Note: Italicized page numbers refer to notes, tables and illustrations.
Abreu, Caio Fernando, 133
Adán, Martín, 145, 165
Adorno, Theodor, 181
Africans in Latin America, 20–2
Afro-American music, 237–40
Agustín, José, 114
Alberto, Eliseo, 111
Alegría, Ciro, 74, 90
Alencar, José de, 120, 122
Alfaro, Ricardo, 337
Allende, Isabel, 106, 109
Allende Gossens, Salvador, 55
Almeida, José Américo de, 128
Almeida, Manuel Antônio de, 122
‘Alocución a la poesía’ (Address to Poetry), 150
Alonso, Carlos, 63
Altazor, 141
Alturas de Macchu Picchu (Heights of Macchu Picchu), 136–9
Alvarez, José S., 72
Alvarez, Santiago, 296
Alves, Castro, 151
Alzugaray, Juán José, 337
Amado, Jorge, 128, 129, 301
Amalia, 75
Amaral, Tarsila do, 1, 214
Amazonia, 143
American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA), 48
Amores perros (Love’s a Bitch)
Ancona, Eligio, 73
Andahazi, Federico, 116
Andrade, Joaquim Pedro de, 298
Andrade, Mário de, 127, 143, 152, 174
Andrade, Oswald de, 2, 121, 127, 142, 163, 214
Ângelo, Ivan, 132
anglicismos, 330
Anjos, Augusto dos, 133
anthologies, 315–16
Anthropophagite Manifesto, 2, 202 (Also Cannibalist Manifesto)
antislavery literature, 74–5
APRA (American Popular Revolutionary Alliance), 48
Arawak, 12
Arenas, Reinaldo, 110, 113
Argentina, 29
See also Latin America
avant-garde art in, 215
cinema in
and military regimes, 307–8
new cinema, 298
silent era, 285
cycle of authoritarianism and populism in, 54–5
indigenous music in, 247
invasion Falkland Islands, 55
migration to, 43
military regimes in, 55
Arguedas, Alcides, 74, 90
Arguedas, José María, 99–100, 143, 167
Ariel, 46
Arinos, Affonso, 123
Arlt, Roberto, 100
Armendáriz, Pedro, 290
Arnold, Matthew, 315
arrabal, 185
Arrabal, Fernando, 277
art and architecture in Latin America, 202–33
20th-century architecture: constructing modernity, 222–31
20th-century art: pioneers and cannibals, 211–21
colonial architecture, 202–5
colonial art: emerging diversity, 205–9
nineteen century transitions, 209–11
urban futures, 232–3
Artaud, Antonin, 277
Art Deco, 223
Arte Concreto-Invencíon movement, 215
artesanía (handicraft production), 179–80
art music, 244–9
Assis, Machado de, 121, 122
Asturias, Miguel Angel, 93, 99, 108
Augenbraum, Harold, 317
autos sacramentales (morality plays), 173–4
avant-garde poetry, 142
Avellaneda, Gertrudis Gómez de, 73, 74, 79
Aves sin nido (Torn from the Nest), 73–4
Azevedo, Aluísio, 124, 125
Aztec kingdom, 12
Azuela, Mariano, 74, 77, 89
bagaceira, A (Trash), 128
Bakhtin, Mikhail, 193
balada romántica, 254–5
balladeers, 254–5
Bandeira, Manuel, 144, 152–3
Barbero, Jesús Martin, 183
Bardi, Lina Bo, 227
Barnet, Miguel, 114
Barragán, Luis, 231
Barral, Carlos, 93
Barreto, Bruno, 310
Barreto, Lima
Barrios de Chungara, Domitila, 114
Barroso, Maria Alice, 133
Batista y Zaldívar, Fulgencio, 51
Battle of Junin, 34
Báuza, Mario, 251
Beaux-Arts architecture, 222
Belli, Gioconda, 112
Bello, Andrés, 38–9, 61, 64, 65, 66, 150
Bemberg, María Luisa, 300, 307, 308
Bernal, Heraclio, 323
Bernard, C. F. Bon, 283
Bianchi, Sérgio, 310
biombos, 207
Birri, Fernando, 295
Blanes, Juan Manuel, 210
Blest-Gana, Alberto, 76
Boal, Augusto, 196, 274–5
bolero, 250
Bolívar, Simón, 4, 33, 39, 60, 61, 64
Bolivia, post-colonial governments in, 39
Bolsheviks, 47
Bonaparte, Joseph, 25
Bonilla, María, 261
Bonpland, Aimé, 69
Boom of Spanish American fiction, 105
detection and crime in, 116
political writing in, 113–14
popular urban culture in, 114–15
principal protagonists in, 108–9
sexuality and eroticism in, 115–16
transparent and opaque modes of writing in, 111
Borges, Jorge Luis, 3, 7–8, 86, 87, 91, 93, 102–3, 334
Bosi, Alfredo, 121
Botanical Expedition of New Granada, 69
Botero, Fernando,
Boytler, Arcady, 288
Brandão, Inácio de Loyola, 132
Braschi, Giannina, 339–40
Brasília, 228
Brazil, 29
See also Latin America
avant-garde art in, 216
Carnival festivities in, 191
church music, 241–2
cinema in
and military regimes, 301–2, 309–10
new cinemas, 298
silent era, 283–4
sound cinema: 1930–50, 287
import-substituting industrialisation in, 53
