Note: Readers seeking information about particular individuals or events should also consult the ‘Key events’ (pp. x–xviii) and ‘Biographical notes’ (pp. 238–51) sections. The index also omits names of ethnic groups or castes which appear only in table 1.1 (pp. 9–10).
abortion, 164
Acham, 58, 218
Acharya, Tanka Prasad, 67, 68, 82–3, 88, 90, 94, 155
personal attitudes, 155, 158–63
as prime minister, 91–2, 133, 168–73
Adhikari, Man Mohan, 113, 193
administrative system, 129
affirmative action, 118
see also reservations
Afghanistan, 44, 65
Afghans, 15
Agincourt, Battle of, 38
Agricultural Perspective Plan, 201, 230
agricultural tools industry, 133
agriculture, 1, 12, 15, 23, 26
after 1951, 122, 126, 129, 134, 140–4, 200–1,230–2
in early period, 16–18
research in, 135
after unification, 54–5, 74
agro-industry, 147–8
air transport, 79, 130, 138–9
Al Beruni, 180
alcohol, use of, 159–60, 226–7
All India Gorkha League, 75
All India Nepali National Congress, 68
All India Radio, 113, 114
Allahabad, 23
Amlekhganj, 138
Andaman Islands, 11
Andhra Pradesh, 206
animism, 34
Annapurna, 13
Arabs, 15, 27
Arghakhanchi, 177, 218
Armed Police Force, 209, 210, 222
Armenians, 28
army
contemporary role, 207, 225
deployment against Maoists, 218
in early period, 50
Arniko Rajmarg, 137
Arthashastra, 252, n. 8
Arun River, 13, 75, 179
Arya Samaj, 79–80
ascetics, 26, 30, 52, 80
Ashrit, Jivraj, 190
Asian Development Bank, 128
Assam, 2, 13, 15–16, 112
assimilation, 3, 11
Auckland, Lord, 44
aul, 14, 27
Australia, 134, 148
Austroasiatic language family, 12
Awadhi language, 15, 186
Back to the Village National Campaign, 108, 109
Baglung, 55, 60
Bagmati River, 157
bahudaliya janbad, 197
Bairagis, 52
baisi kingdoms, 23, 27, 30
Balaju, 129, 146
balance of payments, 127
Baldeng, 23
Bandipur, 78
Banepa, 19, 21, 27
Bangladesh, 8, 102, 103, 106, 145, 153
see also East Bengal
Banke, 43
banre, 60
Bardiya, 43–5
barley, 16
Basarh, 18
‘Basic Needs’ programme, 127–8
Basque language, 11
BBC, 113, 173, 213
Beg, Mirja Dil Sad, 202
Belgium, 224
Benares, 40, 46, 50, 55, 68, 69, 82, 168
Bengal, 21, 29, 37, 40, 46, 79
Bhagavadgita, 80
Bhairawa, 87
Bhakta, Dharma, 82
Bhaktapur, 21
as independent state, 16, 22, 32, 33
in ‘People’s Movement’, 114
post-1951 changes, 133, 156
in post-1951 politics, 106, 109, 110, 155
Bhandari, Madan, 121, 190
Bhanubhakta, 81, 168, 185–6
bharadari, 49–50, 56, 58–9
Bharatiya Janata Party, 214
see also Janata Party (of India)
bharos, 21
Bhattarai, Baburam, 203–5, 206, 208, 216, 218
Bhattarai, Krishna Prasad, 110, 115, 116, 118, 121, 191, 208–9
Bheri River, 57
Bhimphedi, 78
Bhojpur, 71
Bhojpuri language, 15, 186
Bhonta (family), 21–2, 27, 57
Bhonta (region), 27–8
Bhotiyas, 12, 58, 163
bhumigat giroh, 110
Bhutan, 76
refugee issue, 216
Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali, 107
Bihar, 18, 42, 105, 139, 202, 206
Bijukche, Narayan Man, 106, 109, 110, 113, 155
Bir Hospital, 78
Biratnagar, 71, 77, 79, 105, 123, 129, 135, 137
Birganj, 62, 79, 131, 133, 134, 138
Birganj-Hetaura-Kathmandu corridor, 147
Birla group (of India), 146
birta tenure, 51, 54, 75
abolition, 95–6, 103
‘Bisheshwar with the Poor’ scheme, 193
Bista, Kirtinidhi, 102
Bombay (Mumbai), 164, 171
bonded labour, 53
see also kamaiyas
Bonus Voucher Scheme, 151
Bose, Sarat Chandra, 70
Brahmans, 11, 24, 26, 39–40, 51–2, 82, 84
changes since 1951, 159, 162
as dominant group, 179–80, 181, 184, 233
Maithil, 187
in Newar society, 31
as Parbatiya caste, 31, 50, 55, 57, 58, 59, 80, 83
in politics, 94, 177
Brahmaputra, 6, 13
Brigade of Gurkhas, see Gurkhas
Britain, 8, 44, 160
post-1947 relations with Nepal, 71–2, 224
aid programme, 134–5
British Council, 171
British India, relations with Nepal, 4
1885 to 1947, 61, 64–5, 67–8, 69, 83, 84
pre-Shamsher period, 39, 40–1, 42–5, 46–8, 50, 58, 59–60, 163
Brunei, 229
buckwheat, 16
Buddha, 18, 53
Buddhanilkante School, 134, 167
Buddhism, 3, 26, 176
current status, 184
in the hills, 30, 179
in Kathmandu Valley after 1951, 155–6, 181
and the state in Kathmandu Valley, 29–31
buffaloes, 16, 140
Build Your Village Yourself programme, 193
bullocks, 18
Burma, 13, 64, 67, 71, 178
Butwal, 2, 23, 42, 134, 135
Calcutta, 11, 68, 78, 99, 105, 150, 162
as publishing centre, 168
Calcutta University, 63, 84
Capuchins, 33, 37–8
carpet industry, 145, 148, 149, 230
Casino Nepal, 149
caste system, 8, 14, 30–2, 59, 82, 84
in post-Panchayat politics, 118, 206
and social change after 1951, 155–8, 162–3
Catholic Church, 135
celibacy, 30
censorship, 84, 226
Chalukyas, 29
Chand, Lokendra Bahadur, 109, 118, 119, 192, 195
as prime minister, 110, 115, 196, 221, 222
Changu Narayan, 19
Chantels, 60
chaubisi kingdoms, 23, 27, 28, 30, 59
chaudhuris, 51
Chaugera Yogis, 52
