Abbensetts, Michael, 294
Abbott, George, 59
Abel, Don, 328, 530
Above the Clouds, 86
Absolution of Willie Mae, The, 397
absurdist theatre, 388–389, 394, 448
Abyssinia, 89, 169–170
Academy of Music, Halifax, Nova Scotia, 157
Academy of Music, Lynn, MA, 71
Academy of Music, New York City, 80
Academy of Music, Philadelphia, PA, 81, 139, 148, 180
accents (see dialect)
Ackamoor, Idris, 433
Acme Players, 225
Across the Continent, 126
Across the Footlights, 204
ACT (A Contemporary Theatre), 463
Actors’ Equity Association, 207, 289, 344, 449, 469, 470
and black theatres, 470, 471, 472, 476
employment figures, 367, 457
Non-Traditional Casting Project, 460–461
O’Neal, Frederick, 354, 367, 373, 408
promotes integration, 341, 374, 422
racism, 206, 373
strikes, 174, 341
Adelphi Hall, 78–79, 80, 179
Adkins, Joseph, 523
Adler, Stella, 373
admission (see ticket prices)
AETA (see American Educational Theatre Association)
affirmative action, 462
Africa, dance, 21, 95, 368–369, 387
depicted on stage, 77, 137, 166, 169, 277, 377
influence on American theatre, 21–22, 368–369, 386–387, 394
language, 398, 501
music, 101, 500
religion, 7, 294
African Ceremonial, 368
African Company (see African Theatre)
African Diaspora Theatre, 297
African Dwarf Tommy (Thomas Dilward), 112, 120
African Grove Institute for the Arts (AGIA), 459, 543
African Grove, 26, 459, 509
African Methodist Episcopal Church (see AME Church)
African Roscius, see Aldridge, Ira
African Theatre (African Company, American Theatre), 26, 29, 32, 38, 177, 273, 274
Africana (1927), 208, 276
Africana, A Congo Operetta (1934), 277
Africanus, 515
Afrikan Women’s Repertory Theatre, 426
Afro-American Opera Company, 179
Afro-American Studio Theatre, 406
Afro-American Theatre, 401
Afro-American Total Theatre, 402
Aftermath, 189, 222
AGIA (see African Grove Institute for the Arts)
agitprop plays, 311, 312, 327, 362, 366
Ahrens, Lynn, 304
Aida, 179, 181, 182
AIDS, 303, 434, 438, 449, 544
Aiken, Loreta Mary (see Mabley, Moms)
Ailey, Alvin, 282
Ain’t Misbehavin’, 251
Ain’t Supposed to Die a Natural Death, 398, 412, 420–421
Alabama Shakespeare Festival, 454, 457
Albee, Edward, 295, 388
Aldridge Players, New York City, 225
Aldridge Players, St. Louis, MO, 515
Aldridge Players/West, San Francisco, CA, 285
Aldridge Theatre, Oklahoma City, OK, 86
Aldridge, Ira (F. W. Keene), 40–45, 64, 66, 85, 104, 107, 499
in 1822 riot, 32
reviews of, 22, 44–45
Alhambra Cabaret and Theatre, 172, 230–231, 277, 278
Alice in Wonder, 363
Alice, Mary, 454
“All Coons Look Alike to Me,”, 141, 142 141, 142
All God’s Chillun Got Wings, 236, 346
All-Star Stock Company, 156–157
Allen, Billie, 389
Allen, Debbie, 18, 405
Allen, John Jr., 477
Allen, Shep, 244
Alliance Theatre Company, 447, 542
Allison, Hughes, 330–331, 349
Almost Faithful, 533
Alonzo Players, 480
Alterations, 294
Alvin Theatre, 59, 281
AMAS Repertory Theatre, 366, 386
Ambush, Benny Sato, 470
AME (African Methodist Episcopal) Church, 225, 234, 310, 521
AME Zion Church, 256
Amen Corner, The, 380, 407, 413, 419–420, 536
America Play, The, 444
American Anti-Slavery Society, 50, 51, 54
American Coloured Minstrels, 126–127
American Community Theatre, 292
American Conservatory Theatre, 542
American Educational Theatre Association (AETA), 268
American National Theatre and Academy (ANTA), 373
American National Theatre and Academy Theatre, 366
American Negro Theatre (ANT), 361, 369, 385, 386, 422, 517, 529, 533
history, 350–353, 355–357
Anna Lucasta, 284
American Place Theatre, 220, 283, 449, 462
American Repertory Theatre, 290, 444, 457
American Revolution, 12, 13, 25
American Theatre (see African Theatre)
American Theatre Association, 409
Amherst, J. H., 42
Amos ’n’ Andy, 134, 353, 371, 518
Amos Tuck School of Business Administration, 459, 543
Amos, John, 372
Amsterdam, Morey, 275
Anderson, A. A., 83
Anderson, Al, 136, 194
Anderson, Cecil (Duke of Iron), 279
Anderson, Edwin, 229
Anderson, Garland, 234–236
Anderson, Gary, 471
Anderson, George, 336
Anderson, John, 238
Anderson, Marian, 185, 337, 381
Anderson, Maxwell, 343, 372
Anderson, Rosa, 136
Anderson, Susie (Black Melba), 121–122
Anderson-Gunter, Jeffrey, 294, 296
Andre, Jacqueline, 356
Andrews Sisters, 275, 523
Andrews, Dwight, 452
Andrews, Regina (Ursula Trelling), 226, 362, 516
Androcles and the Lion, 319
Andy Jones, 516
Angel Street, 533
Angelo Herndon Jones, 312, 516
Anita Bush and Her Eight Shimmy Babies, 202
Anita Bush Stock Company, 202, 204
Anna Lucasta, 284, 313, 333, 372, 400
cast, 353, 354, 386, 532
film, 352
history, 351–353, 355
Annotated Tale, An, 436
ANT (see American Negro Theatre)
ANTA (see American National Theatre and Academy)
Antigone, 284, 410, 534
antiphonal singing, 490
Antony and Cleopatra, 306, 462
apart playing and dancing, 490
apartheid, South African, depicted in plays, 284, 355, 361, 379
Apollo Theatre, 125th Street, 244, 351, 371, 408, 517
effect of integration on, 465
history, 231, 517
Apollo Theatre, 145th Street, 517
Apollo Theatre, Forty-Second Street, 238, 517
Appearances, 234–236
Aranha, Ray, 421
Archer, Osceola, 354, 356, 363, 404
Archer, William, 344
Archibald, William, 279–280
Aremu, Aduke (Gwen Jones), 413
Arena Players, Baltimore, MD, 409
Arena Stage, Washington, DC, 289, 290, 293, 303, 304, 449, 462, 514, 542
Arena Theatre, Cleveland, OH, 298
Arlen, Harold, 281, 343, 524
Arms and the Girl, 368
Armstead, Joe, 421
Armstrong, Ellen E., 503
Armstrong, Louis, 249
Arneaux, John A., 79–82, 86
Arsenic and Old Lace, 534
Art Theatre Movement (see Little Theatre Movement)
Artist Files Online, 461
Arvey, Verna, 185
As You Like It, 257
Ashcroft, Peggy, 347
Astor Place Company, 79, 80
At Home with Ethel Waters, 367
“At Jolly Coon-ey Island,”, 131, 149, 274 131, 149, 274
At Twelve O’clock, 332
Ateca, Dorothy, 260
Atilla the Hun (Raymond Quevedo), 275
Atkinson, Brooks, 216, 280
Atlanta Black Arts Festival (see National Black Arts Festival)
Atlanta Symphony Orchestra, 184
Atlanta Theater Company, 449
Atlanta Theatre Festival (see National Black Arts Festival)
Atlanta University, 257, 258, 259–261
Attaway, Ruth, 368
Attles, Joseph, 251
Attucks Theatre, 514
AUDELCO (Audience Development Committee), 408, 537
awards, 292, 404, 419, 423, 541
audiences, 47, 165
mixed, 35, 108, 193, 395, 475, 509
segregation of, 47, 172, 230
Augusta, Howard, 350, 362, 534
Austin, James, 243
Avenue Theatre, 514, 519
Baartman, Sarah, depicted in Venus, 445
Babatunde, 387
Baber, Vivienne, 344
Bad Man, 221
Bagneris, Vernel, 251
Bahati, Amirh (Patricia Roberts), 294
Bailey, Pearl, 231, 244, 281, 343, 368, 379
Bailey, Peter, 421
Baker, Josephine, 208, 245, 249, 276, 366–367, 371, 441
Baldwin Theatre, 75
Baldwin, James, 292, 380, 419
Ballad for Bimshire, 282
Ballad of the Winter Soldiers, 382
Ballet Behind the Bridge, A, 297
Balthrop, Carmen, 184
Bamboozled, 446, 500, 519
Bancroft Dynasty, The, 362
Bandana Land, 129, 168, 170–171
banjo, 101–103
Banks, Aaron, 110, 111
Banks, Billy, 75
Banks, Eddie, 372
Baptism, The, 390
Baraka, Amiri (LeRoi Jones), 364, 388, 391, 393, 398, 427, 428, 536
biography, 389–391
Dutchman, 388
Great Goodness of Life (A Coon Show), 391
on A Raisin in the Sun, 377
Slaveship, 7
Barbados Theatre Workshop (Caribbean Theatre of the Performing Arts), 297
Barber Shop, 466
Barker, William H., 505
Barlee, Georgina, 102
Barn Theatre, 300
Barnes, William, 36–38
Barnett, Douglas Q., 412, 420, 464
Barnett, Ida B. Wells (see Wells-Barnett, Ida B.)