migration to, 42
modern architecture in, 227–8
nationalist music in, 248
revolution in, 52–3
Romantic poetry in, 151
struggle for independence in, 32, 34
television industry in, 186–7
Brazilian Concretismo, 159, 163–4
Brazilian narrative, 119–34
in the 19th century, 121–4
end of innocence, 124–6
modernism and narrative in the 20th century, 126–7
myths and legends in, 123
neo-Indianism in, 132
post-modern, 133–4
post-war narrative, 130–1
recent trends in, 131
regionalism in, 123–4
return of realism in, 127–30
women writers of, 133
Breton, André, 94–5, 218
Brook, Peter, 271
Bryan, William Jennings, 47
Buenaventura, Enrique, 273
Bumba-meu-Boi, 174
Buñuel, Luis, 295
Bustamante, José Luis, 270
cabaretera (prostitute films), 288
Cabral, Pedro Alvares, 11
Cabral de Melo Neto, João, 161–2
Cabrera Infante, Guillermo, 95, 101, 115
Cabrera, Sergio, 303–4
Cadáveres (Corpses), 164–5
Cadernos negros, 132
Caetano dos Santos, Joâo, 267
Cairo, Humberto, 285
Calandria, 266
Calcagno, Francisco, 74
Calder, Alexander, 215
californio Spanish, 333
Callado, Antônio, 120, 131–2
Camargo, Sérgio, 217
Caminha, Adolfo, 124
Campelo, Glauco, 227
Campos, Haroldo de, 127, 164
canción ranchera, 288
Candela, Felix, 230
Cândido, Antônio, 120
cangaçeiro, O
cannibalism, 143, 298
Cannibalist Manifesto, 143
Canning, George, 35
Cántico del Sol (Canticle of the Sun), 156–7
Cantinflas (Mariano Moreno), 185–6, 290
cantinflinismo, 186
Canto general (General Song), 136, 139
Caracas Metro, 226
Carbonera, Mercerdes Cabello de, 77
Cardenal, Ernesto, 156–7
Cardoso, Lúcio, 121, 129–30
Cardoso, Joachim, 230
Carnival, 191
Caro, Antonio, 220
Carpentier, Alejo, 84, 85, 87, 94–5, 116–17, 236, 249, 256
Carrasquilla, Tomás, 77
Carrillo, Julián, 249
Carvalho, Jorge de, 181
Castellanos, Rosario, 86
caste paintings, 207–8
Castillo, Otto René, 157
Castro, Amilcar de, 217
Castro, Fidel, 51
Castro, Juan José, 247
cathedral orchestras, 241
Catholic Church, 16–17
and colonial art, 206–7
emphasis on divide between Christians and non-Christians, 18–19
caudillos (warlords), 36
CEAAL (Latin American Center for Adult Education), 195
Cendrars, Blaise, 1–2
Central American Confederation, 39
Chalbaud, Román, 303
Chalino (Rosalino Sánchez), 320, 325–7
chanchada, 288
chapel masters, 240–1
Chateaubriand, Assis, 186
Chaucer, Geoffrey, 329
Chávez, Carlos, 246–7
Chávez, Hugo Rafael, 58
Chekhov, Anton, 77
Children of Sánchez, 96
Chile
See also Latin America
cinema in, 299
collapse of, 300
and military regimes, 308
landlords in, 45
nationalist music in, 249
under Pinochet government, 55–6
theatre space in, 258–60, 262–3, 269–70
Christianity, 16–17, 207
chroniclers, 318
Churata, Galamiel, 143
churros, 293
cielitos, 66
Cien años de soledad (One Hundred Years of Solitude), 97, 283
Cine Clubs, 294
cinema, Latin American, 282–312
new cinema, 295
and popular culture, 183
redemocratisation and neo liberalism, 303
shift to new cinema, 293
silent era, 282–3
sound cinema, 1930–50, 286
state repression and state-led development of, 300
Cinema Novo movement, 298
Circunstancias del nombre (Circumstances of the Name), 153
citizenship, rights of, 37
Clark, Lygia, 216
Colasanti, Marina, 133
Cold War, 50
Colombia
drug trade, 58
secession of Panama from, 48–9
struggle for independence in, 33
colonato, 44
colonial architecture, 202–5
colonial art, 205–9
colonial Latin America, 9–27
complex societies in, 22–3
cultural character of, 22
diminution of indigenous populations in, 15
epidemics in, 15–16
ethnic mixing in, 19
political emancipation in, 26
political systems in, 23
resistance of indigenous people, 19–20
social structures and cultural values in, 11
Spanish settlements in, 13–14
towns and cities in, 14
uprisings in, 24
colonial music, 240–4
communism in Latin America, 51–2
Como era gostoso o meu francẽs (How Tasty Was My Little Frenchman), 2–3
concrete, in Latin American architecture, 230–1
Concretism, 159, 163–4
Congadas, 174
congregaciones, 16
conscientización, 196, 199
Constructivism, 215
contemporary sounds, 249–56
contradanza, 250
