0 8, 42–43, 75, 232
IViE 137
juncture phoneme 126
L-prefixation 307, 313–316
laryngealization 8
larynx
LAYEREDNESS 162, 290
leading tone 128–133, 268–270, 310–319
level ordering 258
level tone 26
lexical diffusion 230
Lexical Phonology 22, 58–60, 274–276, 278
lexical representation 58–59, 143, 172, 276
liaison 273
LINEARITY 144–152, 168
listing 230
loan word 15
low rise 63, 298, 299–300
main stress
major phrase 160, 292
Map Task 10
markedness
matrix sentence 287–291
MAX 147, 238, 279–283, 284–286
MAXOO 165, 288–289, 290
metalinguistic use 222–227
metathesis
metrical grid 14, 141
metrical tree 19, 123
metrically bound tone 42
mid tone 35–43
minor phrase 292
monosyllabic foot 14
mora 16, 29
moraic trochee
morphological analysis of intonation
morphological downstep 106–108
morphological tone 46
murmur 34
negation, with tone 88
Neogrammarian change 229–250, 251
nested downstep 115
neutral stress 130, 273, 296–301, 305–313
neutral tone (Chinese) 35
neutralization 191
news sentence
NOASSOC 144–149, 151–158
NOCLASH 255–256, 259–266, 278–279
NOCONTOUR 146, 149–158, 193–196, 272
NOCROSSING
NOCROWD 146–149, 193, 216
NOFALL 146
non-automatic downstep 101
NONRECURSIVITY 162, 285
non-uniformity of structure 146–156
NOREMOTECLASH 260–261, 262–263, 278–279, 284–286
NORISE 146, 148, 195–197, 238–239, 240–241
NOSLUMP 281, 301–302
NOSPREAD 149, 193–196
NOTARGET 155, 168, 239
NoVeryRemoteClash
normal stress
nuclear pitch accent 126–127, 296–309
nuclear contour 296, 302
Obligatory Contour Principle (OCP) 31–32, 33–36, 146–149, 187–194, 195–196, 221, 249, 268
Optimality Theory 33, 142, 143–169, 192–197, 201, 216–217, 238–242, 254–256, 266–271, 276–286, 288–290
octave jump 6
off-ramp/on-ramp analysis, of English 127–128, 134, 319
onset, of ɩ 89, 118, 127, 304
onsetless syllable 257
output–output faithfulness 164, 258, 275–282, 294
Open Syllable Lengthening 230–249, 250
paradigmatic relation 26
paralinguistic meaning 24, 69, 71–95
parenthetic S
partial linking 134, 302
partial reset 115
peak delay
PEAKPROM 88, 256–257, 258–273
perceptual equivalence 62
period 1, 2
perturbation; see pitch perturbation
phonetic implementation 49–58, 59–62, 105, 110–111, 124–128, 130–131, 143, 189, 224, 235, 268, 308
phonetic underspecification 23, 35–36, 129, 185
phonological adjustment
phonological change
phonological phrase 167, 170, 253–254, 265–266, 278–292, 317
phonological word 170, 253–255, 275
phrasal downstep 115–116
phrase accent 25, 126–127, 139–141, 212
pitch 1–2, 3–9, 159, 188–194, 257–260
pitch accent 47–48
pitch accent, Beckman 47–48
pitch accent, bitonal 22, 48, 124–133, 134, 168, 210–220, 307
pitch accent, splayed 220, 271, 304–312, 319
pitch key
pitch range 76, 124
pitch register 76–92, 120
pitch span 76–79, 85, 120, 200
pitch perturbation 3–5, 75, 232
pitch tracker
PLATEAU 203
pre-accenting suffix 38
preboundary lengthening; see final lengthening
prehead, see onset
polar tone 89
positional markedness 157–169
postlexical phonology 58, 172
predicate, natural
predicate argument structure
pre-nuclear pitch accent 302–304, 317–318
pre-nuclear pitch accent, fall–rise 296–313
precompilation 29, 265
prehead; see onset of ῗ
prelinking 210–222
preplanning 111
presentational focus; see focus, presentation
primary stress 14–19, 21
privative analysis 209, 217
procliticization 276–290
procliticized ɸ 280–285, 286–294