Barnum, P. T., 55, 114, 122
Barrett, Lawrence, 81, 86
Barrier, The, 313
Barrymore, Ethel, 311, 314, 519
BARTS (see Black Arts Repertory Theatre School)
Bass, George Houston, 219, 415, 541
Bassa Moona, 317, 386
Bassett, Angela, 462, 467
Bates, Add, 319
Bates, Mr. (African Theatre), 35, 36
Batson Bergen, Flora, 122, 128, 136, 139, 148, 180–181
Batson, Susan, 410
Battle, Kathleen, 184
Bavardo, Hurle, 81, 86
Bayeza, Ifa (Wanda Celeste Williams), 438
Bayless Dramatic Company, 115
Bayou Legend, A, 185
BBR (see Berkeley Black Repertory)
Bearden, Romare, 249, 454
Beatrize, Audrey, 356
Beatty, Talley, 282, 523
Beaty, Powhatan, 82, 83, 87
Beauty Shop, 466
Beauty Shop Part II, 466
Bedford-Stuyvesant Theatre, 405, 537
Bedward, 300
Beef, No Chicken, 294, 296
Beers, Charles (Charles Taft), 40
Before It Hits Home, 449
Beggar’s Holiday, 344, 345
Beginning of the Second Earth, The, 433
Belafonte, Harry, 281, 354, 355, 356, 359, 360, 378, 532
Belasco Theatre, New York City, 282
Belasco Theatre, Washington, DC, 243
Belasco, David, 173, 176
Belasco, Lionel, 275
Belgrave, Cynthia, 401
Believers, The, 382
Bell, George W., 68–69
Bell, P. A., 69, 496
Bellamy, Lou, 324, 471
Bells of Cornville, The, 179
Bellywoman Bangarang, 301
Belroy Ethiopian Troupe, 109
Ben Hassen, Omar, 387
Benjamin, Elsie, 279
Bennett, Gwendolyn, 229
Bentley, Eric, 394
Bentley, Gladys, 129, 233
Bergen Star Concert Company, 148, 180
Bergen, Flora Batson (see Batson Bergen, Flora)
Bergen, James, 180, 181
Berghof, Herbert, 368
Berkeley Black Repertory (BBR), 469–470
Berle, Milton, 230
Bernard, Jason, 412, 464
Berry, Marilyn, 341
Best, Willie, 342
Bethea, Juanita, 464
Bettis, Charles, 228
Beverly, Trazana, 426
Beyond the Blues, 299
BHM (see Buffalo Historical Marionettes)
Bial, Rudolf, 256, 508
Bibb, Leon, 395
Bibb-Thompson, Eloise, 514, 515
Big Bethel AME Church, 381
Big Butt Girls, Hard-Headed Women, 433
Big Deal, The, 363
Big White Fog, 322–324, 349, 377, 472, 528
Bijou Opera House, Milwaukee, WI, 73
Bijou Theatre, New York City, 159
Bijou Theatre, Philadelphia, PA, 164
Billboard, 241
Billie Holiday Theatre, 291, 297, 298, 300, 401, 404–405, 406, 419
Biltmore Theatre, 301
Bird, Robert Montgomery, 52, 83
Birth of a Minstrel, see Rufus Rastus
Birth of a Nation, 220, 227
Bishop, Andrew S., 203, 213, 233, 242, 512
Bitter Cup, The, 345
Black Aesthetic, The, 428
Black Alliance Theatre, 293
Black America, 133, 142–144
Black American Troubadours, 196
Black and Blue, 251
Black Arts Council, 468
Black Arts Festival (see National Black Arts Festival)
Black Arts Movement, 268, 290, 373, 386–416, 427–429
Black Arts Movement, The (essay by Neal), 428
Black Arts Repertory Theatre School (BARTS), 390
Black Arts/West, 392, 412, 420, 538
Black Baby Boy Minstrels, 116, 117
Black Bart and the Sacred Hills, 472, 545
Black Body Blues, 292
Black Caribs, 27, 29, 35
Black Carl (Carl Dante), 121, 504
Black Circles ’Round Angela: A Documentary Musical, 402
Black Diamond Quartet, 135, 196
Black Doctor, The, 43, 64, 65
Black Eagles, 476
Black Eddie Foy (John W. Brewer), 121–122
black English (see dialect)
Black Fire, 428
Black Folks and Heroes, 434
Black Girl, 400, 404, 418, 447
Black Herman, 121–122
Black Macbeth, 296 (see also Macbeth), 296
Black Macho and the Myth of the Superwoman, 427
Black Male/Female, 427
Black Masks, 486
Black Musical Review, The, 473
Black Napoleon (John Walcott Cooper), 122
Black Nativity, 382, 401, 403, 469, 472, 546
Black One Hundred, 122
Black Panther Party, 387, 389, 428, 470
Black Patti Troubadours, 132, 147, 149–150, 166, 196, 274, 506 (see also Jones, Sissieretta), 132, 147, 149–150, 166, 196, 274, 506
Black Quartet, 391
Black Rhythm, 278
Black Souls, 314
Black Spectrum Theatre, 480
black studies departments, 414–415
Black Swan Troubadours, 208
Black Swan (see Greenfield, Elizabeth Taylor)
Black Teacher and the Dramatic Arts, The, 270
Black Theater Arts Magazine, 399
Black Theatre, 486, 536
Black Theatre Alliance (BTA), 385, 405–407, 448, 480, 486, 537
Black Theatre Association, 538
Black Theatre Festival, Winston-Salem, NC (see National Black Theatre Festival)
Black Theatre Festival USA, New York City, 403, 542
Black Theatre Network (BTN), 486, 538
Black Thunder, 533
Black Trilby Company, 118–119, 120, 154
Black Vesta Tilley (Florence Hines), 129, 145
Black Woman, 296
Black Woman in White, 527
Black World (Negro Digest), 486
Blackberries of, 1932 277
Blackbirds, 208, 230, 239, 248, 249, 277, 325
blackface, 96, 156, 196, 204, 231, 235, 242, 311
before minstrelsy, 96
first used, 499
in the 1990s, 445–446, 541
in the Caribbean, 274
in South Africa, 128
in Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1933 59
minstrelsy, 91, 92, 94
worn by Blacks, 108, 129, 130, 162, 173, 246
worn by Whites, 185, 315, 519
Blackfriars, 344
Blacks, The, 283, 388, 489
Blacksmyths, 465
Blackville Jubilee Singers, 124
Blackville Twins, The, 75, 128
Blake, Eubie, 215, 245, 246, 319, 531
Bland, James, 101
Bledsoe, Jules, 181, 182, 203, 236, 322
Blithe Spirit, 267, 268
Blkartsouth, 399
Blood Knot, 379, 393, 518
Blood on the Fields, 312, 526
Bloodstream, 333
Blue, 450, 542
Blue Angel, The, 279, 282
Blue Holiday, 282, 532
Blue Stories, The, 434
Blues for an Alabama Sky, 447, 463, 473
Blues for Mister Charlie, 380, 535
Boesman and Lena, 379
Bohee brothers (James and George), 102–103, 114, 124
Bohee, May, 118
Bolt from the Blue, A, 386
Bombastes Furioso, 36
Bond, Tim, 463, 465
bones (musical instrument), 103, 500
Bonner, Marita Odette, 223–225, 389, 514
Bontemps, Arna, 317, 343, 358, 359
Booth Theatre, 426
Booth, Edwin, 61, 81, 86
Booth-Barrett Amateurs, 86
Boris Godounov, 182
borrowing of material (see copying)
Bosan, Alonzo, 338
Boston Negro Theatre, 332
Boston Players, 515
Boston Playwrights Theatre, 289
Boston Symphony, 182
Bound by an Oath, 86
Bowery Amphitheater, 93
Bowman, Laura, 514
Boxing Day Parade, The, 293
Boy Days, 296
Bradford, Alex, 382
Bradford, Joseph, 71
Bradford, Roark, 308
Branch, William B., 17, 244, 361, 365
Branner, Djola Bernard, 437
brass bands, 117, 122
Brathwaite, William Stanley, 59
Brattle Hall, 220, 347
Bray, Keve, 464
breakdown (dance), 94, 143, 211
Brecher, Leo, 231, 234
Breen, Robert, 315
Breuer, Lee, 383, 463
Brewer, John W. (Black Eddie Foy), 121–122
Brewster, Townsend, 421
Brewster, Yvonne, 300
Briggs, Bunny, 251
Briggs-Hall, Austin, 350, 533
Bring in ’Da Noise, Bring in ’Da Funk, 438–439, 500
Bristles, 436
Broadhurst Theatre, 326
Broadway Brevities of, 1920 175
Broadway Opera House, Chicago, IL, 111
Broadway Rastus, 519 (see Put and Take), 519
Brock, Gertha, 419, 423
Broken Banjo, The, 223
Broken Bars, 225
Brooklyn Academy of Music, 7, 303, 384, 391
Brooklyn Atheneum, 79
Brooks, Alice, 79
Brooks, Avery, 452
Brooks, Marion A., 195, 198
Brooks, Shelton, 247
Brother Mose, 237, 316, 332
Brown Overcoat, The, 494
Brown Sugar, 278
Brown, Abena Joan, 474
Brown, Ada O., 90
Brown, Donald O. H., 545
Brown, Edward C., 233, 234, 242
Brown, Gilmore, 327
Brown, Graham, 341
Brown, H. Rapp, 387
Brown, Hallie Q., 138
Brown, John, 16, 495
depicted in plays, 17, 143, 365
Brown, Lennox, 294, 297–298
Brown, Lorraine, 333
Brown, Marion “Spoons,”, 336 336
Brown, Oscar Jr., 380
Brown, Pearl, 193, 198
Brown, Ralph, 251
Brown, Rozier, 538
Brown, Ruth, 251
Brown, Sterling, 260
Brown, Tom, 205
Brown, William (theatre professor), 272
Brown, William Alexander, 24, 25, 26, 27–36, 40, 41, 104
Brown, William Wells (see Wells Brown, William)
Browne, Maurice, 347
Browne, Roscoe Lee, 283, 289, 395, 464
Browne, Theodore, 328–329, 349, 529
Brownsville Laboratory Theatre, 405
Brownsville Raid, The, 473
Bruce, John E., 139
Bruce, Lenny, 387
Bruce, Solomon, 514
Brustein, Robert, 444, 454, 456–457
Bryant, Elsie, 544
Bryant, Hazel, 385, 401, 402–404, 406, 537
Bryant, Willie, 211
Brymn, Tim, 192
BTA (see Black Theatre Alliance)
BTN (see Black Theatre Network)
BTNews, 486
Bubbling Brown Sugar, 251, 283, 366, 421, 473
Buck and Bubbles, 231