Cony, Carlos Heitor, 132
Cooder, Ry, 252
Cook, Captain James, 68
Cooper, James Fenimore, 65, 73
Cornejo-Polar, Antonio, 79
Correia, Raimundo, 152
corridos, 66, 243–4, 320–3
Cortázar, Julio, 93, 100
Cortés, Hernando, 12
Cortijo, Rafael, 252
cosmopolitanism, 120–1
Costa, Lúcio, 225, 228
costumbrismo, 67
Coutinho, Sônia, 133
creoles, 22
criollista, 89
criollos, 63
Cruz, Celia, 253
Cruz-Díez, Carlos, 232
Cuarón, Alfonso, 304
Cuba
African culture in, 247
cinema in, 292, 302
communism in, 51–2
interest of United States in, 35
invasion by United States in 1898, 46
rumba in, 251
Cuban-Americans, 316
Cubist poetry,
cueca, 243
culture industry, 181
Cumandá, 63
Cunha, Brasilio Itibére da, 246
Cunha, Euclides da, 125–6
Cyber-Spanglish, 340
danzón, 250
Darío, Rubén, 66, 76, 87, 148–50, 337
Darwin, Charles, 84
de la Cruz, Sor Juana Inés, 165–6, 242, 334
De la Guarda, 276–7
del Campo, Estanislao, 248
del Paso, Fernando, 117
del Río, Dolores, 290
del Valle Caviedes, Juan, 165
Délano, Poli, 92
Denuncia, La (The Denunciation), 274
developmentalism, 295
d’Halmar, Augusto, 77
Díaz del Castillo, Bernal, 237
Díaz Torres, Daniel, 311
Díaz, Jesús, 113–14
Díaz, Porfirio, 43
dictablanda, 301
dictatorships, 300
Diegues, Carlos, 2, 298, 301, 310
Dittborn, Eugenio, 220
documentary, 296
Doesburg, Theo van, 214
dollar diplomacy, 47
Dona Flor e seus dois maridos (Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands), 301
Don Quijote de la Mancha, 335
Don Segundo Sombra, 78
Dorfman, Ariel, 182
Drama in Performance, 260
dramatic writing, 276
dramaturgia, 261–2
drug trade, 58
Drummond, Roberto, 132
Drummond de Andrade, Carlos, 146
Duhart, Emilio, 231
Dunkerley, James, 4, 7, 89
Echeverría Esteban, 64, 65, 71
Echeverría, Luis, 302
Eielson, Jorge Eduardo, 159–60
Elegia 1938 (Elegy 1938), 146
Elizondo, Salvador, 110–11
El matadero, 71
Eloy Martínez, Tomás, 117
Eltit, Diamela, 111, 112, 116
enconchados, 207
engenheiro, O (The Engineer), 161–2
English language, 329
as official code of communication, 332
oppressiveness of, 337
Enlightenment, 24
Enriquillo, 63
epidemics, 15–16
eroticism, 115–16
Escambray, 274
Escolas de Samba (Samba Schools), 192
español novomexicano, 333
Espantapájaros (Scarecrow), 140
Espinosa, José María, 210
Esquivel, Laura, 112
Estado Novo, 52
Estrada, Luis, 307
Estação de Ferro Central do Brasil (Brazil Central Station),
estrategia del caracol, La (The Strategy of the Snail), 303–4
ethnic mixing, 19
Eustasio, José, 78
Evocação de Recife (Evocation of Recife), 143
Excursión a los indios ranqueles (An Excursion to the Ranquel Indians), 72
experimental writing, 110–11
ex-votos, 173
Facundo, 67
Faillace, Tânia Jamardo, 133
Falkland Islands, 55
Faria, Octávio de, 129
favelas, 2, 3
Federación Uruguaya de Teatros Independientes (FUTI), 268
Felinto, Marilene, 133
Félix, María, 291
Ferdinand (King), 10
Fernández, Emilio, 185, 290
Fernández de Lizardi, José Joaquín, 64, 65
Fernández Violante, Marcela, 302
Ferreyra, José, 285
Figueroa, Gabriel, 185
Filho, Adonias, 131
Filho do Pescador, O (The Fisherman’s Son), 122
folhetin, 122
folklore, 171–3
Fonseca, Rubem, 132
Fontana, Lúcio, 217
Forum Theatre, 275
Foundational Fictions, 66
France, art and architecture in, 209–10
Francia, José Gaspar Rodríguez de, 38
Franco, Hernando, 240
Franco, Jean, 197
Fraser, Valerie, 2–3
Fray Mocho (José S. Alvarez), 72
Freire, Paulo, 195–6
French Revolution, 209–10
Freyre, Gilberto, 128, 194–5
Frías, Heriberto, 77
FSLN (Sandinista National Liberation Front), 56
Fuentes, Carlos, 74, 92, 93, 94, 96, 101, 103, 105, 107, 117
Fuentes, Fernando de, 288
Fujimori, Alberto, 58
Fusco, Coco, 220
G, 125
Gabriel, Juan, 254–5
Gallegos, Rómulo, 78, 88–9
Gallo, Max, 285
Galván, Manuel Jesús, 63, 73
Galvão, Patrícia, 128
Gálvez, Manuel, 91
Gambaro, Griselda, 276
Gamboa, Federico, 77
Gamio, Manuel, 177
Gandia, Manuel Zeno, 77
Ganga Spanglish, 338–40
García Caturla, Alejandro, 247
García Espinosa, Julio, 295
García Canclini, Néstor, 179–80, 197, 304
Garcia, José Mauricio Nunes, 242, 245
García Márquez, Gabriel, 68, 92, 94, 97–8, 116, 117, 283