chautara, 49
cheese production, 134
Chemins de Katmandu, Les, 173
Chepangs, 13
Chester, Ketaki, 211
Chetri caste, 31–2, 53, 56, 57, 60, 94
as privileged group, 49–50, 85, 185
child labour, 148, 161, 230
chillies, 16
China, 12, 44, 130, 134, 139, 174
aid programme, 130, 133, 136
arms sales, 112, 113
cultural influence, 12, 13
economic relations, 27, 153
and Maoist insurgency, 223–4
political relations, 4, 19, 28, 37, 39–41, 57, 58, 86–7, 91, 92, 96–7, 99–103, 130
Chinese (overseas), 145
Chittaur, 10, 23
Chitwan, 137, 180
Christianity, 33, 80–1, 87, 158, 184, 233
Chumbi Valley, 76
Churautes, 11
Church of Scotland, 80
Churia hills, see Siwaliks
CIA, 103, 216
cigarette industry, 77, 133
cinema, 139, 171
Hindi, 171–2
Nepali, 171, 172–3, 226
class organisations, 101–2, 109
climate, 8–11
Colombo Scholarship Scheme, 135
Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority (CIAA), 211
Commonwealth, 135
communism (as ideology), 173–4, 175, 176, 233
Communist Party of Nepal, 88, 89, 93
in 1959 election, 94, 96, 203
post-1960 splinter groups, 105–6, 107, 110, 141, 177
and B. P. Koirala’s government, 90–8
legalisation of, 91–2
Communist Party of Nepal (Democratic), 121
Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist), 195
see also Maoist insurgency
Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist), 113, 117
Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist-Leninist), 106, 107, 113–14, 117
1998 revival, 197, 199
ideology, 174
in Panchayat politics, 110
in ‘People’s Movement’, 113, 115–17
and the referendum, 108
Communist Party of Nepal (Masal), see Masal
Communist Party of Nepal (Mashal), see Mashal
Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist), 175
in 1990 election campaign, 117–21
attitude to Maoists, 207, 218, 219
in government, 192–5, 196, 199, 201
in opposition, 185–6, 189–90, 195, 196, 197, 222–3, 224,231
split in, 197, 199
community forestry, 144–5
Congress–Rana coalition, 86, 87–8
constituent assembly, proposal for, 88, 91, 93, 106, 116, 205, 218, 221, 224
constitution
of 1959, 93
of 1962, 101, 109
of 1990, 116–17, 221
Constitution Drafting Commission, 118
construction industry, 146, 147
conversion, religious, 158, 184–5
copper mining, 55, 60, 66, 77
corruption, 95, 109, 111, 119, 138–9, 146, 147, 148, 149,178, 186–8, 201, 211
cottage industry, 77, 147, 149
cows, 140
cow slaughter, 56
Curzon, Lord, 64
Cwasa Pasa, 182
Dahal, Pushpa Kumar, see Prachanda
Dalai Lama, 96
Dang, 15, 166, 180–3, 218
Darjeeling, 57, 76, 79, 80–1, 87, 162
as cultural influence, 165, 167, 168, 183, 184, 185
‘Gorkhaland’ agitation, 112, 185–6, 189–90
Das, Lakshmi, 59
Dasain, 56–7
Dasdhunga incident, 190
daura-sawal, 160
debt (national), 128
debt (private), 122, 141, 176, 231
decentralisation, 126, 233
deforestation, 3, 15, 16, 17, 55, 122–3, 140
Dehradun, 80
Delhi Sultanate, 22
democracy
attitude of left towards, 119
effect on language, 154–5
as ideology, 79, 82, 173, 174–5
Deng Xiaoping, 153
desa, 56
Desideri, Fr, 33
Deuba, Sher Bahadur, 190, 195–6, 202, 204, 209, 222, 231
rivalry with Koirala, 211, 219–21
Devaladevi, 22
Devanagari script, 186
development (as ideology), 173
development districts, 126
Devkota, Devi Prasad, 82
Devkota, Lakshmi Prasad, 168–9
Dhading, 138, 179
Dhangar language, see Kurukh language
Dhankuta, 71
Dharan, 24, 137
dharmashastras, 50
dhunga, 56
Dibya Upadesh, 37, 56
diet, 159
Dolakha, 51, 57, 134, 200
Doms, 11, 163
Doti, 58
Doyas, 21–2, 35
Dravidian language family, 11–12
Dravidians, 16
dress, 160
drugs, 111, 226
Dudh Kosi, 57
Dumakhal, 18
Dunai, 209
dvairajya, 19
earthquake (of 1934), 65
East Bengal, 152
East India Company, 4, 37–9, 50, 54
see also British India
East–West Highway, 133, 137–8
Eastern Europe, 113, 114, 175
economic planning, 125–8
Economic Planning Committee, 125
education
after 1951, 104, 107–8, 126–7, 129, 130, 134, 135, 137, 156, 158–9, 162, 164–9, 183, 184, 227
early period, 62, 64, 81, 83–4, 162
effects of insurgency, 209
and ethnicity, 117, 232
Edward VII, King of the United Kingdom, 85
egalitarianism, 175–6
Egypt, 101
Election Commission, 199, 204
elections
attitudes towards, 176–8
malpractice in, 119, 199, 201–2
Ellenborough, Lord, 44
emigration, 57, 75–6, 80, 122–3
to India, 123–4, 228
outside South Asia, 125, 228–9
see also migration
English language, 61, 80, 83
as medium of instruction, 166, 167–8
use after 1951, 154, 155, 159, 169, 173
environment, 2–3, 122–3, 148, 150, 193, 230
ethnic activism, 4–5, 117, 155, 162, 177, 178, 179–80, 186–8, 232–4
ethnicity, 118, 162, 178–83, 186–8
Eton, 167
Europe, 8, 11–14, 139, 148, 149
Europeans, 3, 16
Everest, Mt, 74, 96, 149, 150
exchange rate, 127, 133, 151, 152
Exporters’ Exchange Entitlement Scheme, 151
family planning, 140