Buck and the Preacher, 355
buck-and-wing, 91, 99, 136, 143
Buckley’s Serenaders, 103
budgets (see finances)
Buffalo Historical Marionettes (BHM), 331, 530
Buffalo Music Association, 178
Bulldoggers, The, 205
Bullins, Ed, 389, 391–393, 398, 461, 536
Bully, Alwyn, 305
“Bumpy” Johnson, 386, 390
Bundy, McGeorge, 395
Burbridge, Edward, 423, 536
Burghers of Calais, The, 291
Burgie, Irving, 282
Burgoyne, Olga, 190
Burlap Summer Theatre, 362
Burlesque Combination, 127
Burley, Don, 351
Burning the Mortgage, 528
Burrill, Mary, 189, 222
Burris, A. M., 226
Burroughs, Baldwin, 260, 261, 285
Burroughs, Charles, 201
Burrows, Vinie, 314, 359, 449, 541
Bury the Dead, 326
Bush, Anita, 202–203, 204, 205, 512
Bush, Norman, 536
Butcher, James W., 222, 260, 266, 336, 341, 522
Butler, Bennie, 240
Butler, Buddy, 406, 412
Butler, Michael, 301
Butterbeans and Susie, 211, 232, 497, 518, 531
By Their Fruits: A Pageant of the Negro Race, 261
Byrd, Donald, 435–436
cabarets, 230–233
Cabin in the Sky, A, 162, 208, 342
cabin songs, 113
Cable, George W., 95, 102
Cadogan, Ricardo, 297
Caesar, Adolph, 410
CAFE (see Caribbean Arts Festival Ensemble)
Café Ariel Theatre, 426
Café Society, 368
Cage Rhythm, 449
cakewalk, 91, 127, 131, 146, 150–152, 154, 165, 190, 211, 232, 246, 276
contests, 136, 144, 145, 154
history, 152–154
in Great Cuba Pageant of, 201, 256
origin, 133, 502
syncopation in, 142
Calalou, 282
Caldwell, Ben, 391, 393, 398
Caleb, the Degenerate, 199
California Theatre, 70
Call Me Mister, 341, 532
call-and-response, 490
Callender minstrel company, 73, 75, 112, 122, 130, 503
Callender, Charles, 112, 115, 117
Calloway, Cab, 230, 244, 249, 379
calypso, 275–276
Cambridge, Ed, 282, 527, 534, 536
Cambridge, Godfrey, 534
Camillo, Marvin Felix, 402, 538
Campbell, Dick, 336, 342–343, 349, 421, 527
Candle in the Wind, 399
Cannibal King, The, 155
Cannon, J. A., 410
Cantilevered Terrace, The, 280
Cantor, Eddie, 174, 175, 520
Capeman, 290
Capote, Truman, 280, 281
Captain at Cricket, 293
Captain Brassbound’s Conversion, 229
Captain Jasper, 150
Captain Kidd Company, 131
Captain Rufus, 193, 194
Carib Chief, The, 33–34
Carib Song, 279, 368, 532
Carib War (see Drama of King Shotaway, The)
Caribbean American Repertory Theatre (CART), 293–296
Caribbean Arts Festival Ensemble (CAFE), 292
Caribbean Carnival, 279
Caribbean Experience Theatre, 296
Caribbean Theatre of the Performing Arts, 297
Caribs, Black, 27, 29, 35
Carmen, 179, 180
Carmen Jones, 342–343, 345, 367, 532
Carmichael, Stokely, 387
Carnegie Hall, 182, 282
Carnival Island, 372
Carolina Comedy Four, 236
Carpetbag [Theatre], 542
Carril, Pepe, 294
Carroll, Diahann, 374, 378
Carroll, Vinnette, 284, 382, 401–402, 421, 537
Carry Me Back to Morningside Heights, 355
CART (see Caribbean American Repertory Theatre)
CART/West, 296
Carter, Dorothy, 338
Carter, Fred, 527
Carter, Jack, 521
Carter, Steve, 292–293, 396
Caruso, Charles A., 115
Carver, Carrie, 362
Cash, Rosalind, 424, 536
Casino Theatre, New York City, 152, 164
Casino Theatre, Philadelphia, PA, 159, 213
Cassin, Stephen, 165
Castillo Theatre, 13
casting, all-black, 342, 367, 379, 458, 532
casting, mixed-race, 425
1800s, 78, 133, 136
1900–1930s, 161, 179, 204, 226, 229, 235, 237, 240, 318, 328
1940s, 343–344, 363, 532
1990s, 460–465
AMAS Repertory Theatre (1960s–1970s), 386
Bert Williams in Ziegfeld Follies, 172, 173
classics, esp. Shakespeare (1960s–1970s), 424–425
East River Players (1960s–1980s), 413
Greenwich Mews Theatre (1950s–1960s), 364
Integration Showcase, 1959 268
Inner City Cultural Center, 410
Jamaica (1957), 281
Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 56, 73 (see also Creole Show; Othello), 56, 73
Caucasian Chalk Circle, The, 442, 448
Cavalcade of the Negro Theatre, 358
CCC (see Civilian Conservation Corps)
Cellar, The, 362
censorship, 188, 238, 256, 290, 389
of FTP productions, 328, 329, 331, 332
census figures, black actors, 1910 213
blacks in the performing arts, 1890 90
blacks in school, 1890 255
freemen, 1790 18
freemen, 1800 18
slave population, 1800–10 15
Centennialites (Fisk Singers, Jubilee Singers), 114
Center Stage, 289, 462
Central Theatre, 235
Ceremonies in Dark Old Men, 418, 423
CET (see Concept East Theatre)
CETA (see Comprehensive Employment Training Act)
chalk-line walk (cakewalk), 154
challenge dances (see ring-shout; dance contests)
Champagne and Sky Juice, 303
Chapelle, Tom, 202
Chappelle, Pat, 130
Charlatan, The, 289
Charles, Hubert (Roaring Lion, Rafael de Leon), 275, 523
Charles, Martie, 393
Charleston (dance), 246
Charley White’s Minstrels, 98
Ché 290, 389
Checkmates, 400
Chelsea Theatre Center, 7, 303, 391
Chenault, Lawrence, 145, 193
Chennell, George, 135
Cherry Orchard, The, 283, 353, 424
Chester Amusement Company, 198
Chestnut Street Theatre, 64
Chicago American Negro Exposition, 265–266, 358
Chicago Civic Opera, 181
Chicago Unit, Federal Theatre Project, 319–326
Chicago Negro Art Theatre (CNAT), 359
Chicago Repertory Group, 319
Chicago World’s Fair (see World’s Columbian Exposition)
Chickering Hall, 83
Child of the Sun; or, The Bondsmen Brothers, 65
children, in theatre, 129, 130, 190, 211, 248, 337, 348
theatre for, 331, 405, 413–414
Childress, Alice, as actor, 353, 356, 532
as director, 361
as playwright, 17, 338, 365, 388, 396, 534
Committee for the Negro in the Arts, 359, 361, 533
Childress, Alvin, 353, 372, 532
Chip Woman’s Fortune, The, 217, 234, 261
Chitlin’ Circuit, 71, 465–468
Chocolate Dandies, The, 208, 245, 246
Chorpenning, Charlotte, 331
Chorpenning, Ruth, 319
chorus lines, 208, 240
choruses, black, 55, 56
Christian, Robert, 424
Christmas, A, 258
Christophe: A Tragedy in Prose of Imperial Haiti, 139, 199–211, 354
Christophe, Henri, 25
depicted in theatre, 139, 199–211, 317, 318, 354, 533
Christy Minstrels, 111, 118, 127, 128
Christy, Edwin P., 94
CHT (see Council on Harlem Theatres)
Church Fight, The, 223, 225
Church Mouse, The, 225
Church Street Theatre, 48
churches, theatre in, 225, 226, 234 (see also spirituals; gospel plays), 225, 226, 234
Cinda, 332
circle dance (see ring-shout)
circuits, touring, 71, 206, 230, 231, 241, 407, 465–468 (see also Theatre Owners’ Booking Agency), 71, 206, 230, 231, 241, 407, 465–468
Cities in Bezique, 434
City of Kings, 344
Civic Theatre Guild, 515
Civil Rights Act (1964), 464
civil rights plays, 338–341, 379–381, 382 (see also Finian’s Rainbow; Don’t Bother Me, I Can’t Cope; Lost in the Stars; Medal for Willie, A), 338–341, 379–381, 382
Civil Sex, 437
Civil War, 61–63
blacks in military, 62, 502
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), 348
Clara’s Ole Man, 392
Clarendon Hall, 81, 179
Clark, China, 404, 537
Clark, Kenneth, 384–385, 386
classic plays, blacks in, 1960s–1970s, 424–425 (see also Shakespeare, William; specific titles), 424–425
Clavery, Rod, 281
Clayton Georgia Minstrels, 109
Cleage, Pearl, 396, 447, 463, 541
Cleary, Beth, 539
Cleveland Playhouse, 217
Cleveland Symphony, 183
Climate of Eden, 283
Climbing Jacob’s Ladder, 516
Clorindy; or, The Origin of the Cakewalk, 110, 131, 141, 150–152, 155, 165
Clotel; or, The President’s Daughter: A Narrative of Slave Life in the United States (novel), 52, 495
Clothilde the Creole, or, Our Old Kentucky Home, 140
Clough, Estelle, 179
Clough, Inez, 213
Club Baron, 360, 361
Club Ebony, 337
clubs, profiles, 230–233
CNA (see Committee for the Negro in the Arts)
CNAT (see Chicago Negro Art Theatre)
Coburg Theatre (see Royal Coburg Theatre)
Cochran, J. P., 523
Cochren, Felix E., 423
Cogan, Daniel J., 535
Coker, Norman, 317
Cole, Maria, 421
Cole, Robert (Bob) Allen Jr., 23, 92, 119, 128, 132, 156–157, 160, 187, 491
biography, 156–162
in Black Patti Troubadours, 147, 149–150
on the word coon, 498
partnership with Billy Johnson, 157–158, 507
partnership with Rosamond Johnson, 158, 160
Coleman, Ralf, 316, 332–333
Coleman, Warren, 332, 343
Coleman, William, 533
Coleridge-Taylor, Samuel, 158
Coles, Honi, 231
Coles, Zaida, 341