García Zorro, Gonzalo, 241
García, José Villígran, 225
García, Santiago, 261–2, 273, 274
García Saldana, Parménides, 114
Garcíadiego, Paz Alicia, 306–7
Gardel, Carlos, 251, 287
Garro, Elena, 77, 97
gaucho, 243, 247, 285
Gerson, Juan, 207
Giardinelli, Mempo, 109, 110, 116
Gil, Gilberto, 253
Gilberto, João, 252
Ginastera, Alberto, 248
Girondo, Oliverio, 140–1, 147
Glantz, Margo, 116
globalization, 197
Goeritz, Mathias, 230
Gombrowicz, Witold, 102
Gomes, Antônio Carlos, 245
Gómez, Juan Vicente, 50
Gómez, Sara, 302
Gonzaga, Adhemar, 286, 288
González, Eligio, 323, 325
Gonzalez, Juán, 314
González, Ray, 317
González Echevarría, Roberto, 69, 85
Good Neighbor policy, 50
Gorriti, Juana Manuela, 77, 79
Gramática, 334
Gramática de la lengua castellana (Grammar of the Castilian Language), 61
Gramsci, Antonio, 190
Great Britain
economic interests in Latin America, 35
role in Latin America, 34
trade with Latin America, 41
guaguancó, 251
Gualegay, El (The Gualegay), 159
Guaraní, 22
guarani, O, 123
Guernica, 213
Guerra, Juan Luis, 252
Guerra, Rosa, 73
Guerra, Ruy, 298
Guevara, Ernesto Che, 51, 303
Guido, Beatriz, 93, 101, 295
Güiraldes, Ricardo, 78, 91
Gutiérrez, Eduardo, 265
Gutiérrez Alea, Tomás, 196, 296, 311
Guzmán, Patricio, 308
habanera, 250
hacendados (landlords), 44
hacienda, 44
Haensch, Günther, 340
Harss, Luis, 94
Haya de la Torre, Víctor Raúl, 48
hegemony, 49, 190
Hénault, Lucien A, 210
Henríquez-Ureña, Pedro, 63
Hermosillo, Jaime Humberto, 302
Hernández, José, 64, 66, 245
Hidalgo, Bartolomé, 66
Hidalgo, Miguel, 33–4
Hispanic Americans, 314–41
gravitas of Spanglish, 328–41
literary quest of, 315–20
narcocorridos, 320–8
population of, 314
historia oficial, La (The Official Version), 307
Hollanda, Sérgio Buarque de, 128
Hollywood, 292
homem da orelha furada, O (The Man with a Perforated Ear), 167
Hopscotch, 100
Hora da estrela, a (Hour of the Star, The), 5–6
Horkheimer, Max, 181
How to Read Donald Duck, 182
Huidobro, Vicente, 87, 141
Humboldt, Alexander, von, 69, 84
Hunter, Elena Mellado de, 337
Ibarguengoitia, Jorge, 116
Iberoamericanism, 46
Icaza, Jorge, 74, 90
icnocuicatl, 237
Image Theatre, 274
IMCINE (Mexican Film Institute), 306
immigrants, 340
import-substituting industrialisation, 53
independence movements, 61, 210
Indianism, 72–4, 132
indigenista literature, 108
indigenous music, 237–40
indigenous novels, 89
indigenous societies, 12
impact of European settlements on, 16–17
resistance to colonialism, 19–20
rights of, 17
iniciales de la terra, Los (The Initials of the Earth), 113
Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), 58
Insurreción en México (Insurrecction in Mexico), 184
international migration, 57
Invisible Theatre, 275
Iracema, 123
Isaacs, Jorge, 75
Isabella (Queen), 10
Izaguirre, Leandro, 210
Jaar, Alfredo, 220
Jiménez, Francisco, 317
Jiménez, Pérez, 50
Jobim, Antonio Carlos, 252
jogo do bicho (animal game), 192
Johnson, Samuel Dr., 329
Jotabeche (José Joaquín Vallejo), 71
Juan Moreira, 264–6
Juárez, Benito, 43, 61
Junín, Battle of, 34
Justicialismo, 55
Justiniano, Gonzalo, 308
Kahlo, Frida, 220
Kanellos, Nicolás, 317, 318
kanseco Spanish, 333
Keller, Gary D., 317, 318
Kineticism, 215
Knight, Alan, 72
Kosice, Gyula, 215
Kubitschek, Juscelino, 53, 186
Lafragua, José María, 73
Landless Movement, 198
landlords, 44
land tenure, 44
language, as tool of imperialism, 62
Lara, Agustín, 250
Larrain, Ricardo, 309
Las Casas, Bartolomé de, 17
Last of the Mohicans, The, 73
Latin America, 4–5, 9–10
See also colonial Latin America
colonial, 9–27
complex societies in, 22–3
cultural character of, 22
diminution of indigenous populations in, 15
epidemics in, 15–16
ethnic mixing in, 19
map of
political emancipation in, 26
political systems in, 23
resistance of indigenous people, 19–20
social structures and cultural values in, 11
Spanish settlements in, 13–14
towns and cities in, 14
uprisings in, 24
commonality in, 29–31
diversity in, 31
pre-Columbian, 9–27
see also Latin America
economic life in, 14–15
indigenous societies in, 12