fertiliser, 143, 231
feudalism, 21
film industry, see cinema
First World War, 64, 66, 67, 75, 76
forced labour, 28, 53, 95, 179–80
foreign aid, 103, 128–37, 227–8
problems of, 135–7
forestry, 96, 134, 144–5
Fourth Convention, 106, 107–8, 113–14, 116, 119, 203
France, 69–70
Fulbright scholarships, 130
Gaine caste, 170
Gandaki basin, 23, 39
Gandaki River, 8, 97, 145
Gandaki scheme, 132
Gandhi, Indira, 101–3, 105, 153
Gandhi, Mohandas K., 83, 84
Gandhi, Rajiv, 113, 114, 153
Gandhianism, 175
Ganges River, 6, 15
Ganges Valley, 8, 14–15, 17, 18
Garhwal, 39
garlic, 16, 159
garment industry, 148–9, 230
Gautam, Bamdev, 196, 197, 222
George III, King of Great Britain, 110
George V, King of the United Kingdom, 83, 85
Germany, 134, 156, 230
Gift Parcel Scheme, 151
Giri, Tulsi, 97
Gising, Subhas, 185
Giuseppe, Fr 135
globalisation, 3
goats, 140
Gorkha, 1, 4, 12, 22, 23, 28, 30
conquests by, 35–42, 52, 55
as district, 98, 208
as ethnonym in India, 185
Gorkha Congress, 68
Gorkha Dal, 87, 93
Gorkha Ex-Servicemen’s Association (GAESO), 229
Gorkha Parishad, 87, 94, 96, 97–8, 146
Gorkha Sansar, 80
‘Gorkhaland’ agitation, 112
Gorkhalis (as ruling elite), 55–60, 85
Gorkhapatra, 62–3, 170, 176
Gosainkund Lake, 179
gosains, 52
Graduates’ Constituency, 101, 107
‘green roads’, 138
growth rate, 127
Gulmi, 55
Guptas, 19
Gurjaras, 10
Gurkhas (Nepalese troops in British army service), 43, 47, 62, 64–5, 67, 70, 72, 75, 76, 82, 94, 172
present status, 228–9
reduction in numbers, 135
resettlement of, 134–5
Gurung, Bharat, 111
Gurung, Harka, 187
Gurung, Narsingh, 59
Gurung, Santabir, 85
Gurung language, 14, 184
Gurungs, 12–13, 16, 27, 31–3, 58
ethnic activism, 183
role in Nepalese state, 50, 85
and Tamangs, 179
guthi tenure, 51, 75
Gyawali, Surya Bikram, 81, 185
Hamilton, Francis, 59, 60
hand-axe culture, 15
Hanuman Dhoka Palace, 34, 88, 159
Hari Krishna Hari Ram, 173
Harisimha, 22
Harvard University, 167
hashish, 203
Hastings, Warren, 38
health system, 73, 134, 137, 140
Henry V, King of England, 38
Herding, 16, 27
Hetaura, 137, 138, 146
‘hill stations’, 2
Himalayan Airways, 71
Himalayas, 1–4
formation of, 6
Hindi, 8, 94, 156, 186–7
Hinduism, 3, 4, 79–80, 82, 176
in post-1951 period, 94, 117, 162–3, 184–5, 233–4
and caste system, 30–2
hill variety, 55
and kingship, 56
as legitimation in Rana period, 84
and the state in Kathmandu Valley, 29
see also sanskritisation
hippies, 149
HIV-AIDS, 164
Hoabinhian culture, 15
Hodgson, Brian, 43–5, 180
Holleri, 216
Homo erectus, 15
Hong Kong, 139, 151
House of Representatives, 116
housing, 160–1
human rights, 224
hunter-gatherers, 11, 12, 15, 26
hydro-electric power, 132, 134, 135, 139–40, 193
Ilam, 177, 178
ILO, 127
IMF, 135, 147
import substitution, 127
India, 8–11, 14
1989 blockade, 113, 153
aid programme, 90, 97, 130–3, 136
as base for dissidents, 49, 66, 67, 70–2, 81, 111
as cultural influence, 4, 29–30, 80–1, 125, 227
economic relations, 27–8, 38–9, 54, 55, 61, 74–5, 113, 127, 143,150–2
cross-border smuggling 141, 143, 148
tariff arrangements 190, 229–30
trade ‘diversification’ 150–2
transit rights 146, 150, 152–3
water sharing 139, 189, 195
ethnic Indians in Nepal, 75–8, 112, 124–5, 148–9, 150–1, 158,186
ethnic Nepalese in, 112, 123–4, 164, 167, 206
as influence on internal politics, 1, 88, 89–90, 91, 95, 105, 114, 174, 235
and ‘People’s Movement’, 115
political relations, 4, 34, 37, 69–70, 86, 96–7, 101–3, 104, 112,133
Maoist problem 223, 225
see also Bhutan, refugee issue
Indian Airlines, 139
Indian military mission, 89
‘Indian Mutiny’, 46, 48, 61
Indian National Army (INA), 70
Indian National Congress, 174, 214
see also Indian Nationalist Movement
Indian Nationalist Movement, 61, 64, 65, 67, 68, 77, 78, 80
Indian Socialist Party, 71
Indo-Aryan languages, 8, 11, 14
Indonesia, 101
industrial development, 77–8, 126, 145–9
private sector, 145–9
public sector, 147
infant mortality, 73, 137, 200
‘inner Tarai’, 8, 15, 141
Integrated Rural Development, 143
Integrated Security and Development Programme, 210
Interim Government Act, 88
International Committee of the Red Cross, 148
Iran, 8, 108–16
iron mining, 58, 77
irrigation, 55, 126, 142, 200
Israel, 134
Italian language, 8
Jagarkot, 205
jagir tenure, 49, 51, 54, 74–5
Jains, 26
Jana Hita Sangha, 97
Janakpur, 52, 134, 138
Janakpur Cigarette Factory, 147
janandolan, see ‘People’s Movement’
Janata Party (of India), 105, 113, 114
see also Bharatiya Janata Party
Japan, 1, 70, 77, 78, 82, 174
aid programme, 130, 134, 228
migration to, 125
jarti, 59
see also Parbatiyas
jat, 8
Jaynagar, 138
Jennings, Sir Ivan, 93
Jews, 145
Jha, Vedananda, 94
Jhangar language, see Kurukh language
Jhapa, 106
Jhapeli group, 106
jimidars, 51, 54, 58–9
Jirels, 51
Jiri, 51, 134, 138, 143, 200