college theatre (see educational theatre)
Collie, Kelsie E., 414
Collins, Kathleen, 404, 537
Colonial Theatre, 514, 519
Colonial Williamsburg, 436
Color Struck, 218, 513
color-blind casting (see casting, mixed-race)
Colored Actors Beneficial League, 206
Colored Actors Union, 206
Colored Amateur Company, 69
Colored American Opera Company, 178
Colored Aristocracy, 76
Colored Dramatic Troupe, 69
Colored Museum, The, 440, 441–442, 475
Colored Music Festival concerts, 182
Colored Opera Company of Chicago, 178
Colored People’s Day (1893), 137
Colored Troubadours, 73
Colored Vaudeville Benevolent Association, 207
Columbia Pictures, 377
Columbia Records, 169, 174
Columbia Theatre, 194–195
Columbian Exposition (see World’s Columbian Exposition)
Come Back After the Fire, 270
Come Down Burning, 449
comedians, 517
black, 110, 112, 146, 202, 231, 278
white, 230, 231 (see also Banks, Aaron; Cantor, Eddie; Cole, Robert (Bob) Allen Jr.; Cox, Abe; Cross, James “Stump”; Fields, W. C.; Gregory, Dick; Height, Bob; Kersands, Billy; Lucas, Sam; Markham, Dewey “Pigmeat”; Mathews, Charles; McIntosh, Tom; Pryor, Richard; Tribble, Andrew; Walker, George; Williams, Bert), 230, 231
Comedy of Errors, 217
Comedy Theatre, 278
Coming Home to Roost, 526
Coming of Nabuku, The, 441
Comments, 426
Committee for the Negro in the Arts (CNA), 359–360, 361, 362, 533
communism, 312, 323, 324, 391 (see also McCarthyism), 312, 323, 324, 391
Community Theatre, Richmond, VA, 515
community theatres, 364, 404, 409–414
Comprehensive Employment Training Act (CETA), 373, 400, 406, 448, 475
Compromise, 223
Comrades, 85
Comstock, F. Ray, 170, 171, 172
Concept East Theatre (CET), 399, 537
Confession Stone, The, 403
Congo Square, 95
Conjur’ Man Dies, 317
Connelly, Marc (see Green Pastures, The)
Connie’s Inn, 233, 248
Conrad, “Connie,”, 233 233
Conroy, Jack, 319
Contemporary Theatre, A (ACT), 463
contests, dance, 99, 136, 144, 145, 154
playwriting, 218, 472, 514
contraband groups, 107
contracts, 145, 157, 207, 361
Anna Lucasta, 351, 352–353
Carmen Jones, 342
touring minstrel shows, 119, 503
Williams and Walker, 169, 170
Contribution, 419
Cook, Abbie Mitchell (see Mitchell Cook, Abbie)
Cook, Kim, 432
Cook, Will Marion, 131, 137, 156–157, 165, 168–169, 171, 191, 213
biography, 154–156
Clorindy, or the Origin of the Cakewalk, 131, 141, 150–152
Cook, William W., 458
Cooke, Anne, 258, 260, 266, 341, 522
Cool World, The, 379
Cooley High, 478
Cooley, Isabel, 228
Coolidge, Calvin, 235
coon, history of the term, 130–131, 141–142, 498
shouts, 211
songs, 91, 126, 130–131, 141, 150, 158, 163, 498
Coon Carnival, Cape Town, S. A., 128
Cooper, John Walcott, 122
Cooper, Opal, 213
Cooper, Ralph, 231
Coordinating Council for Negro Performers, 363
Coppola, Francis Ford, 517
copying of performances, 230, 231, 275, 315, 523
Corbin, Clayton, 228
Corbitt, Wayne, 438
Cordova, Raphael de, 274
Coriolanus, 425
Cornerstone Playwriting Contest, 472
Coronet Theatre, 419
corporate funding, 468, 478, 545, 546
Cort Theatre, 444
Corthron, Kia, 449
Cosby, Bill, 388, 476
Cosmopolitan Theatre, 79
costume design, 104, 242, 245, 387, 422–423
of drill teams, 120, 503
of minstrel troupes, 94, 102, 120
Cotter, Joseph S. Sr., 199
Cotton Club, 230
Cotton, Slivy Edmonds, 467
Council on Harlem Theatres (CHT), 362
Count of Monte Cristo, The, 204
Count of No Account, 193
Couples, 303
Court Theatre, 304
Courted into Court, 142
Courtney, Ward, 530
Courtyard Players, 289
Cousar, Terri, 540
Covent Garden Theatre, 41, 44, 155
Coward, Noël, 268
Cox, Abe, 110, 111, 124
Cox, W. Drury, 523
Cradle Will Rock, The, 345
Craig’s Wife, 359
Cranvell, R. R., 79
Creamer, Henry, 203, 213
Creole, defined, 525
Creole Show, The, 91–92, 129, 133, 146, 156
Crescent Theatre, 183
Crimson Skull, The, 205
Crisis, 218, 239
Crisis Guild of Writers and Artists (see KRIGWA)
Criterion Theatre, 75
critics, black, 238, 239–241, 421–422, 428–429, 458 (see also Jackson, James A.; Jefferson, Miles; Russell, Theodore; Walton, Lester A.), 238, 239–241, 421–422, 428–429, 458
Crogman, Ada, 261
Cromer, Harold, 231
Cross, James “Stump,”, 231, 236 231, 336
cross-dressing, 73, 105–107, 120, 128–129, 173, 192, 211, 225, 233, 248, 515
cross-racial casting (see casting, mixed-race)
Crossings, 435
Crossroads Theatre Company, 304, 441, 447, 450, 457–458, 474–477, 542, 545
Crowder, Reuben, see Hogan, Ernest
Crowning Experience, The, 345
Crucible, The, 460
’Cruiter, 222
Crusades and Crusaders, 258
Cruse, Harold, 360, 374, 377
Crusoe (Caruso), Charles A., 115
Cry, the Beloved Country, 284, 355
Crying Holy, 438, 449
Crystal Heart, The, 280
Cullen, Countee, 229, 317, 343, 520
Cultural Odyssey, 433
Cumerbatch, Billy, 532
Cummings, Cecil, 405
Cuney-Hare, Maud, 138
Curtain Call, Mr. Aldridge, Sir, 270
Curtis Afro-American Minstrels, 76, 131
Curtis, M. B., 132, 504
Curtwright, Phyllis, 474
D’Usseau, Arnaud, 339
Da Minstrel Show, 412
Dafora Horton, Asadata, 317
Dahomey, depictions of, 137, 140 (see also In Dahomey), 137, 140
Daily’s Sixty-Third Street Music Hall, 244
Dallas Negro Players, 515
Dallas Theater Center, 468
Dallas, Walter, 456, 478, 545
Daly, Charles, 65
Dame Lorraine, 293
Damon and Pythias, 80, 82, 88
dance, 434, 435–436
African, 21, 95, 368–369, 387
ballet, 374
contests, 99
hornpipe, 35, 36
soft-shoe, 158
walking the dog, 247 (see also breakdown, cakewalk, jig), 247
Dance Bongo, 285
Dancer, Earl, 276, 278
Dandrige, Dorothy, 532
Dandy Jim, 99, 104–105, 164
Danforth, George, 111
Dangerous Love, 233
Daniele, Graciela, 304
Danitra, Live and in Color!, 442
Dante, Carl (Black Carl), 121, 504
Dark Fruit, 437
Darker Face of the Earth, The, 450, 472
Darkest America, 145–146, 152, 506
Darkydom, 155
Dartmouth College, 5, 269, 289, 298, 299, 459, 524
Dashiki Theatre, 409–410
David Murray Octet, 435
Davidson, Gordon, 25, 443
Davidson, N[orbert] R. Jr., 410
Davis, Angela, 439
Davis, Anthony, 448
Davis, Belle, 146
Davis, Blevin, 315
Davis, Christopher, 448
Davis, Clinton Turner, 304, 317, 460
Davis, Collin, 192
Davis, Gussie, 118, 156–157
Davis, Hazel, 325
Davis, Henrietta Vinton, 80, 81, 83, 86, 87–89, 138, 139, 140
Davis, Jefferson D., 350
Davis, Ossie, 270, 282, 363, 381, 421, 429, 459, 486, 527, 542
biography, 354 (see also Purlie; Purlie Victorious), 354
Davis, Sammy Jr., 352, 368, 379
Davis, Thulani, 448–449
Dawkins, Basil, 302, 303
Dawson, Mary Cardwell, 181
Days of Our Youth, 356
Days of Thunder, Nights of Violence, 412
De Leon, Rafael (Hubert Charles, Roaring Lion), 275, 523
De Shields, Andre, 461
Deacon’s Avakening, The, 217
Dean, Laura, 92
Dean, Philip Hayes, 283, 418
Dean, Viola, 527
Dear Counsellor, 300
Dearing, Judy, 423
Death of a Salesman, 353, 462
Death of Bessie Smith, The, 388
Death of Christophe, King of Haiti, The, 42
Deceived; or, All Alone, 78–79
Deception, 82
Declaration of Independence, 12
Dee, Ruby (Wallace), 354, 377, 381, 400, 459, 486, 527, 534, 542
Deep Are the Roots, 339
Deep Purple, 236
Deep River, 182, 314
Deeter, Jasper, 228–229
Defense, The, 291
Delacorte Theatre, 424, 441
DeLeon, Walker, 509
Delmar; or, Scenes in Southland, 82
Dent, Tom, 399, 536
Deportee, 302
Derby, Doris, 397
desegregation, see integration
DeSheim, Charles, 321, 528
Desmond, Cleo, 233, 242
Dessalines (play), 88, 138, 139
Dessalines, Jean-Jacques, depictions of (see Dessalines; Drums of Haiti; Troubled Island)
Detective Story, 244, 371
Deutsches Theater, 183
Devereaux, B. C., 79
Devil Mas’, 298
Devil’s Bridge, The, 177
Devonear, Pete, 112
DeVore-Harrison, Frances, 474
DeWolf sisters, 149
dialect, 327, 392, 424, 448, 500, 501, 513
defended by S. Randolph Edmonds, 264–265
in minstrelsy, 104, 108, 112, 501
in Three Plays for a Negro Theatre, 213
in HBCU productions, 261
opposed by Lester Walton, 204
Dialect Determinism, 392
Dickerson, Glenda, 447
Did Adam Sin?, 528
Dilemma of the Negro Actor, The, 329
Dillard, William, 367
Dilward, Thomas (Japanese Tommy, African Dwarf Tommy), 112, 120
Dis-A-Reggae, 302
Disappointed Bride, or, Love at First Sight, The, 85