music in, 237–9
Portuguese exploration of, 12–13
Spanish exploration of, 12–13
since independence, 28–59
challenge of independence, 1800–1860, 33–40
liberalism and modernity, 1860–1930, 40–9
neo-liberalism and globalization, 56–9
popularism, revolution and dictatorship, 1930–80, 49–56
Latin American Center for Adult Education (CEAAL), 195
Latin American cinema, 282–312
new cinema, 295
and popular culture, 183
redemocratization and neoliberalism, 303
shift to new cinema, 293
silent era, 282–3
sound cinema, 1930–50, 286
state repression and state-led development of, 300
Latin American music, 236–56
art music and cultural naturalism after independence, 244–9
colonial music, 240–4
indigenous and African origins, 237–40
Latin American poetry, 136–67
avant-garde, 142
formation of, 147–8
modernism in, 76, 142
native and African languages in, 166–7
neobaroque, 164–5
Romanticism in, 151
latinidad, 80
Latino music, 321–2
Latinos, 7–8, 314–15, 330–1
Latino Studies, 319
La vorágine (The Vortex), 89–90
Leduc, Paul, 302
legends, 123
Legorreta, Ricardo, 231
Lemebel, Pedro, 115
letters and essays, 64
Levy, Alexandre, 246
Lewis, Oscar, 96
Leyendas de Guatemala (Legends of Guatemala), 108
Lezama Lima, José, 95, 165
Lighter, J. E., 337
Lihn, Enrique, 87
Lillo, Baldomero, 77
Lins, Osman, 131
Lispector, Clarice, 5, 6, 112, 121, 130–1
literatura de cordel, 175
Llorens, Washington, 337
localism, 120–34
Lombardi, Francisco, 303
López de Santa Anna, Antonio, 34
López, Gregorio, 74
López, Israel (Cachao), 252
Los de abajo (The Underdogs), 89
Luft, Lya, 133
Lumière brothers, 1, 283
Luzuriaga, Gerardo, 271
Macchu Picchu, Peru, 137
Macedo, Joaquim Manuel de, 122
Machado, Ana Maria, 133
Machado, Gerardo, 51
Machado de Assis, Joaquim Maria, 124–5
Machito (Frank Grillo), 251
Macunaíma, 127, 298
Madí movement, 215
maestros de capilla (chapel masters), 240–1
Maldonado González, Concepción, 323, 330
Malfatti, Anita, 214
Malverde, Jesús (El Narcosantón), 323, 324, 325
manifest destiny, 28
Manifesto da Poesia Pau-Brasil (Brazil Wood Poetry Manifesto), 142
Mansilla, Eduardo, 73
Mansilla, Lucio, 40, 72
Manzano, Juan Francisco, 64
Marechal, Leopoldo, 100
María, 75
Mariátegui, José Carlos, 46, 60, 195
Mármol, José, 75, 88
Marshall, Niní, 290
Martel, Julián, 77
Martí, José, 46, 62, 64, 80, 94, 151, 319
Martin Fierro, 245
Martín Rivas, 76
Marx, Burle, 227, 232
Marzullo, Osvaldo, 254
Mastretta, Angeles, 112
Matta, Roberto, 219
Mattelart, Armand, 182
Matto de Turner, Clorinda, 64, 73–4, 80
Mattos, Gregório de, 133
Mauro, Humberto, 286
Medusario, 165
Meireles, Cildo, 221
Memorias del subdesarrollo (Memories of Underdevelopment)
Memórias de um sargento de milícias (Memoirs of a Militia Sergeant), 122–3
Memórias sentimentais de João Miramar (Sentimental Memoirs of John Seaborne), 127
Menem, Carlos Saúl, 57
Mera, Juan Leon, 73
Mera, Juan León, 63
Mercado, Tununa, 115
MERCOSUR (Southern Cone Common Market), 57
merengue, 252
Merino, Ignacio, 210
mestizaje, 62, 177–8
Mexican-American war, 35
Mexican Film Institute (IMCINE), 306
Mexican Revolution, 284
Mexico
See also Latin America
cinema in, 184–5
silent era, 283
sound cinema: 1930–50, 288–91
state-led development, 302, 306
women in, 291–2
colonial architecture in, 210
colonial art in, 210
concrete architecture in, 231
cosmic race in, 43
creoles in, 23
deployment of US forces during revolution in, 47
in early decades of independence, 37
and globalization, 58
modern architecture in, 223–5
neo-liberalism in, 56–7
post-colonial governments in, 38
struggle for independence in, 33–4
theatre space in, 268
migration, international, 57
Miguel, João, 128
military regimes, 55, 300
Miranda, Ana, 133
Miranda, Ana María, 132
Miranda, Carmen, 288
Miranda, Francisco de, 4, 24, 60
Mocho, Fray, 72
modern architecture, 223
Modotti, Tina, 114
Mondrian, Piet, 214
Monroe Doctrine, 35, 47
Monsiváis, Carlos, 185–6, 284, 287
morality plays, 173–4
Morante, Luis Ambrosio, 267
Moré, Benny, 251
Moreira, Juan, 265
Moreninha, A (The Little Brunette), 122
Moreno-Durán, R. H., 100