Jomosom, 12
Joshi, Lakshminarayan, 22
Joshi, Madhav Raj, 80
Josmani Sants, 80
Juddha Sadak, 66
Jumla, 57–8, 142, 163
jute
growing, 143
industry, 77, 151
Jyapus, 31
Kailali, 43
Kali Gandaki River, 12
kamaiyas, 230–1
Kampas, 103
Kancha, 23
Kanchanpur, 43
Kanphata Yogis, 27, 30
Kantipur, 216, 226
Kantivati, 39–40
Karmavir Mandal, 98
Karnali basin, 21, 22–3, 39
Karnali River, 8, 10, 13, 57–8
Kashmir, 2, 12, 28, 38
Kaski, 12, 47, 62
Kathmandu
foundation of, 21
as independent kingdom, 22, 28, 33
as local authority, 92, 110
medieval political structure, 21
Kathmandu Post, 226
Kathmandu Valley, 3, 12, 55
early agricultural pattern, 16–17, 18
early history of, 13, 14, 15, 16, 32–4
as entrepôt, 27
formation, 6–8
Gorkhali conquest, 35–9
immigration into, 32
and industrialisation, 148
and land reform, 142, 155
medieval religion of, 28–31
modernisation in, 122, 154–61
population growth, 123
regulation of migrant labour, 112
role of commoners in politics, 33
special status, 2, 126, 225–6
in 1979 disturbances, 107
Kayastha caste, 187
kerosene, 76
Khadgi caste, 31
Kham Magars, 14, 203
Khasas, 13, 23, 30, 31, 35
as a caste, 31–2, 49–50
Matwali Khasas, 57
medieval empire, 22–3, 26, 27, 58
origin of, 8–10
religious life, 30
see also Parbatiyas; Chetris
Khatri, Lt Karbir, 254, n. 11
kipat tenure, 57, 75, 94, 180
Kiranti languages, 14
Kirantis, 13–14, 51, 57, 89
Kiratas, 13, 14, 24–5
Kirkpatrick, William, 39, 54
Kirong, 19, 39, 179
Kirtipur, 38, 166
Knox, Captain, 41
Kohla Sombre, 13
Koirala, Bishweshwar Prasad (B. P.), 68, 72, 81
beliefs, 175
as home minister, 87, 136
premiership, 95–9, 133, 189–92
under Panchayat system, 105, 107, 108, 110
quarrel with M. P. Koirala, 89
Koirala, Girija Prasad
in pre-1990 politics, 110
after 2001 resignation, 219, 222–3
and ‘People’s Movement’, 115
as prime minister, 121, 197–9, 200, 207, 208–11, 218, 231
Koirala, Krishna Prasad, 94
Koirala, Manisha, 172
Koirala, Matrika Prasad (M. P.), 89–90, 95, 97, 130, 168
Kolis, 19
Korea, 125, 228
Kosi agreement, 132
Kosi River, 71
Kot Massacre, 46, 47
Kshatriyas, 31
ku, 18
Kumaon, 22, 30–2, 55, 58, 163
Kuomintang, 174
Kurukh language, 11, 12
Kusundas, 11
Kuti, 19, 27, 28
Lakhan Thapa, 59
Lalitaballabha, 252, n. 2
Lama, Nirmal, 119, 203, 204
Lama, Santabir, 179
lamaism, 30, 58
Lamasangu, 138
Lamjung, 12, 23, 47, 62
land assignment, 26–7, 49, 50–4
land occupation, 109
land reform, 89–90, 95–6, 103–4, 130, 141–2, 155
post-Panchayat, 193, 231
land sales, 26, 54
land tenure, 26–7, 74, 130, 141–2
Landless People Problem Resolution Commission, 193
language issue, 117, 183, 184, 232
Lauda Air, 211
Leftist Nepali Congress, 90
Lenin, V. I., 183
Lepchas, 76
Lhasa, 76–7, 150
Licchavis (of Nepal), 2, 13, 18–21, 26
land grants, 27
religion, 29
Licchavis (tribal confederacy), 18–19
life expectancy, 122, 200
Limbus, 13, 24, 51, 75, 83
post-1951 changes, 162, 179–80, 183
and kipat, 94
literacy, 81, 122, 128, 137, 170
literature, 81, 84
London, 46, 52
Lumbini, 202
Lumle, 135
Madheshis, 14–15, 58
languages of, 14–15
Madhya Pradesh, 19
Magadha, 18
Magar language, 13
Magars, 14, 23, 27, 28, 31–2, 60
eastward expansion, 32
ethnic activism, 182–3, 232
role in state, 50, 53, 58, 59, 85, 177
‘Magurali’, 183
Mahabharat hills, 6, 8, 10, 11, 15
Mahakali River, 42
Mahakali treaty, 195, 197
mahapatra, 21
Maharjan caste, 14, 18, 31, 155, 159, 181
mahasamanta, 21
Mahendra Rajmarg, see East–West Highway
Mahendra Sanskrit University, 166
Mainali, Chandra Prakash, 197, 201
Mainali, Radha Krishna, 115, 116
Maithili language, 15, 21–2, 29, 186, 187
in local government, 232
Maithils, 24, 29, 39
maize, 16–17, 73, 140, 141
Makwanpur, 23, 24, 37, 42
malaria, 14, 129, 135, 141, 180
Malaysia, 228
Maldives, 103
Malla, Ari, King of the Nepal Valley, 21
Malla, Bhupalendra, King of Kathmandu, 33
Malla, Jaya Prakash, King of Kathmandu, 37, 38
Malla, (Jaya)sthiti, King of Kathmandu Valley, 21, 23, 28, 30
Malla, Lakshminarayan, King of Kathmandu, 28
Malla, Mahendra, King of Kathmandu, 34
Malla, Parthivendra, King of Kathmandu, 22
Malla, Pratap, King of Kathmandu, 28, 33–4
Malla, Ratna, King of Kathmandu, 31, 33
Malla, Rudra, 22
Malla, Yaksha, King of the Kathmandu Valley, 22, 29
Malla empire (of Karnali basin), 22–3
see also Khasas
Mallas (of the Kathmandu Valley), origin of title, 21
Manadeva, King of Nepal, 19
mandales, 116
Mangalsen, 218
Manjushri, 6
Manka Khalah, 182
Mao Zedong, 174, 203
Maoism, 106, 113, 174
Maoist insurgency, 1, 2, 13–14, 22, 92, 99, 143, 163, 195, 202–8,209–11, 216–25
and 1997 local elections, 196, 207, 208
initial state response, 206–7
Kilo Sierra 2, 197–9, 208
methods employed in, 205–6, 226–7
origins of, 202–5
marriage, 158–9
Marshall Plan, 123, 128
Marwaris, 145, 146, 181, 186