Divine Comedy (Dodson), 307
“Dixie,” 94, 99–101 94, 99–101
Dixie to Broadway, 240, 247
Dixon, Ivan, 228, 377
Dixwell Players, 515
Do the Right Thing, 354
Doctor Dope, 193, 197
Doctor of Alcantara, The, 178
Dodson, Owen, 269, 270, 307, 337, 341, 356, 382, 390, 403, 410, 428, 531
at Atlanta University, 260, 261
at Howard University, 265, 266
Doesticks, Q. K. Philander (Mortimer Thomson), 48–49
Don Caesar de Bazin, 82
Don Juan, 28, 32, 35
Don’t Bother Me, I Can’t Cope, 382, 402
Don’t Judge by Appearances, 234–236
Don’t Play Us Cheap, 421
Don’t Start Me to Talking or I’ll Tell Everything I Know: Sayings from the Life of Junebug Jabbo Jones, 399
Don’t You Want to Be Free?, 312, 358
Donavin, L. H., 75
Dorrie Miller, 337
Dorsch Center, 289
Dotson, Josie, 410
Dotson, Zerita, 470, 544
Dougherty, Romeo L., 236, 241
Douglas, 27
Douglas, Marion, 260
Douglass Theatre, 243, 514
Douglass, C. H., 206
Douglass, Frederick, 16, 21, 54, 87, 137, 498 (see also Black America; Fred Douglass Leaves For Freedom; Fred Douglass’s Reception; In Splendid Error), 16, 21, 54, 87, 137, 498
Douglass, Joseph H., 139
Dove, Rita, 450, 472
Dowling, Eddie, 341
Down Among the Cypress, 118
Downs, Maria C., 202–203, 234
Dr. Herb’s Prescription, 247
Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, 204, 518
Drama Critics Circle Award, 454
Drama Desk Awards, 379, 382, 392, 396, 398, 408, 418, 419, 421, 443, 461
Drama of King Shotaway, The, 22, 29, 35
Drama Review, The, 393, 486
Dramatists Guild of America, 351, 352, 361, 374, 475
Dream on Monkey Mountain, 288–289, 538
Dreamgirls, 540
Dred, 65
Drewette, T., 128
drill teams, 117, 120, 126, 500, 503
Drinking Gourd, The, 378
Drucker, Frances, 364
drumming, 118, 386, 490, 502
Drums and Colours, 288
Drums of Haiti, 185
Drury Lane Theatre, 41, 44, 133, 495
Drury Musical Arts Club, 180
Drury, Theodore, 139, 179–180
Dry August, The, 369
Du Bois, Shirley Graham, 321–322, 528
Du Bois, W. E. B., 58, 188, 216, 218, 222–223, 253, 257, 261, 322, 350
on the purpose of theatre, 217, 220
Star of Ethiopia, The, 201–202, 261, 322
Duchess of Malfi, The, 345
Dudley, Sherman H., 142, 173, 206, 208, 244
Dudley, Susan B., 258
Duke of Iron (Cecil Anderson), 279
Dumas Company, Louisville, KY, 86
Dumas Dramatic Club, St. Louis, MO, 86
Dumas Players, Cleveland, OH, 86, 226–228 (see also Karamu House; Gilpin Players), 86, 226–228
Dumas, Alexandre (père), 49, 86, 226
Dunbar Amusement Corporation, 242–243
Dunbar Players, 205, 225
Dunbar Theatre, 207, 233, 242–243, 244, 519
Dunbar, Paul Laurence, 89, 138, 188, 261, 308, 370, 445, 507
collaborations with Will Marion Cook, 150, 155, 168–169
depicted in plays, 450, 529
Dunbar, Rudolph, 278
Dunbar-Nelson, Alice, 188–189
Duncan, Todd, 343
Dunham Dancers, 279, 337
Dunham, Katherine, 279, 282, 319, 342, 368, 387
Dunmore, Robert, 319
Duplex, The, 392
Durkee, J. Stanley, 261
Dust to Earth, 322
Dutchman, 388, 389, 535
Dutton, Charles, 454
Dvorak, Antonin, 154
Dyer, Sammy, 325
Early to Bed, 280
Earth and Stars, 338
East Indian Princess, The, 83
East River Players, 413
East Texas Hot Links, 471
East Turner Hall, 140
Easton, Hosea, 126
Easton, Sidney, 527
Easton, William Edgar, 88, 138, 139, 199–211 (see also Christophe: A Tragedy in Prose of Imperial Haiti; Dessalines), 88, 138, 139, 199–211
Ebony Showcase Theatre (EST), 372–373, 535
Eddie, Nelson, 122
Eden, 292
Eden Theatrical Workshop, 272
Edgecombe, David, 305, 306
Edison Theatre, 382
Edmonds, Sheppard Randolph, 16, 90, 221, 222, 262, 263–264, 338, 513, 514, 515
educational theatre, 5, 218
in 1960s–1970s, 414–416
Edward, Harry F. V., 307, 317
Edwards, Gus, 292, 396
Edwards, James, 359, 372
Edwards, Jodie “Butterbeans” and Susie Hawthorne (see Butterbeans and Susie)
Egan, Pierce, 34
El Hajj Malik: The Dramatic Life and Death of Malcolm X, 410
Elder, Lonne III, 377, 418
Eldridge, Billy, 146
Electra, 283
Electronic Nigger, The, 392, 538
Elijah’s Ravens, 322
Elite Amusement Corporation, 233, 242
Elks Community Theatre, 362, 385, 534
Ella B. Moore Theatre, 514
Ellington, Duke, 230, 244, 251, 314, 344, 531
Ellis, Evelyn, 204, 230, 339, 521
Ellis, Ken, 470
ELT (see Equity Library Theatre)
Em-Fuehrer Jones, 311
Emmett, Dan, 94, 99–101
Emmy Awards, 355, 365
Emperor Jones, The (O’Neill), 175, 182, 226–228, 229, 253, 311, 346, 353, 516
Emperor Jones, The (Gruenberg), 182, 203, 517
Emperor of Haiti, 311
Empire Theatre, London, 164
Empire Theatre, Philadelphia, PA, 76
end-men, 94, 115
English, black (see dialect)
Ensemble Theatre of Houston, 468, 544
Equity Library Theatre (ELT), 344
Equus, 401
Ernie Martin Theatre, 295
Errol, Leon, 173, 509
Erskin, Chester, 237
Erwin, Goldie, 229
Escape, or, A Leap for Freedom, The, 21, 50–51, 221
Esputa, J., 178
Espy, Walter, 76, 497
Essence of [Old] Virginia (see Virginia Essence)
EST (see Ebony Showcase Theatre)
ETA Creative Arts Foundation, 474
Eternal Magdaline, The, 205
Ethel Barrymore Theatre, 219, 419
Ethiopia at the Bar of Justice, 89, 261
Ethiopian Art Players, 217
Ethiopian Art Theatre, 514
Ethiopian Youth Workshop, 410
Ethnic Bacchanal, 306
Eubie! 251, 421
Euell, Julian, 390
Eugene O’Neill Theater Center Playwrights Conference, 269, 285, 288, 291, 297, 300, 454, 455
Europe, James, 155, 249, 309
Evadne, or, The Statue, 68
Evans, Estelle, 534
Evans, Lillian (Evanti, Lillian), 181
Evans, Louise, 422
Evans, Robert, 176
Evanti (Evans), Lillian, 181
Evening with Dunbar, An, 529
Everett, Ronald McKinley (Maulana Karenga), 391, 392
Every Step I Take, 447
Everybody Join Hands, 337
Everyman, 528
Ewing, Kay, 324, 325–326
Exit, An Illusion, 223
Expansion Arts, 385, 412, 417–418, 430, 437 (see also National Endowment for the Arts), 385, 412, 417–418, 430, 437
Experience, or How to Give a Northern Man Backbone, 50
Experimental Death Unit #1, 390
F. S. Walcott Carnival Corporation, 130
Faison, George, 379, 452
Fake Friends, 466
Fall of Magdala; or, The Death of King Theodore, The, 65
Fallen Angel and the Devil Concubine, 301
Falls, Gregory A., 463
family dramas, 369–370, 418–420 (see also Raisin in the Sun, A; Amen Corner, The), 369–370, 418–420
Family, The, 538
Famous Colored Players, 211
Far Harbour, 280
Far-famed Original Georgias, 114, 115
Farini, A., 178
Fashion, 501
Fast and Furious, 219
Fauset, Jessie Redmond, 216, 226, 239, 247, 249, 253
Faust, 179, 180
Fawcett, John, 27, 32
Fax, Mark, 382
Federal Theatre Company, 288
Federal Theatre Project (FTP), 237, 312, 314, 315–334, 350, 358
Birmingham unit, 331
Chicago unit, 319–326
Harlem unit, 316–319, 348, 518
Los Angeles unit, 329–330
Newark unit, 330–331
scholarship on, 333, 485
Seattle unit, 326
Feibleman, Peter, 378
female impersonators (see cross-dressing)
Feminine Justice, 303
feminist movement, 222, 433
Feminist theatre, 435
Fences, 454
Ferenz, George, 291
Ferrer, José, 338, 347
Ferrer, Mel, 338
FESTAC (Second World Black African Festival of Art and Culture), 387, 414
Festival of Community and Street Theatre, 402
festivals, black arts, 387, 414, 451–453 (see also Black Theatre Festival USA, New York City; National Black Arts Festival, Atlanta, GA; National Black Theatre Festival, Winston-Salem, NC), 387, 414, 451–453
Fichandler, Zelda, 462
fiddle, 103
Field, Al G., 145
Fields, W. C., 174
Fierce Love: Stories from Black Gay Life, 437
Fifty-Fifth Street Theatre, 397
film, competing with live theatre, 195, 198, 205
mixed with live performance, 231
mixed-race casting in, 532
finances, 356, 397, 406, 430–431
Berkeley Black Repertory, 470
Billie Holiday Theatre, 405
Black Arts/West, 412
Black Theatre Alliance, 270, 406
black theatres in Dallas, 468
Crossroads Theatre, 457, 476, 477, 545
debated at National Black Theatre Summit, 456
Ebony Showcase Theatre, 373
ETA Creative Arts Foundation, 474
Eubie! 421
Free Southern Theatre, 398, 399
Freedom Theatre, 478
HBCU drama programs, 268
Joseph Papp Public Theater, 442
Oakland Ensemble, 470
Penumbra Theatre, 472, 545
Plowshares Theatre Company, 471