Production Code 71–89, 90–91, 98–121
prominence 40–47, 85, 118–122
prosodic hierarchy 88, 143–144, 159–168, 254–266
PSOLA 10
quantity 16–17
quantity-sensitive 17
quantization 4
RADDOPPIOMENTO SYNTATTICO 142
raised H; see extra High
register, feature 223
register, word melody 38–48
register, pitch band 48
register, style 48
register, voice quality 27
register tier 34, 117, 194
register tone language 26–48
reference line 76–85, 110–118
reporting clause 162
reset 113–116
restructuring 134, 264, 290
resynthesis
rheme 297
rhythm 141–142, 199, 253, 274–294
Richness of the Base 145
Sentence Accent Asignment Rule
sampling rate 3
scaling 124
scathing intonation 300–319
Schärfung 230
secondary association 138–139, 189–197, 199
secondary stress 21, 22
segmental landmarks 134
semantic analysis, of intonation
semitone 5
Selection (intonational meaning) 297–299
sentence particle
sign language 76
SINGLETARGET 155
sleeptoon 230
spectral tilt 14, 48, 304
speech style 60, 293
stability 33, 103
starred tone (T*) 22, 37, 133, 302–307
st⊘d 209–224
stoottoon; see Schärfung
stress 12, 22, 40–41
stress clash 141
stress, degrees of 19–22
stress, feature 19, 141
stress shift 56, 141, 142, 167
stress-to-weight 16
stress accent, Beckman 47
Strict Layering Hypothesis 159–162
subordination, of pitch 90, 112, 178–179, 207
substitute use of pitch (biological codes) 80–92
surface representation 58, 59
syllable
syntactic tone 46
syntagmatic relation 26
T TBU 149, 193–194, 203, 216–220, 271
tableau
tag 292, 294
target 23, 29, 79, 128–129, 154, 215
ternary foot 14
Testing (intonational meaning) 297–299
TBU 29–31, 35–37, 103, 123–133, 154–158, 187–193, 211–216, 246
TBU T 148–149, 151–152, 195, 196, 216, 239
theme 297
thyroid 1–7, 8–11
ToBI 132
ToDI 137
tonal analysis, of tone language
tonal grammar 130, 273, 296–301, 305–313
tone levels, notation
tonal morpheme 34, 103–109
tonal root node 33, 117
tonal root tier
tonal tree 34
tone
tone clock (tone circle) 36
tone cluster 33, 133
tone contour 33, 133
Tone Copy 315–316, 319
tone features 27–34
tone language 12–15, 26–38, 75
tone language, terraced level
tone language, discrete level
tone letter 28
tone loss 234–250
tone melody
tone reversal 245
tone tier 28–29, 33, 129, 144–157, 176, 190–198
tone sandhi 36
tone sequence model 129
tone spreading
tone stability
toneless morpheme 34
tonogenesis 42–44, 234–250, 251
tonogenesis, de novo 44, 228–232
tonegroup (British tradition) 125
topicalization 175, 287
total downstep 105–106
trailing tone 23, 128–133, 154–155, 268–271, 302
trimoraic quantity 231
trochee 14–24, 164
truncation 9, 16–17, 133, 220, 236–241, 242–246, 316
Twin Sister Convention 168
underlying representation 58, 106
phonetic underspecification
undershoot 79
ungrammatical contour
unrestricted tone language 27
upstep 34, 108–110, 131, 298–309, 320
Utterance 125, 170–176, 201
variability 164, 234
vocal folds 1, 2–3, 15, 72–79, 97
vocal tract 72
vocative chant 57, 300–319
vocative chant, low 21, 314
vocative chant, with end-rise 314
voice quality 15–16, 27
voice onset time 66, 153
vowel duration
vowel quality 1, 15, 232–234
weight by position 17
weight-to-stress 16–17
whistling language 48
WRAP 38–42
word melodies 26–27
word melody 38–42
word stress
zero-crossing 2
Acatlan Mixtec 110
Arabic 74
Awid Bing 43
Bambara 35, 53, 100–108
Bamileke 102
Bantu
Barasana 39–40, 41, 210
Baule