Masal, 114, 116, 119, 189, 206, 219
Mashal, 114, 116, 119
Masta, cult of, 30, 57
match industry, 77
Mechi zone, 114, 161
media
international, 1, 171
Nepalese, 169, 226
Meiji restoration, 1
Mesopotamia, 12
Mewar, 10
Micha, 23
Middle East, 125, 228
middle hills, formation of, 6
migration, 3, 123, 143, 228–9
Mihaly, Eugene, 136
millet, 16
Mir Kasim, 37
Mishra, Bhadrakali, 92, 94
mit system, 163
Mithila, 180
Mizoram, 112
Mohasin, Mohammed, 184
monarchy, 163
as divinity, 175
emergence in South Asia, 18
as factor in national identity, 56
future role, 234
in modern media, 170
role in Panchayat ideology, 184, 185
‘Mongols’, 3
monopoly system, 51, 77
Morang, 12
mortgages, 26
Mughals, 25, 34, 38, 49, 145
Mughlana, 56
Mugling, 138
Mukhiyas, 51
multi-party system
criminalisation under, 202
entrenchment in constitution, 117
factionalism under, 199–200
muluk, 56
Muluki Ain (of 1854), 54, 56, 58
Muluki Ain (of 1963), 156, 163
multiple-cropping, 17–18
Mumbai, see Bombay
Munda language family, 11–12
Murmis, 58
see also Tamangs
Musikot, 23
musk, 27
Muslims, 4, 10, 11, 14, 15, 21, 23
current status, 184
as settlers in Kathmandu Valley, 33
Mustang, 13
Myagdi, 60
Nalanda, 29
Nanyadeva, King of Tirhut (Mithila), 29
Narayan, Jaya Prakash, 68, 89
Narayanghadh, 137, 138
Narayanhiti Palace, 211
Narayani River, 138
national anthem, 85
National Defence Council, 207, 208
National Democratic Front, 97
National Democratic Party, 118, 119, 192, 204, 214, 219
Chand faction, 121
in government, 195–7, 202, 222
Thapa faction, 121
National Development Service, 127
national identity, 4–5, 55–60, 85
‘National Movement’ (of 1842), 44
national parks, 144
National People’s Front, 219, 222
National Planning Commission, 125
National Social Services Co-ordination Council, 111, 135
nationalism, 82, 173
and ethnic Indians in Nepal, 186
as influence on historiography, 2, 4
as part of Panchayat ideology, 183–5
Naxalites, 106
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 72, 90, 94, 175
neo-liberalism, 189
neolithic period, 15–16
Nepal, Madhav Kumar, 197, 213, 219, 222–3
Nepal
cultural diversity, 3
ethnic composition, 8
foundation of modern state, 1, 2, 15, 35–9
isolationist foreign policy, 1, 47
official adoption of name, 85
origin of name, 252, n. 4
physical geography, 6–8
prehistoric life, 15–18
role in world wars, 64, 67
Nepal Aid Group, 130, 132, 135, 136, 147
Nepal bhasha, see Newar language
Nepal Construction Company, 134
Nepal Democratic Congress, 70, 88, 89
Nepal Electricity Corporation, 147
Nepal Era, 19–21, 182
Nepal Food Corporation, 141
Nepal Industrial Development Corporation, 129, 146
Nepal Jana Congress, 90
Nepal Magar Sangh, 183
Nepal Mother Tongue Council, 183
Nepal Oil Corporation, 147
Nepal Praja Parishad
Acharya faction, 96, 97
anti-Rana group, 67–8, 80, 82–3, 155
Mishra faction, 96
as political party, 88, 91–2, 94
Nepal Sadbhavana Party, see Sadbhavana Party
Nepal Sangh, 68
Nepal Sarvajatiya Manch, 183
Nepal Tamang Ghedung, 179
Nepal Tarai Congress, see Tarai Congress
Nepal Telecommunication Corporation, 147
Nepal Television, 139, 173
Nepal Valley, see Kathmandu Valley
Nepal Workers’ and Peasants’ Organisation/Party (Rohit group), 109, 110, 113, 121, 155, 219, 222
Nepali Congress
in pre-1960 politics, 86–99, 134, 144
and 1990 election, 117–21
in anti-Rana campaign, 70–2
attitude of Communists to, 106, 174
clashes with UPF, 204
in government after 1991, 138, 189–92, 195–6, 197–9, 200, 202,219
ideology, 174–5
in interim government, 115–17
as opposition, 196, 222–3, 224
and ‘People’s Movement’, 113, 115
and referendum, 107, 108
in reformed Panchayat system, 109–11
support base, 94–5, 187, 205
under unreformed Panchayat system, 99, 105, 106–7, 167
Nepali Congress (Democratic), 219, 222
Nepali language, 8, 32
in India, 186
see also Darjeeling
literature, 168–9
as medium of instruction, 81, 92, 156, 167–8, 184, 186–8
modern development, 168–9, 170
and Nepalese nationalism, 4, 173, 184
as official language, 85, 117
as second language, 159
spread of, 57, 59, 156, 182, 183
Nepali National Congress (pre-1950), 68–70, 89
Nepali National Congress (post-1950), 88, 91–2, 96
New Education System Plan (NESP), 126, 127, 165–6, 167, 227
‘new people’s democracy’, 174, 197, 204
New Road, 66
New Zealand, 134, 148
Newar language, 14, 32, 85, 156, 182, 183, 184, 232
Newar Language Council, 182
Newars, 3, 14, 17, 18, 19, 77, 159
caste system, 30–1
as entrepreneurs, 144
position in Nepalese state, 59–60, 82–3, 85, 111
religion, 29–30
sense of identity, 30–1, 155, 181–2
and social change, 155–6
NGOs, 135, 144, 228
Nixon, Richard, 103
‘northern neolithic’ culture (of Kashmir), 12
Norway, 134, 227
Nuwakot, 35, 37, 39, 98, 179
Ochterloney, Sir David, 42, 43
oilseed, 144