Raisin in the Sun, A, 535
Roundabout Theatre Company, 543
Urban Circuit productions, 466, 467
Wiz, The, 421
Fine Arts Theatre, 138
Finian’s Rainbow, 344, 345
Finley, T. S., 206
Fire, 237
Firehouse Repertory Theatre, 392
Fires in the Mirror, 443
First Breeze of Summer, 475
First One, The, 218
First World Festival of Negro Arts, 387
Fisher, Rudolph, 317, 520
Fisherman, The, 533
Fisk Jubilee Singers (University Singers, Centennialites), 56, 113, 127, 137, 182, 211, 381, 497
Fitzgerald, Ella, 231, 517
Five Alabama Blind Boys, 383
Five on the Blackhand Side, 419, 479
Flagg, Ann, 381
Flaherty, Stephen, 304
Flanagan, Hallie, 315, 317, 327, 528
Fletcher, Allen, 464
Fletcher, Dusty, 231
Fletcher, Tom, 113, 154, 534
Fletcher, Winona Lee, 267, 270
Florence, 338, 360, 361, 413
Florida Agricultural and Mechanical College, 90, 266
Flowers, Mamie, 144, 196
Fly Blackbird, 270, 345, 380, 402
Flyin’ West, 447
Flying Dutchman, 11, 389 (see also Dutchman), 11, 389
Fog Drifts in the Spring, 294, 298
Folies Bergère, 249
folk plays, 221, 226, 311, 332
at churches, 234, 381
in educational theatre, 261, 262 (see also Chip Woman’s Fortune, The; Heaven Bound; In Abraham’s Bosom; Run, Little Chillun; You Mus’ Be Bo’n Ag’ in), 261, 262
Follies (see Ziegfeld Follies)
Folly Theatre, 159
Fontana, Kevin, 466
Fool’s Errand, The, 223, 234
Fool, The, 234
for black boys who have considered homicide when the streets were too much, 427
for colored girls who have considered suicide/when the rainbow is enuf, 400, 425–427, 434
Forbes-Harvey, Leonie, 303
Force Continuum, 449
Ford Foundation, 404
Arena Theatre, Washington, DC, 462
Crossroads Theatre, 474, 476
Freedom Theatre, 478
National Black Theatre Summit, 458
Negro Ensemble Company, 395, 406
New Group Theatre, 464
New Lafayette Theatre, 393, 406
Ford, Benjamin J., 78, 79, 80, 82
Ford, Robert E., 85
Ford-Smith, Honor, 301
Forde, Gladys, 523
Forde, J. Hugo, 363
Foreman, Richard, 445
Forest Theatre, 277
Forrest, Edwin, 36, 478, 495
Forsyne Hubbard, Ida, 131, 155, 190
Fortress of Sorrento, 27
Forty Thieves, The, 36
Forty-First Street Theatre, 280
Forward the Heart, 345
Foster, Frances, 219, 362, 534, 536
Foster, Gloria, 395, 424
Foster, Stephen, 94, 101, 115
Foster, William, 195, 198
Four Harmony Kings, 245
Four Revolutionary Plays, 453
Four Saints in Three Acts, 345, 367, 530
Francisco, Slinger (Mighty Sparrow), 298
Frank Silvera Writers’ Workshop (FSWW), 407–408
Frank, Tom, 539
Franklin, Alice, 80, 81, 83, 86
Franklin Hall, 107–108
Franklin, J. e., 393, 400, 404, 418
Frazier, Clifford, 399
Fred Douglass Leaves for Freedom, 533
Fred Douglass’s Reception, 196
Frederick Douglass Center, Chicago, IL, 191
Frederick Douglass Center, New York City, 400, 537
Frederick Douglass House for Writers, Los Angeles, CA, 537
Frederick Douglass, 533
Free Southern Theatre, 397–399, 534, 536
Free Street Theatre, 418
free-slaves, 18–20
freedmen, 18
Freedmen’s Bureau, 63, 255–256
Freedom the Banner, 337
Freedom Theatre, 457–458, 477–479, 542, 545
Freeman Grand Opera Company, 183
Freeman, Al, 372
Freeman, Brian, 437
Freeman, Carlotta, 184, 203, 512
Freeman, George, 75
Freeman, H. Lawrence, 183–184, 192, 194, 197
Freeman, Morgan, 383, 420, 424
Freeman, Valdo, 183
freemen, 18 (see free-slaves), 18
Freiberg’s Opera House, 90, 179
Freight, 356
French, Arthur, 219, 424, 536
Friar’s Club, 446
Frohman, Charles and Gustave, 113, 503
Frolic Theatre, 235
From Dover to Dixie, 247
From the Mississippi Delta, 450
FST (see Free Southern Theatre)
FSWW (see Frank Silvera Writers’ Workshop)
FTP (see Federal Theatre Project)
Fucking A, 444, 541
Fugard, Athol, 295, 379, 393, 468, 518
Fugitive Slave Act (1850), 51, 52, 61
Fuller, Charles, 396, 452
Fuller, Meta Vaux Warrick, 422
funding (see finances)
Funny Business, 300
Funnyhouse of a Negro, 388, 514, 522
Furlow, Henry, 310
Furman, Roger, 357, 362, 385, 533, 534, 537
Gaiety Theatre, Boston, MA, 73
Gaiety Theatre, Washington, DC, 243
Gaines, Harris B. Jr., 359
Gaines, Reg E., 439
Gaines, Sonny Jim, 219
Gaines-Shelton, Ruth Ada, 223, 225
gangs, depicted in plays, 263, 379, 420
Gangsters over Harlem, 263
Ganja and Hess, 404
Ganze, William (Willis), 128
Garden of Time, 356
Garden Theatre, 213
Garrett, Shelly, 466
Garrick Theatre, 278
Garvey, Amy Ashwood, 278, 279, 523
Garvey, Marcus, 89, 299, 523
depicted in plays, 291, 322, 518
Garza, Michael, 471
Gassner, John, 269, 349, 366
Gates, Henry Louis Jr., 444, 465
gay theatre (see homosexuality in theatre)
Gayle, Addison, 428
Gee, Lottie, 245
Geffen Playhouse, 18
Gender Bending, 540
Gene Frankel Theatre, 293
General Education Board, 258, 262
Generation, The, 292
Gentleman Caller, 391
George Street Playhouse, 475
George Washington Bullion, 209
Georgia in minstrel group names, 110
Georgia, 49, 156
Georgia Champion Minstrels, 98
Georgia Colored Minstrels, 112
Georgia Graduate Students, 131
Georgia Minstrels, 107, 112, 118, 122, 128, 196
Georgia Slave Brothers, 109
Georgia Slave Troupe, 108
Gershwin Theatre, Brooklyn College, 293
Gershwin, George, 252
Gerster, Etelka, 180
Getchell, E. S., 72–73
Getty Institute, 459
Ghetto Arts Program, 402
Ghosts (Ibsen), 534
Ghosts: Live from Galilee (White), 291
Gibson Theatre, 236, 242–243
Gibson, John Trusty, 207, 242–243
Gibson, P[atricia] J[oann], 404
Gilbert, Lou, 319
Gilbert, Mercedes, 370, 541
Gillespie, Arthur, 192
Gilliam, Ted, 410
Gilpin Players, 86, 219, 228, 311, 343, 516, 528 (see also Dumas Players; Karamu House), 86, 219, 228, 311, 343, 516, 528
Gilpin, Charles, 193, 203, 204, 252, 314, 512
in Emperor Jones, 175, 213, 226–228, 516
Gio, the Tyrian Armorer, 83
gioube (dance), 98
Girard Theatre, 159
Girl at the Fort, The, 202
Girlfriends, 435
Girofle Girofla, 179
Gladiator, The, 52, 83
Glanville, Maxwell, 292, 356, 359, 362, 363, 533, 534
Glass Menagerie, The, 410
Gleason, Jackie, 230
Globe Theatre, 514
Glover, Savion, 439, 500
Go Tell It on the Mountain, 292
Goat Alley, 230
God’s Trombones, 309, 382
Godspell, 384
Goin’ a Buffalo, 392
Gold Bug, The, 164
Gold Through the Trees, 361
Goldberg, Whoopi, 446, 467
Golden Pond (see National Black Theatre Summit)
Golden State Theatre, 134
Gomes, Carlos, 178
Gomez, Tommy, 344
Gonzales, Anita, 540
Good Little Bad Girl, The, 233
Goodman Theatre, Chicago, IL, 289, 304, 331, 358, 457, 478
Goodwin Theatre, Hartford, CT, 298
Gordon, Elizabeth, 523
Gordone, Charles, 420
Gorham, Helene, 89
Gorham, Louise, 475
Gorilla, My Love, 433
Gospel at Colonus, The, 383
Gospel Glow, The, 382, 536
gospel plays, 381–384
on Urban Circuit, 466, 467, 468 (see also Black Nativity; Tambourines to Glory), 466, 467, 468
Goss, Margaret, 319
Gossett, Louis Jr., 355, 369, 377, 542
Graduate Theatre Company, 301
Grady, Lottie, 193, 198
Graham Du Bois, Shirley, 321–322, 528
Graham, Martha, 282, 387
Graham, Pearl M., 495
Graham, Shirley, 323, 331
Grambling State University, 268, 502
Grammy Awards, 355, 382
Grand Colored Minstrel Carnival, 124
Grand Creole and Colored Opera Company, 178
Grand Opera House, Indianapolis, IN, 72–73
Grand Opera House, London, 162
Grand Opera House, New York City, 159
Grand Opera House, Seattle, WA, 76
Grand Theatre, 190, 205, 208, 514
Grandel Square Theatre, 473
Granny Maumee, 213
Grant, Micki, 372, 382, 402
Grant, Rupert (Lord Invader), 275, 523
Grant, Ulysses S., depicted in theatre, 143
Grant, William H. III, 423
grants, see finances
Gray Panthers, 404
Gray-Zacsck, Olga, 515
Great Cuba Pageant of 1898, The, 200–201
Great Day, 332
Great Getting’ Up Mornin’, 381
Great Goodness of Life (A Coon Show), 391
Great MacDaddy, 538
Great Northern Theatre, 324
Greaves, William, 344, 356, 534
Green Goddess, The, 344
Green Pastures, The, 237, 258, 308–310, 342, 367, 381, 521
Green, Doe Doe, 235
Green, Eddie, 249, 277
Green, J. Ed., 135, 191, 194, 195, 196–198, 506
Green, Paul, 226, 229, 240, 252, 321, 338, 528
Green, Stanley, 350
Greener Pastures, 210
Greenfield, Elizabeth Taylor (Black Swan), 177–178
Greenidge, Gertrude, 404