mudéjar architecture, 222
mujer del puerto, La (The Woman of the Port), 288
multiplexes, 305
Mundo Nuevo, 94
Mundos mortos (Dead Worlds), 129
Muñoz, Pancho, 254
muralism, 211–14, 218
music, Latin American, 236–56
art music and cultural naturalism after independence, 244–9
colonial music, 240–4
indigenous and African origins, 237–40
música popular brasileira, 253
Mutis, Alvaro, 110
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement), 57
Nahuatl language, 337
Napoleon I, 24
narcocorridos, 320–8
nationalism, 1, 60–1, 246
naturalism, 76–7, 124
navio negreiro, O (The Slave Ship), 151
Nebrija, Antonio de, 62, 334–5
Negret, Edgar, 217
Negrete, Jorge, 288
négritude, 143
neo-African tradition, 239
neobaroque poetry, 164–5
neo-colonial architecture, 222–3
Neo-Concretists, 216
neo-Indianism, 132
neo-liberalism, 56–9
neo-realism in cinema, 294–5
Nepomuceno, Alberto, 248
Neruda, Pablo, 87, 91, 136
Neto, Ernesto, 216
Nicaragua, revolution in, 56
Niemeyer, Oscar, 228
Noll, João Gilberto, 134
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 57
Notas acerca del idioma (Notes on language), 150
Novaro, María, 306
novelas de la tierra, 78
nueva canción, 255–6
nueva novela hispanoamericana, La (The New Spanish American Novel), 107
nueva trova, 255
Obregón Santacilia, Carlos, 224
Obregón, José María, 210
Ocampo, Victoria, 87
Oettinger, Marion, 172
O’Gorman, Juan, 224–6
Oiticica, Hélio, 216
Olmedo, José Joaquín de, 66, 73
Onetti, Juan Carlos, 95
opera, 244–5
orixas, 208
Orozco, Abel, 327
Orozco, José Clemente, 212
Orta, Jorge, 232
Ortega, Aniceto, 245
Ortiz, Juan L., 158–9
Ortiz, R., 184, 197
Ospina, Nadín, 220
Otero, Alejandro, 215
Padilha, Eduardo, 221
Páez, Fito, 254
palenques (runaway communities), 21
Palma, Ricardo, 64, 71
Panama, 48–9
Panama Canal, 48
Pan-American conferences, 48
Pan-Americanism, 296
Pani, Mario, 225
Paraguay, 29
post-colonial governments in, 38
struggle for independence in, 38
Paredes, Mario, 229
Pareja, R., 183
Parra, Félix, 210
Parra, Nicanor, 154–5
Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI), 58
Pastoris, 174
Paulicéia desvairada, 152
Paz, Octavio, 36, 86, 154, 324, 328
peasant agriculture, 44
Pedro Páramo, 97
Peirano, Luis, 263
Peixoto, Mario, 286
pelicula del rey, La (A King and His Movie), 311
pena y un cariño, Una (One part sorrow, one part tenderness), 258
Peralta, Alejandro, 143
percussion instruments, 238–9
Peregrinación de una paria (Peregrinations of a Pariah), 71
Pereira, Edimilson de Almeida, 143, 167
Pereira dos Santos, Nelson, 294, 298, 301, 309
Pérez, Daniella, 188
Pérez Prado, Dámaso, 251
Pérez, Gloria, 188
periquillo sarniento, El (The Itching Parrot), 64
Perlongher, Néstor, 164
Perón, Eva, 54
Perón, Juan, 54
Perrone, Charles A., 253
Perto do coração selvagem (Near to the Wild Heart), 130
Peru, colonial art in, 210
Philippines, 336
Picasso, Pablo, 213
Piga, Domingo, 263, 272
Piglia, Ricardo, 114
Pinochet Ugarte, Augusto, 54, 255
Piñon, Nélida, 133
Pizarro, Francisco, 12
Plan de Ayala, 44
plantations, 46
plastic integration, in architecture, 225–6
Poe, Edgar Allan, 77
poetry, Latin American, 136–67
avant-garde, 142
formation of, 147–8
modernism in, 76, 142
neobaroque, 164–5
Romanticism in, 151
Polanski, Roman, 309
political satire, 307
political writing, 113–14
Pombal, Marquês de, 24
Pompéia, Raul, 125–6
Ponce, Juan M., 246
Poniatowska, Elena, 77, 114
popular culture in Latin America, 6, 171–200
contemporary status of the popular, 197–200
as folklore, 171–81
as mass culture, 181–90
and power relations, 190–7
popular theatre, 271–2
Popular Unity period, 300
porfiriato, 43
Porrúa, Paco, 92
Portinari, Cândido, 214
Porto, Severiano, 231
portorrico de los negros, 242
Portugal, 10, 11
posas, 203
positivism, 75–7
post-modern literature, 109
pozo, El (The Pit), 95
Prado, Manuel González, 74, 150
Prado, Paulo,
pre-Columbian Latin America, 9–27
See also Latin America
economic life in, 14–15
indigenous societies in, 12
music in, 237–9
Portuguese exploration of, 12–13
Spanish exploration of, 12–13
premios, Los, 93
Prieto, Guillermo, 71
PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party), 58
protest music, 256
Pueblo enfermo (A Sick People), 74
Puente, Tito, 252
Puerto Rico, 336
Puig, Manuel, 101, 114–15
pureza de sangre (purity of blood), 18
Purgatorio (Purgatory), 160
puros, 37
Pythagoreanism, 149
Quarup, 131–2
Queiroz, Rachel de, 128
quilombos (runaway communities), 21
Quinze, O, 128
Quiroga, Horacio, 76, 77, 90
radio, 183
radio-novelas, 184
Ramos, Graciliano, 128, 129
ranchero music, 243
Ravizza, Alejandro, 210
realism, 76–7, 88, 124
Reconquista, 334
reducciones, 16
Reed, Thomas, 210
regional integration, 57
regionalism, 123–4
regional novels, 89
región más transparente, La (Where the Air is Clear), 101
Rego, José Lins do, 128
Reidy, Affonso Eduardo, 227
Reisado, 174
retablos, 173
Revolución orozquista (The Orozco Revolution), 184
Reyes, Carlos, 274
Ribeiro, Darcy, 120, 132
Ribeiro, João Ubaldo, 132
Ribeiro, Júlio, 124
Ripstein, Arturo, 306–7
ritmo dissoluto, O (The Dissolute Rhythm), 152–3
Rivera, Diego, 212
Rivera, Ismael, 252
Rivera, José Eustacio, 89
Roa Bastos, Augusto, 6, 116–17
Roca, Miguel Angel, 232
Rocha, Glauber, 197, 294, 295, 298
rock music, 254
Rodó, José Enrique, 46, 64, 76, 80, 331
Rodríguez, Arsenio, 251
Rodríguez Monegal, Emir, 86, 92, 94
Rodríguez Freyle, Juan, 65
Rodríguez, Richard, 332
Rodríguez, Simón, 65
Rodríguez, Tito, 252
Roffé, Reina, 115
Rojas, Gonzalo, 157–8
Rojo, Grinor, 266, 267
Rojo, María, 306
Roldán, Amadeo, 247
romance novels, 75
Romanticism, 62, 151
Romero, Anselmo Suárez, 74
Romero, Denzil, 116
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 49
Roosevelt, Theodore, 47
Rosa, João Guimarães, 130
rosa do povo, A (The Rose of the People), 146–7
Rosales, Vicente Pérez, 70
Rosas, Enrique, 284
Rosas, Juan Manuel, 38
Rosas, Juventino, 246
Roseblatt, Angel, 333
Rossi, Cristina Peri, 112, 116
Rubião, Murilo, 131
Ruíz, Raoul, 304
Rulfo, Juan, 96, 102, 161
rumba, 251
rurales, 44
Sabáto, Ernesto, 100
Sáenz, Jaime, 167
Sáenz, Manuelita, 116
Sagarana, 130
Saint-Pierre, Jacques-Henri Bernadin de, 75
Sainz, Gustavo, 114
Salazar, Antonio de, 242
Salgado, Plínio, 128
Salles, Walter, 1, 304, 310
salon music, 245–6
salsa, 253–4
samba, 191–5
Sánchez, Luis Rafael, 95, 115
Sánchez, Rosalino (Chalino), 320, 325–7
Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN), 56
Sandino, Augusto César, 48
Sanjinés, Jorge, 299, 301
San Martín, Zorrilla de, 66
Santa Cruz, Andrés, 39
Santa Cruz, Domingo, 249
Santamaria, Francisco, 337
Santander, Francisco de Paula, 39
Santiago, Silviano, 133
Santos, Carmen, 291
São Bernardo, 129
Sarduy, Severo, 95, 107, 110, 115
Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino, 36, 64, 65, 67, 69, 85, 88–9
Sarmiento, Valeria, 300
satire, 307
Scliar, Moacyr, 132
Scott, Sir Walter, 73
secular music, 244
Semana de Arte Moderna (The Week of Modern Art), 126
Serafim Ponte Grande (Seraphim Grosse Pointe), 127
Serrano, Antonio, 307
serranos, 90
Sevcenko, Nicolau, 142
Sevilla, Ninón, 292
short stories, 77
Siete Autores Dramáticos, 268
Siqueiros, David Alfaro, 212
Skármeta, Antonio, 109–10
slang, 337
slavery, 20–2
Sodre, Muniz, 192
Solanas, Fernando, 301, 308
Solás, Humberto, 296
soldados, Los (Soldiers), 274
Solorzano, Carlos, 267, 269
Sommer, Doris, 66, 75
Somoza, Anastasio, 50
Somoza dictatorship, overthrow of, 56
son, 251–2
Sorín, Carlos, 311
Sosa, Mercedes, 255
Sousa, Inglês de, 124
Southern Cone Common Market (MERCOSUR), 57
Souza, Márcio, 132
Soviet Union, 49
Spain, 10
breakup of Latin American colonies, 26–7
colonisation of Americas, 10–11
crisis of monarchy in, 25
political revolution in, 25
Spanglish, 328–41
birth of, 335
Cyber-Spanglish, 340
dissemination of, 331–2
Ganga, 338–40
global use of, 330
as an informal code, 330
popular use of, 329
social and ethnic slangs, 340
Spanish American narrative
1920–1970, 84–103
baroque style in, 95
fiction in, 99
function of Latin American novelists, 91–2
novels, 101
realism in, 88–9
translatibility of, 101–2
19th and early 20th centuries, 60–80
antislavery literature, 74–5
Colossus of the North, 80