onions, 16, 159–60
Opium War, 44
Oudh (Awadh), 42
Overseas Development Administration (of British government), 143
Paharis, 55
pajani, 42, 49
Pakistan, 8, 101, 102, 103, 107, 153
economic relations, 152
Pakrabas, 135
palace massacre (2001), 211–16
Palas, 29
Pallavas, 21
Palpa, 23, 42
Panchayat Policy and Evaluation Committee, 109
Panchayat system, 86–7, 125, 127
and ethnic groups, 180, 183
fall of, 153
ideology, 173, 183–5
opposition to, 104–7
organisation, 101
use of media, 170–1
voter behaviour under, 176–8
panchayats (local authorities), 91
Pande, Dalmodar, 41
Pande, Ranjang, 44
Pande, Vijay Raj, 50
Panjab, 42
paper industry, 133
Papua New Guinea, 11
Parbatiyas, 12, 14, 16, 55–6, 159
caste structure, 31–2
conflict with other groups, 98, 162, 178, 179
as dominant group, 55–60, 82–3, 84, 85, 118–19, 163, 233
eastward expansion, 27, 32, 51, 57
origins of, 8–11
treatment of women, 163
Parijat, 169
Pashupatas, 27
Pashupatinath, 27, 29, 149, 157, 168
Patan
post-1951 development, 156
early history, 21, 56
as independent state, 22, 28, 32
role in ‘People’s Movement’, 114
Patna, 139
patras, 21
patron–client system, 75, 176–7, 179, 200
Paudel, Lekhnath, 168–9
People’s Front, 222
‘People’s Movement’ (1990), 1, 113–16, 121, 156
‘People’s War’, see Maoist insurgency
Permanent Settlement (of Bengal land tax), 54
Persian language, 80
ploughing, 17
taboo on, 18
Pode caste, 31, 156, 182
Pokhara, 79, 123, 126, 128–30, 133, 135, 137, 165, 177
Pokhrel, Durga, 107
police, 206–7
accusations of brutality, 189, 204
polyandry, 164
polygamy, 163
population growth, 2–3, 18, 55, 61, 73–4, 122, 140
porters, 79
postal service, 139
potatoes, 16, 73, 143
Poudyal brothers, 44, 50
poverty, 3, 122, 127–8
Prachanda, 119, 203–4, 206, 216, 218, 219
personality cult, 209
Prachanda Gorkha, 67
Pradhan, Padre Ganga Prasad, 168
Pradhan, Parasmani, 165, 168
Pradhan, Sahana, 113, 115, 116, 197
Pradhan, Tribhuvan, 60
pradhans, 21
Pradyumna, 6
Praja Panchayat, 69
Praja Parishad, see Nepal Praja Parishad
Prajatantrik Mahasabha, 94, 96, 97
Pratinidhi Sabha, see House of Representatives
press, role of, 170–1, 226
printing, 81
Prithvi Rajmarg, 133, 137
privatisation, 147, 193
prostitution, 164
Protestant churches, 135
Public Security Act, 87, 88
pulses, 16
Pun, Narayan Singh, 221
Pyuthan, 203
Qing dynasty, 4
Quit India movement, 68, 79
Radhikapur, 152
radio, private, 226
Radio Nepal, 108, 109, 139, 170, 172
language policy, 182
radishes, 16
raikar tenure, 75
railways, 76, 79, 138
Rais, 12, 13, 14, 75, 183
Rajasthan, 10, 23, 145
rajgurus, 50
Rajopadhyaya Brahmans, 182
Rajputs, 10, 23, 30, 60, 214
rajyauta system, 96, 98, 103
Raksha Dal, 89, 92
Raktapat Committee, 82
Raktapat Mandal, 67
Ram, 172
Ramabibaha, 172
Ramavardhanas, 28
Ramayana, 81, 168
Ramopithecus, 2
Rana, Babar Shamsher, 69–72
Rana, Bam Bahadur Kunwar, 47–8
Rana, Bharat Shamsher, 87, 98
Rana, Maharaja Bhim Shamsher, 65, 67, 68, 70, 81
Rana, Maharaja Bir Shamsher, 46, 62, 63, 66, 78, 80, 82, 83, 84
Rana, Maharaja Chandra Shamsher, 63–5, 66, 67, 68, 69, 75, 76–7, 78, 79, 80,82, 83, 84
Rana, Maharaja Dev Shamsher, 62–3, 64, 83
Rana, Devyani, 211, 214
Rana, Maharaja Dhir Shamsher Kunwar, 49, 61, 66
Rana, Jagat Jang, 48–9
Rana, Maharaja Jang Bahadur Kunwar, 45–8, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 57, 58, 59–60, 61,62, 77, 78
Rana, Maharaja Juddha Shamsher, 65–8, 77–8, 82, 83
Rana, Keshar Shamsher, 69, 87, 89
Rana, Mahavir Shamsher, 70
Rana, Maharaja Mohan Shamsher, 69, 78, 79, 83
and economic planning, 125
heads coalition government, 87–8
personality, 154–5
Rana, Mrigendra Shamsher, 87
Rana, Maharaja Padma Shamsher, 68–9, 70, 101
Rana, Pashupati Shamsher, 214
Rana, Ranoddip, 48–9, 52, 60, 66
Rana, Rudra Shamsher, 66, 71, 94
Rana, Subarna Shamsher, 70, 99, 105, 136
Rana regime, 1, 28, 50, 154
attitudes to investment, 145
and C-Class Ranas, 65, 66, 69, 70, 90, 214
corruption under, 178
downfall of, 1, 67, 68–72, 162
education under, 164–5
establishment of, 46–9
forest management, 144
and Newar language, 182
Roll of Succession, 62, 69
Ranabhat, Taranath, 213
Rani Pokhari, 44
Rapti (eastern) Development Project, 143
Rapti Valley (eastern), 141
Rastrabadi Swatantra Bidyarthi Mandal, 108
Rastriya Janamukti Party, 118
Rastriya Panchayat, 101, 102, 109, 110
abolition, 115, 116
Rastriya Praja Party, 90, 95
Rasuwa, 19
Rato Khola, 15
Rautahat, 98
Rautes, 11
RAW, 216
Ray, Satyajit, 172
Rayamajhi, Keshar Jang, 106, 107, 110
Raxaul, 138
referendum (of 1980), 108–9, 125, 126, 127, 144
regional planning, 126
Regmi, Dilli Rahman, 88, 90, 94
religion, 3
decline in observance, 159
economic and political role of, 26–7, 51–2, 118, 173
and social structure, 28–30
syncretism, 185
and universalism, 176