Greenwich Mews Theatre, 17, 364–366, 379, 402
Gregory, Andre, 410
Gregory, Dick, 387, 388, 517
Gregory, Montgomery, 59, 217
Grezzoli, Hector, 251
Gribble, Henry Wagstaff, 352, 533
Griffin, Charles, 534
Griffith, D. W., 220
Grimké, Angelina Weld, 220, 222
Grocery Store, 360
Groundwork Theatre Company, 301
Group, The (see New Group Theatre)
Growing Pains, 370
Growling Tiger, 275
guerrilla theatre, 417
Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner, 355
Guest of Honor, A, 184
Guevara, Ché, depicted in Ché, 290, 389
guilds (see unions)
Guillaume, Robert, 228, 379
Guinn, Dorothy C., 261
Gunn, Bill, 366, 369, 393, 404, 537
Gunn, Moses, 272, 395, 536
Gupton, Eric, 437
Gusman Center for the Performing Arts, 300, 302
Gussow, Mel, 429, 462
Guthrie Theater, 324, 457, 472
Guy Mannering, 43
Guy, Rosa, 304
HADLEY Players, 386
Hague Minstrels, 120
Hague, Samuel, 110, 111, 112
Hairston, William, 366, 379
Hairy Ape, The, 229, 346, 446
Haiti, 488
dance, 368–369
revolution, 14, 16, 25–36, 96
revolution dramatized, 24, 317, 318 (see also Dessalines, Jean-Jacques; Christophe, Henri), 24, 317, 318
Haiti (DuBois), 317
Half-Way Tree Brown, 293
Hall, Adelaide, 245, 246, 248, 282
Hall, Dolores, 382
Hall Johnson Choir, 309, 342, 381
Hall, Juanita, 281, 310, 345, 371
Hall, Tony, 298, 306
Hall, Vivian, 350
Hallam, Lewis, 274, 495
Ham, the Accursed, 85
Hamilton’s Celebrated Colored Quadrille Band, 112
Hamlet, 43, 64, 65, 89, 269, 353
Hamlin, Larry Leon, 452–453
Hammerstein, Oscar, 162, 517
Hammerstein, Oscar II, 342
Hammerstein’s Victoria Theatre of Varieties, 131, 172
Hampton Hotel, 29
Hampton Institute, 257, 260
Hand Is on the Gate, A, 283, 394, 395
Handman, Wynn, 462
Handy, W. C., 118, 119, 120, 184
Hansberry, Lorraine, 271, 369, 376–378, 380, 401, 422
Hapgood, Emilie, 213
happenings, 432
Happy Journey, 409
harassment, of black players by whites, 31, 32, 131
of Robeson for political views, 183 (see also police harassment; violence), 183
Harburg, E. Y., 281, 344
Hare, Julia and Nathan, 427
Harlem, 237–239, 518
Harlem Cavalcade, 532
Harlem Children’s Theatre Company (HCTC), 413
Harlem Community Center for the Arts, 378
Harlem Cultural Center, 297
Harlem Experimental Theatre Group (HET), 226, 533
Harlem Night Birds, 278
Harlem Opera House, 231, 511, 517
Harlem Performance Center, 426
Harlem Renaissance, 215, 252–254, 485 (see also chapter, 7) 215, 252–254, 485
Harlem School of the Arts, 296
Harlem Showcase Theatre, 362, 363
Harlem Unit, Federal Theatre Project, 316–319
Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited (see HARYOU)
Harling, Frank, 182
Harmonie Park Playhouse and Actors Lab, 471
Harmston’s Circus (Harriston’s Circus), 127
Harper Sisters, 75
Harper, Ken, 421
Harper, Leonard, 233, 351
Harriet (1943), 532
Harriet Tubman (Miller, 1935) 17
Harriet’s Return (Meadows, 1998) 17
Harris, Bill, 537
Harris, Henrietta, 393
Harris, Joel Chandler, 102
Harris, Neil, 393
Harris, Vivian, 231
Harrison, Paul Carter, 396
Harrison, Richard B., 228, 235, 236, 258, 269, 308
Harrison, Stafford (Ashani), 294, 301
Harriston’s Circus (Harmston’s Circus), 127
Hart’s Colored Minstrels, 113
Hart, Cynthia, 545
Hart, Moss, 283, 524
Harvey, Georgette, 521
HARYOU (Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited), 384–386, 390
Hasty Heart, The, 532
Hasty Pudding Theatre, 290
Hatch, James V., 23, 270, 380, 490
Hatch–Billops Collection, 441
Hatcher, Emma (Ogarita Honrodez), 84
Hausam, Wiley, 252
Havelin’s Theatre, 196
Haverly minstrel company, 102, 113, 114, 122, 124, 125, 503
brass band, 117, 122
sample contract, 503, 519
Haverly Theatre, 124
Hawkins, George, 468, 544
Hawthorne, Susie (see Butterbeans and Susie)
Hay, Samuel A., 269, 459
Hayes, Roland, 181–182, 381
Haymarket Theatre, 22, 35
Haynes, Betty, 532
Haynes, Hilda, 244, 365, 533, 534
HBCUs, 256, 269 (see also chapter, 8) 256, 269
HCTC (see Harlem Children’s Theatre Company)
He Say, She Say, But What Does God Say?, 466, 468
Hearts in Dixie, 329
Heath, Gordon, 339, 533
Heaven, 526
Heaven Bound, 310, 381
heckling (see harassment)
Hedgerow, 228–229, 527
Height, Bob, 111, 112
Heiman, Marcus, 341
Hell’s Half Acre, 348
Hello Out There, 409
Hemings, Sally, 12–13
Hemsley, Estelle, 244, 534
Hemsley, Sherman, 402
Henderson Taylor, Vivian, 337
Henderson, L. D. “Slim,”, 192 192
Henderson, Luther, 251
Henderson, Martin, 86
Henri Christophe (Easton, 1912) 88, 89
Henri Christophe (Hammersmith, 1945) 533
Henri Christophe (Walcott, 1950) 284, 288
Henry Lincoln Johnson Elks Lodge, Harlem, 355
Henry Street Settlement House, 295, 339, 400, 426, 450
Henry, John, depicted in theatre, 328, 356, 529
Henry, Lew, 156
Henry, Patrick, 12
Herbert, Victor, 164
Hermann, Alexander, 121–122
Hernandez, Juano, 338
Herndon Jones, Angelo, depicted in plays, 516
Herndon, Adrienne McNeil, 257, 258
Herr Ascher’s Transatlantic Military Band, 143
Hewlett, James, 26, 29, 35, 36–40, 47, 68, 104, 177, 274, 484
Hewlett at Home, 32, 36
imitating other actors, 32, 36, 99
modeling self after Edmund Kean, 29, 56–59, 60
operatic productions, 30, 177
Hewlett, Paul Molyneaux, 64, 66–67
Hey, Hey!, 278
Heyward, Dorothy, 252
Heyward, Du Bose, 252, 266, 314
Heywood, Donald, 276–278
Hicks, Charles “Barney,”, 103, 108–112, 114–115, 124, 125–127, 503 103, 108–112, 114–115, 124, 125–127, 503
Higgins, Billy, 190
Higginson, Vy, 384
Higglers, 302
Highway No. 1, USA, 185
Hildreth, Richard, 495
Hill, Abram, 313, 331, 348–353, 355, 356, 532
Hill, Errol G., 5, 269, 284–285, 289, 459, 524
Hill, Hattie E., 79, 80
Hill, J. Newton, 348
Hill, Ruby, 343
Hill, Viola, 325
Himes, Ron, 473
Hines brothers, 251
Hines, Earl, 244
Hines, Florence, 129, 145
hip-hop, 431–433, 439, 539
Hippodrome Theatre, 181
Hippolyte, Kendel, 306
His Honor the Barber, 129, 166
historical black colleges and universities (see HBCUs)
Hits, Bits and Skits, 351
Hittite Empire, 434
Hoch, Danny, 539
Hogan’s African American Minstrels, 504
Hogan, Ernest, 76, 119, 132, 149, 152, 155, 187, 203
biography, 130–132
coon songs, 141, 142
King of Coon Town, 140
Hogan, Louise, 131
Holder, Geoffrey, 281, 306, 368, 379, 380, 423
Holder, Laurence, 220
Holiday, Billie, depicted in theatre, 542
Holland’s Big Minstrel Festival, 129
Holland, Endesha Ida Mae, 450
Holly, Ellen, 284, 395, 424
Holmes, Buddy, 532
Holmes, Shirlen, 438
Holt, Stella, 364, 402
Home, 306, 405
Home is the Hunter, 344, 356
Home of the Brave, 532
Home, John, 27
Homecoming, 415, 453
Homer G. and the Rhapsodies in the Fall of Detroit, 438
homophobia, 359, 390, 437, 438
homosexuality in theatre, 233, 372, 436–438
Honeymoon, The, 77
Honrodez, Ogarita (Emma Hatcher), 84
Hoo-doo Magician (Carl Dante), 121, 504
Hoofers’ Club, 371
Hooks, Robert, 395
Hopkins, Arthur, 314
Hopkins, Harry, 329
Hopkins, Linda, 251
Hopkins, Pauline, 73
Horne, Lena, 230, 244, 281, 282, 342, 343, 368
hornpipe dances, 35, 36
Horticultural Hall, 178
Horton, Lanie, 229
Hoskins, Sheldon B., 363, 534
Hospice, 541
Hot Chocolates, 248–249, 251
Hot Mikado, The, 325–326, 386
Hot Time in Dixie, A, 118
Hotel Cristobel, 526
Hotel Theresa, 371
“Hottest Coon in Dixie,”, 141 141
Houdini, Wilmoth, 275
House Arrest, 444
House of Connelly, The, 314
House of Flowers, 281, 368, 524
House Un-American Activities Committee, 333, 360 (see also McCarthyism), 333, 360
Houseman, John, 314, 316, 317, 338, 518
Houston Grand Opera, 184
How Come?, 245
How Do You Do, 389, 392
How Shall I Go Up to My Father?, 258
How Stella Got Her Groove Back (film), 467
Howard Players, 217, 218, 258, 266, 329, 341 (see also Howard University), 217, 218, 258, 266, 329, 341
Howard Theatre, Boston, MA, 92
Howard Theatre, Washington, DC, 205, 207, 243–244, 517, 519
Howard University, 218, 257, 260, 266, 269, 329, 341, 382, 390, 415, 419 (see also Howard Players), 218, 257, 260, 266, 269, 329, 341, 382, 390, 415, 419
Howard, Bruce, 341
Howell, William Dean, 261
Hubbard, Ida Forsyne (see Forsyne Hubbard, Ida)
Hudgins, Billy, 249
Hudgins, Johnny, 231, 248
Hudson Theatre, 235