Basque 28, 112–117, 126, 159–167, 171, 293
Basque, Bermeo
Basque, Gernika 171–172
Basque, Gipuzkoan
Basque, Lekeitio 159, 171–184, 186–188, 204
Basque, High Navarrese
Basque, Northern Biskaian 42, 170–184, 186–187, 206, 210
Benčnon 27
Bengali 32–46, 54, 84, 136–140, 146–152, 159–163, 254, 275
Bimoba 101–102, 113
Bulgarian
Cèmuhî
Central Carrier 41
Central Franconian, see German
Chicheŵa 16, 36, 153–161, 166–167
Chickasaw 54, 92
Chinese, Cantonese 34
Chinese, Danyang 33
Chinese, Hailar 36
Chinese, Mandarin 28–33, 34–35, 91, 98–99, 134
Chinese, Wenzhou 36
Chipewayan 43, 157
Chumburung 102–105
Dagaara 35
Dagara 112, 114
Danish
Dinka 106–112
Dutch 16, 21, 28–33, 46–47, 52–61, 63–67, 72–73, 76–84, 97–98, 100–107, 125–127, 128–133, 150–162, 220–225, 226, 230–249, 250, 296–298, 308–314
Dutch, Belgian 81, 234
Dutch, Hasselt 228
Dutch, Maasbracht 241
Dutch, Maastricht 42, 45–48, 228–233, 234
Dutch, Roermond 58–70, 151–154, 228–235, 238–239
Dutch, Tongeren 229–244, 245–246
Dutch, Venlo 30–42, 137–138, 154–158, 229–235, 238–245
Dutch, Weert 234
Engenni 88, 109
English 8, 13–15, 34, 51–52, 53, 73–76, 77–84, 98–110, 111–113, 123–125, 126–133, 150–156, 186, 209–226, 253, 274, 320
English, American 46, 63, 81–82, 92, 118–122, 123–124, 127–128, 145, 296–297
English, Belfast 54, 301–318
English, Birmingham 301
English, British 9, 73–74, 76, 122, 124–127, 128–137, 296
English, Cambridge 138
English, Leeds 138
English, Liverpool 301
English, Manchester 301
English, Tyneside 301
English, West Coast
Etung 31–32
Finnish 164
French 68, 74, 113, 141–142, 163–167, 253–273, 275–284, 304–311, 315
Ga’anda 106
Georgian 137
German 8–9, 28, 72–81, 92, 137–138, 140, 226, 230, 231–250, 296
German, Central Franconian 228–250, 251
German, Cologne 228–232, 235–240
German, Düren 241
German, Hamburg 93, 231
German, Mayen 229–236, 237–241
German, Swiss 91, 140
German, Trier
Greek 141–142
Greek, Cypriot 140
Greek, Standard 70, 133, 140
Guaraní 53
Haida
Hausa 34, 162, 195
Hawaiian 33
Hungarian 70, 91, 140, 153
Iau 27
Igbo 101–102
Italian 16, 91, 104, 141–142
Italian, Palermo 138
Japanese 15, 27–45, 72–81, 83–88, 100–106, 113, 126–129, 133, 146, 159, 175–177, 216, 271
Japanese, Ibukujima 38
Japanese, Maeno 40
Japanese, Nakamura 32
Japanese, Tokyo 40–42, 170
Jita 84
Kachru 109
Kairi 32
Kanakuru 103
Kaure 39, 210
Kikirewe 112
Kikuyu 29–32, 101–102, 106
Kimatuumbi 162
Kirimi 108, 112
Kishambaa 32, 104–105, 110
Korean 126, 167
Korean, Middle 44
Korean, Seoul 43, 135
Kukuya 31
Lamet
Lëtzebuergesch 251
Lithuanian 28–42
Malay 84
Mambila 27, 75
Mankon 108–109, 122, 130
Maori 136
Ma’ya 41
Mende 32
Min Nan 48
Moba 106
Mon Khmer
Navajo 43
Ngamambo 105
Ngiti 112
Noon 46
Norwegian 27–40, 42, 209–226
Norwegian, Bergen 226
Norwegian East 153–156, 209–217, 223
Norwegian, Troms⊘ 226
Papiamentu 41, 87
Portuguese, European 86–87, 134–141
Punjabi 43
Romanian, Transylvanian 140
Russian 83
Seminole/Creek 16
Serbo-Croatian, Belgrade 28, 61, 74
Serbo-Croatian, Zagreb 28, 61, 74
Siane 34
Sikaritai 35
Silbo Gomero, see Spanish
Somali 39, 41–42, 195
Spanish, Silbo Gomero 48
Sundanese
Swedish 40–41, 47, 82–92, 128–139, 153, 209–222, 226, 304
Swedish, Finnish 226
Swedish, Malmö 226
Swedish, Stockholm 36, 129–139, 145–150, 209–217, 219
Tiv 30
Tonga 37–38
Toura 195
Trique 27
Twi 84
Tzeltal 88
U 44, 232
Unangan 135
Utsat 48
Vietnamese 43
Wolof 87
Yorúbà 27–35, 46, 98–106, 108–110