remittances, 144, 149, 228–9
reservations, 232
rice, 160
cultivation, 16, 17, 22–3, 27, 140
processing, 77
Rising Nepal, 170
RNAC, 130, 139, 147, 211
road construction, 78, 126, 130, 133–4, 137–8, 143, 200
Rohit, Comrade, see Bijukche, Narayan Man
Rolpa, 203–5, 209
Rong languages, 13
ropeways, 78, 138
Royal Nepal Academy, 168, 169
Rudravarna Mahavihara, 32
Rukum, 203–5, 209
Ruffles, Stamford, 95
Russia, 64
for 1917-1992 period, see Soviet Union
SAARC, 103, 230
Sadbhavana Party, 118, 121, 187, 202, 219
in government, 195, 196, 199, 222
dissident group, 222
Sagar, 19
Sagauli, Treaty of, 42, 54, 56, 61, 64
Sahid Gate, 67
salt trade, 27, 76
salwar-kamiz, 160
Salyan, 205
Sama, Balkrishna, 168–9, 183, 185
samantas, 21
Sandhikharka, 218, 221
Sanskrit, 8, 14, 32, 57, 80, 166, 168, 169
as school subject, 232
as source of loanwords, 186, 187
sanskritisation, 56–7, 183
Sant(h)ali, 12
Saptari, 68
SATA, 148
Satar, see Sant(h)ali
sati, 19
Satlaj River, 42
School Leaving Certificate (SLC), 108, 165, 166, 167, 201
Second World War, 67, 78, 82
Sen, Mukunda, King of Palpa, 19
Sen dynasty
of Bengal, 29
of Nepal, 23–5, 56–7
Shah, Aishwarya, Queen of Nepal, 11, 111, 135, 212, 214
Shah, Bahadur, King of Nepal, 35, 39, 52
Shah, Birendra, King of Nepal, 86–7, 104, 112, 149, 175–6
and 1975 constitutional amendment, 101
1989 dispute with India, 113
attitude towards dissent, 105
as constitutional monarch, 116, 196
and development planning, 126, 127, 136
education, 167
and Maoist insurgency, 207, 208, 210
murder of, 211, 213, 214
and ‘People’s Movement’, 115
and referendum, 108–9
role under reformed Panchayat system, 110
use of language, 155, 156
Shah, Dipendra, King of Nepal, 11, 44, 167, 211
Shah, Dhirendra, 110, 111, 211
Shah, Drabya, King of Gorkha, 23, 49
Shah, Fateh Jang Chauntara, 45–6, 47
Shah, Girvana Yuddha, King of Nepal, 39, 43–8
Shah, Gorakh Bikram, 211
Shah, Gyanendra, King of Nepal
as Birendra’s successor, 84, 213, 215, 216–18, 221, 222–3, 224
as infant king, 71
as prince, 110, 211
Shah, Jayanti, 211
Shah, Komal, Queen of Nepal, 211
Shah, Kumar Khadga, 211
Shah, Lalit Tripura Sundari, Queen of Nepal, 42, 43
Shah, Mahendra, King of Nepal
as crown prince, 68
as king until 1960, 91–9
and India, 101–2, 103, 152–3
personal rule after 1960, 99–101, 103–4, 105, 132, 136, 138, 140,141, 157, 179
royal takeover, 86–8, 98–9, 129, 130
Russian visit, 130, 133
use of language, 154, 156
Shah, Narbhupal, King of Gorkha, 35–9
Shah, Nirajan, 212, 214
Shah, Paras, Crown Prince of Nepal, 211, 214, 215
Shah, Pratap Singh, King of Nepal, 39, 41, 60
Shah, Prithvi Narayan, King of Nepal, 21, 22, 45, 50, 54, 55, 56, 60
as national icon, 185
Shah, Rajendra, King of Nepal, 43–6
Shah, Rajya Lakshmi, Queen of Nepal, 44–6
Shah, Rama, King of Gorkha, 28, 34
Shah, Ratna, Queen of Nepal, 214, 215
Shah, Samrajya Lakshmi, Queen of Nepal, 43, 44
Shah, Shanti, 211
Shah, Sharada, 211
Shah, Sher Bahadur, 41
Shah, Shoba, 211
Shah, Shruti, 211
Shah, Surendra, King of Nepal, 44
Shah, Tribhuvan, King of Nepal, 67–8, 71–2, 88–91, 92, 93
use of language, 154, 156
Shah dynasty, 1, 23, 50, 154
Shaha, Rishikesh, 104, 107, 108
Shaivism, 27, 29, 52
Shakyas (ethnic group), 18
Shakyas (Newar caste), 30, 31, 60, 155–6
Shams ud-din Ilyas, 21
shankaracharya, 29
Shastri, Shukra Raj, 80
sheep, 140
Shekhar, Chandra, 114
Sherchan, Bhupi, 169, 170
Sherpas, 12, 58, 74, 164, 183
shifting cultivation, see slash-and-burn cultivation
Shiva, 29
shoe industry, 133
Shrestha, Marichman Singh, 111, 112, 115, 147
Shrestha, Pushpa Lal, 106, 108, 113
Shresthas, 31, 155
Shri Panch Sarkar (title), 62, 83
Shri Tin Sarkar (title), 62, 83
Siddhartha Rajmarg, 137–8
Sikkim, 23, 24–5, 35, 76
absorption into India, 102–3, 105
silk, 27
Simra, 79, 134
Sindhupalchok, 55, 57
Singapore, 95, 151
Singh, Bakhan, 105, 108
Singh, Balman, 254, n. 11
Singh, Gagan, 45
Singh, Ganesh Man, 82, 83–4, 105, 110, 113, 115, 154
dispute with Koirala, 191
Singh, K. I., 83, 87, 89, 94, 95
as prime minister, 92–3, 186
Singh, Marichman (civil servant), 82
Singh, Marichman (politician), seeShrestha, Marichman Singh
Singh, Mohan Bikram, 106, 110, 114, 119, 206–7, 219, 222, 226–7
Singh, Ramraja Prasad, 107, 111
Singh, Ranjit, King of the Panjab, 42
Singh, V. P., 113
Singha Darbar, 64, 66
Sinkiang, 37
Sino-Tibetan language family, 12
Siwaliks, 6–8, 15
slash-and-burn cultivation, 16, 27, 74
slavery, 28, 53, 57, 62, 64, 84
Slim, General, 67
socialism, 79, 175
Solukhumbu, 12, 144, 255, n. 13
South-east Asia, 12, 139, 145
Soviet Union, 82, 125, 158
aid programme, 130, 131, 133–4
Spanish language, 8
Sri Lanka, 103, 155
Srong-tsen-Gampo, King of Tibet, 19
St Joseph’s College, 167
St Mary’s School, 167
St Xavier’s School, 167
stainless steel, 151
state