critical categories, 78–80
custombrismo and travel, 70–2
ethnic and racial politics, 62–4
Indianism, 72–4
language politics, 62
modernity and struggle between civilization and barbarism, 67–8
narrative and hybrid forms, 64–6
national romance, 75
novelas de la tierra, 78
positivism and belle époque, 75–7
science and travel, 68–70
thematic trends, 67
since 1970, 105–18
detection and crime in, 116
history in, 116–17
political writing, 113–14
popular urban culture in, 114–15
sexuality and eroticism in, 115–16
traditional storytelling in, 109–10
transparent and opaque modes in, 111
Spanish American New Novel, 105
Spanish-American War, 336
Spanish art and literature, 334
Spanish language, 333
as tool of imperialism, 62
variations of, 333
as weapon to control and reeducate
Stantic, Lita, 308
Stavans, Ilan,
Steen, Edna van, 133
Stevenson, Robert, 241
Suárez, Anselmo, 69
Suassuna, Ariano, 123
Sucre, Guillermo, 84
suma romanesa, 123
Suro, Roberto, 314
surrealism, 87, 218–20
Szyszlo, Fernando de, 219–20
tango, 250–1
Tapajó, Renato, 132
tapia, 230
Taussig, Michael, 175
Távora, Franklin, 123
Teatro de la Libertad, 264
Teatro Experimental de Cali (TEC), 274
Teixeira e Souza, Antonio Gonçalves, 122
tejano Spanish, 333
telenovela, 134, 186–90, 191
television, 183
Telles, Lygia Fagundes, 131
telluric novels, 89
/Temochic!, 77
Tenochtitlán, 12
Terán, Enriqueta, 153–4
Tercero, Juan Luis, 73
Testa, Clorindo, 230
testimonio, 108
Theatre of the Oppressed, 196
theatre space in Latin America, 258–78
creative creation: force of context, 271–5
independent and universities: creation of theatre environment, 264–71
new crisis: text and performance, 276–8
practice and methodologies: space, 258–64
Tito, Diego Quispe, 207
tocotín, 242
Tolstoy, Leo, 77
Torres-García, Joaquín, 214–15
Toscano, Salvador, 284
Tragédia burguesa (Bourgeois Tragedy), 129
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 318, 335–6
Treaty of Tordesillas, 10
Trevisan, João Silvério, 133
Trilce, 142
Tristán, Flora, 71
troubadours, 256
Trujillo, Rafael, 50
Tupinamba Indians,
ultraísmo, 91
Unidad Popular (also Popular Unity period) , 55
United States
dollar diplomacy, 47
Good Neighbor policy, 50
hegemony, 49
Latin American states of, 29
role in Latin America, 34–5
in Spanish American narratives, 80
xenophobia in, 328
urban culture, 114–15
urban novels, 95–6
urban planning, in Latin America, 232–3
Vadell, Jaime, 258–9, 276
Valdés, Zoe, 116
Vallejo, César, 87, 139, 142, 145–6
Vallejo, Fernando, 115
Vallejo, José Joaquín, 71
Vandera, Alonso Carrió de la, 65
Vargas, Getúlio, 52
Vargas Llosa, Mario, 86, 92, 95–6, 98–9, 115, 116, 117
Vasconcelos, José, 90, 212
Vega, Ana Lydia, 332
Velasco, José María, 210
Veloso, Caetano, 253
Venezuela
See also Latin America
dictatorships in, 50–1
modern architecture in, 226
struggle for independence in, 33
Vera Cruz film company, 293
Veríssimo, Erico, 130
verse narratives, 64
Versényi, Adam, 265
Vésper, Condessa, 125
Veyre, Gabriel, 283
Viana, Javier de, 77
Vianna, Hermano, 194
Vilamajó, Julio, 230
Villa, Pancho, 284
Villa-Lobos, Heitor, 248
Villalpando, Cristóbal de, 207
villancicos, 242
Villanueva, Carlos Raúl, 215, 223
Villaverde, Cirilo, 69, 74
Villegas, Juan, 260
Virgin of Guadalupe, 176, 208–9
Vivas, Fruto, 231
Vives, Carlos, 253
Vladich, Stoyan, 261
Vocabulario español-latino, 337
vorágine, La (The Vortex), 89–90
Wald, Elijah, 324
Wallparrimachi, 167
War of the Pacific, 42
War of the Triple Alliance, 42
Westphalen, Emilio Adolfo, 141
Williams, Alberto, 245
Williams, Raymond, 6, 260, 264
Williams, William Carlos, 138
Wilson, Woodrow, 47
women directors, 300, 306
women in cinema, 291–2
women writers, 111–13, 133
World War I, outbreak of, 47
World War II, 50
xenophobia, 328
Xicotencatl, 65
Yamasaki, Tizuka, 301
Yánover, Héctor, 92
Yepes, José Ramón, 73
Zapata, Emiliano, 44, 45
Zapata, Luís, 115
zapateado, 243
Zapatista National Liberation Army, 198
Zapotec weavers, 180
zarabanda, 243
Zentella, Ana Celia, 332
Zola, Emile, 88
Zurbarán, Francisco de, 206
Zurita, Raúl, 139