emergence in South Asia, 18
as focus of identity in nineteenth century, 56
organisation in post-unification Nepal, 49
state of emergency (2001), 218, 219
street children, 161
Structural Adjustment Loan, 127
student unions, 107–8, 166–7
Subba, Ranadhir, 87
subbas, 51, 75, 179, 180
sugar cane, 140, 141, 143
sugar processing, 133
sukumbasis, 141, 145, 193
Sun Kosi River, 18
Sundarananda, 252, n. 12
Sunuwars, 13
Supreme Court, 193, 196, 197, 232
Switzerland, 90, 134, 138, 143, 148
synthetic fabrics, 151
Syuraj, 42
Taiwan, 6
Taleju, 34
Tamang language, 14, 183
Tamangs, 12, 28, 58–9, 95
clashes with Parbatiyas, 98, 178–9
sense of identity, 178–9
status of women, 164
Tanahu, 28
Tanakpur dispute, 189
Tansen, 71
Tarai, 2, 4, 8, 11, 37, 44, 68, 83
in post-1951 politics, 87, 94, 95, 107, 110, 118
agriculture, 16, 54, 126, 144
in ancient period, 18–19
boundary disputes, 42, 47
deforestation in, 123, 144
as habitat of prehistoric man, 15
immigration from India, 54, 75, 76, 125
industrial development, 78, 147
as internal colony, 58
land-holding system, 51, 52, 54–5
land reform in, 142
and language issue, 94
medieval history, 21, 23, 24
migration from the hills, 123, 134, 135, 141, 231
peopling of, 14–15
regional grievances, 160, 187
status of women, 163, 186–8
see also Tharus
Tarai Congress, 94, 96
Tarun Gorkha, 80
tax-farming, 51
taxation, 26, 50–5, 74, 130
television, 139, 170, 226
telephone service, 139, 200
Terhathum, 71, 83
textiles, 77, 78, 148
Thakali language, 14, 60, 183
Thakalis, 12, 145, 179
Thakuri caste, 10, 31, 60, 84, 85, 94, 185
Thangmi language, 57
Thapa, Amar Singh, 43, 44
Thapa, Bhimsen, 41–4, 50, 51, 60, 66
Thapa, Bishwabandhu, 97
Thapa, Chiran Shamsher, 213
Thapa, Mathbar Singh, 45, 46, 169
Thapa, Ram Bahadur, 221
Thapa, Surya Bahadur, 104, 105
campaign against bhumigat giroh, 110
in post-Panchayat politics, 118, 192, 195
as post-Panchayat premier, 196–7, 222
as prime minister, 108–9, 110, 144
‘Tharu’ language, 11
Tharu Welfare Society, 180
Tharus, 11, 14, 180–1, 183, 187
Thawang, 203
Theravada, 155–6
Thomas Cook, 149
Tibet, 4, 6, 12, 22, 37, 39
1959 revolt, 96
relations with Nepal, 19, 28, 39, 47, 64, 65, 82
religious influence from Nepal, 29
trade with Nepal, 27, 39, 76–7, 148, 149, 150, 153
Tibetan dialects, 12, 58, 179
Tibetans (in Nepal), 145, 148
Tibeto-Burman languages, 3
relations with Parbatiyas, 27, 58, 82
speakers of, 11, 12, 23, 118, 159
status of women, 164
Timber Corporation of Nepal, 144
timber trade, 76, 144
Tirhut, 29
topi, 160
tourism, 149
trade, 27–8, 76–7, 113, 123, 146, 152–3,229–30
across the Himalayas, 19, 27–8
see also India
Tribhuvan International Airport, 139
Tribhuvan Rajpath, 90, 130, 132, 137, 138
Tribhuvan Sadan, 211–16
Tribhuvan University, 166–7, 185–6, 189–90
Trichandra College, 64, 66, 67, 83, 166
Tripura family, 21–2
Trisuli dam, 132
Trisuli River, 18, 35, 39
trolleybus system, 133
Tsangpo, 6, 13
tuki system, 143
Tuladhar, Padma Ratna, 110, 182, 209
Turks, 15
ubayarajya, 19
UK, seeBritain
UML, see Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist)
UNCTAD, 152
unemployment, 137
United Democratic Front, 93
United Democratic Party, 92–3, 94, 96, 97
United Front (of 1951), 88
United Left Front, 113–14, 115–17
United Mission to Nepal, 135
United National People’s Movement, 114
United Nations, 127, 130
United Nations Development Programme, 128
United People’s Front, 119, 121, 175, 203
post-1991 street agitation, 189–90
1994 split, 192
2002 merger, 222
opposition to state of emergency, 219
United Revolutionary People’s Council of Nepal, 218
United States, 69, 94, 97, 134
and 1991 election, 95
aid programme, 103, 126, 128–30, 131, 133, 136, 137, 138, 143
economic relations, 148–9, 230
and Maoist insurgency, 223, 225
resettlement programme, 141
support for Kampas, 103
United States Operations Mission, 130
Unity Centre, 203
universities, 63–4, 108, 166–7
Untouchables, 11, 31, 84, 156–7, 163
Uray, 31, 155
urbanisation, 123
Utpidit Jatiya Utthan Manch, 183
Uttar Pradesh, 39
Uttaranchal, 39
Vaisali, 18
Vaishnavism, 52
Vajracharyas, 30, 31, 60, 155–6
Vajryana, 30, 155–6
vamshavalis, 13, 29, 30
Vedic period, 18
vegetable oil, 77
Vietnam, 15
Vietnamese language, 12
viharas, 29
Vijaypur, 24–5
Vikram Era, 182
Village Defence Forces, 222
village development, 130, 131, 132
Vishnu, 34, 52, 84, 175
Vrijis, 19
water resources, 132, 139–40, 189
West Bengal, 112
Western Europe, 123, 129
wheat, 16, 140
WHO, 135
women, status of, 158–9, 164
Women’s Commission, 107
wool trade, 27, 28, 148–50
work permit system, 112
World Bank, 127, 128, 130, 135, 142, 143, 147, 193, 228
Yadav caste, 110
yaks, 27–8, 134
Yogi, Naraharinath, 98
Younghusband expedition, 64, 76, 82
Yugoslavia, 101
Yunnan, 13
Zhou Enlai, 133