Hudson, Fred, 400
Huey Newton, 470
Huey, Richard, 229
Hughes, Attrus, 120
Hughes, Langston, 185, 215, 233, 307, 309, 349, 358, 533
biography, 310–314
and Carl Van Vechten, 520
collaboration with Zora Neale Hurston, 219
gospel musicals, 382
at Karamu House, 228
poems, 319, 370
political theatre, 357–359
satirical skits, 526
Humpty Dumpty, 160
Hunn, Ben, 156–157
Hunter, Alberta, 247, 531
Hunter, Eddie, 202
Hunter, Mary, 279
Hurston, Zora Neale, 218–220, 237, 513, 514
depicted in theatre, 542
Hurtig and Seaman’s Music Hall, 194
Husband, The, 194
Hyatt, Charles, 303
Hyers (S. B.) Comedy Company, 75
Hyers Sisters (Anna Madah and Emma Louise), 68, 75, 76, 122, 125, 152, 180, 211
biography, 70–77
Hyers, May (Mary C. Reynolds), 75
Hyers, Samuel B., 70, 75
Hyman, Earle, 283, 353–354, 368, 424, 462, 532
in Shakespeare, 371, 424
Hymn to the Rising Sun, 321, 528
Hypolytus, 345
I Am a Man, 471
I Don’t Want to Bathe, 526
I Gotta Home, 322
I, Marcus Garvey (and the Captivity of Babylon), 291
IATSE (see International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees)
Icarus Looking Back, 434
ICCC (see Inner City Cultural Center)
Iceman Cometh, The, 345, 532
Idle Head, The, 517
Ifatui, Songodina, 474
Igwu, Catherine, 431
Il Guarany, 178, 179
Il Trovatore, 178, 179
Iman, Yusef, 391
Imitations of Life, 526
Imperial Theatre, 282
Importance of Being Earnest, The, 460
In Abraham’s Bosom, 229, 236, 314, 327, 332, 527
In Dahomey, 76, 104–105, 155, 168–169, 202, 236, 349, 502
In New England Winter, 392
In Sorrow’s Room, 537
In Splendid Error, 17, 365
In the Blood, 444, 541
In the Jungles, 150
In the Wine Time, 392
In White America, 397
In Zululand, 155, 193
Inca empire, dramatization of overthrow, 5
Infants of Spring, 237
Ingomar, the Barbarian, 82, 84, 87
Ingram, Milroy, 373
Ingram, Rex, 277, 342, 343, 368, 532
Inner City Cultural Center (ICCC), 410–411, 423, 431, 440, 461
Innocents, The, 280
Institutional Radio Choir of Brooklyn, 383
Institute on the Arts and Civic Dialogue, 444, 541
integration, 243, 268, 336, 338, 359, 360, 397 (see also casting, mixed-race; audiences, mixed), 243, 268, 336, 338, 359, 360, 397
Integration Showcase, 1959 268
International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees (IATSE), 423
International Stage Handlers and Theatrical Employees Union, 207
International Theatre, 279
interracial casting (see casting, mixed-race)
interracial romance, 378
Ion (Euripides), 69
Ione (Walcott), 288
Ira Aldridge Theatre, 416
Ira Aldridge Troupe, 107–108
Irish, 438
audiences at black minstrel shows, 108
influence on art theatre movement among Blacks in US, 216
influence on minstrelsy, 93–94, 101, 103, 122
IRT Loft Theatre, 298
Irvine, Weldon, 405
Irwin, May, 142, 505
Is She a Lady in the Underworld?, 139
Isham, John W., 76, 146 (see also Octoroons, The), 76, 146
Isham, Will, 147
Island, The, 379
It’s Midnight Over Newark, 331
Ito, Genji, 291
J. D. Steels Singers, 383
Jack, Sam T., 91, 92, 133, 146, 156
Jackson, Angela, 426
Jackson, C. Bernard, 270, 380, 410–411, 423, 431, 461
Jackson, James A., 206, 207, 240, 241, 350
Jackson, Joe, 327
Jackson, Josephine, 382
Jackson, Leonard, 219
Jackson, Marsha A., 452
Jackson, Samuel, 405, 542
Jackson, Will, 528
Jahn, Jahnheiz, 387
Jamaica, 281–282, 368, 423
James Weldon Johnson Theatre Arts Center, 413
James, C. L. R., 24–36
James, Ethel, 192
James, Florence, 327
James, Burton, 327
Japanese Tommy (Thomas Dilward), 112, 120
Jar the Floor, 450
Jarboro, Caterina (Catherine Yarborough), 181, 245, 337
Jarmulowsky, Meyer, 204
Jarrett and Palmer’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin Company, 103
jaw bone (musical instrument), 500
Jazz Acting Technique, 401
jazz aesthetic, 448
Jean and Dinah, 298, 306
Jeannette, Gertrude, 343, 363, 385, 532, 536
Jeb, 354, 532
Jefferson, Margo, 458
Jefferson, Miles, 279, 280, 281, 366, 367, 534
Jefferson, Thomas, 12–13
Jeffersons, The, 266
Jelliffe, Rowena and Russell, 226, 311
Jelly’s Last Jam, 442, 540
Jenkins, Wesley, 159, 161
Jeremiah the Magnificent, 518
Jerico-Jim Crow, 366, 382
Jessye, Eva, 336
Jesus Christ Superstar, 384
Jett, Ruth, 360, 362, 533
jig (dance), 93, 94, 98
jigaboo, 98
Jim Crow, 96–97, 99
Jim Dandy, 99, 104–105, 164
Jitney, 455, 472, 476, 543, 545
Job Hunters, 307
Joe Turner’s Come and Gone, 456
John Street Theatre, 495
John, Errol, 284
John, Ronald, 295
Johnny Belinda, 352
Johnson Choir, 309, 342, 381
Johnson, Billy, 149–150, 156–158, 507
Johnson, Charles, 92, 211
Johnson, Charles S. (ed. Opportunity), 218
Johnson, Georgia Douglas, 221, 514, 533
Johnson, Gus, 414
Johnson, Hall, 182, 308, 309 (see also Hall Johnson Choir), 182, 308, 309
Johnson, Jack, 230
Johnson, James P., 312, 351, 358
Johnson, James Weldon, 158, 186, 187, 216, 253, 309, 507
collaboration with R. Johnson and Cole, 158, 160
Johnson, John Rosamond, 23, 128, 132, 162, 187
as a performer, 146, 159, 160, 162, 527
collaboration with J. W. Johnson and Cole, 128, 158–162
Johnson, Lew, 109, 111, 115–117 (see also Lew Johnson minstrel company), 109, 111, 115–117
Johnson, Momadu, 317
Jokers, 300
Jolson, Al, 235
Jomandi Theatre, 452, 542
Jonah and the Wonder Dog, 272
Jonah man, 164, 175
Jones, Angelo Herndon, depicted in plays, 516
Jones, Bill T., 434
Jones, Billie, 239
Jones, Christina, 540
Jones, David P., 148, 506
Jones, Duane, 404
Jones, George, 111
Jones, Gwen (Aduke Aremu), 413
Jones, James Earl, 284, 395, 424, 454, 542
Jones, LeRoi (see Baraka, Amiri)
Jones, Lula Byrd, 310
Jones, Margo, 339
Jones, Martin, 313
Jones, Matilda S. (see Jones, Sissieretta)
Jones, Oliver, 7
Jones, Rhett, 415
Jones, Rhodessa, 433–434
Jones, Robert Earl, 219, 338, 533
Jones, Sissieretta (Black Patti, Matilda Joyner, Matilda S. Jones), 118, 121–122, 128, 147–150, 180, 381, 506
Jones, Tisch, 493, 494, 515
jook joints, 240, 519
Joplin, Scott, 119, 184
Jordan, Joe, 155, 191, 192, 194, 197, 511
Joseph Papp Public Theater, 285, 291, 389, 426, 437, 444
George C. Wolfe, 411, 441, 442, 462 (see also Papp, Joseph; Wolfe, George C.), 411, 441, 442, 462
Josie’s Cabaret and Juice Joint, 438
Jourdan, William Rapp, 237, 239, 518
Jourmand, or, A Comedy Until the Last Minute, 288
Journey Through Babylon, 294
Journey, The, 296
Joy Exceeding Glory, 527
Joy to My Soul, 311
Joyner, Matilda (see Jones, Sissieretta)
Juba (see Lane, William Henry)
juba dancing, 98
Jubilee Minstrels (Callender’s), 113
Jubilee Players, 544
jubilee singers, 55, 56, 78, 113–114
jubilee songs, 211, 498
jubilees, 91
Judson Poets’ Theater, 285, 288
Julius Caesar, 27, 36, 89, 258, 424
Junebug Productions, 399
Just a Little Simple, 360
Just Us Theatre, 541, 542
Just, Ernest, 258
Justice, 344
Kandel, Karen, 463
Karamu Theatre, 226, 228, 311, 322, 343, 381, 516 (see also Dumas Players; Gilpin Players), 226, 228, 311, 322, 343, 381, 516
Karenga, Maulana (Ronald McKinley Everett), 391, 392
Karson, Nat, 317, 325, 529
Kaufman, George S., 524
Kazan, Elia, 339, 347
Kean, Charles, 44
Kean, Edmund, 26, 29, 31, 38, 41, 44, 464
Keith circuit, 230, 231, 241
Keith’s Fifth Avenue Theatre, 162
Kelley, Bob A., 196
Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, 271, 272, 382, 447, 545
Kennedy, Adrienne, 388–389, 434, 438, 461, 514, 515, 522
Kentucky Jubilee Singers, 113
Kersands’ Colored Minstrels, 125
Kersands, Billy, 73, 99, 112, 117, 124–125, 147
Khan, Otto, 236
Khan, Ricardo, 450, 475, 476, 477, 539, 545
Kicks and Company, 380
Kid Millions, 520
King and Bush Wide-Mouth Minstrels, 208
King and I, The, 345
King Hedley II, 456
King Laughmakers, 112
King Lear, 43, 395, 424
King of Coon Town, 140
King Rastus, 147
King, Billy, 189, 208, 527
King, Christina, 540
King, Martin Luther Jr., 244, 381
King, Wallace, 70, 122, 128
King, Woodie Jr., 391, 393, 399–400, 407, 418, 421, 426, 466
Kirkpatrick, Sidney, 514
Kirnon’s Kingdom, 526
Kismet, 306
Kiss in the Dark, A, 78
Kitt, Eartha, 279, 352, 369, 380
Klaw and Erlanger, 157, 158, 160
Knight, Ginger, 302
Knowles, Sheridan, 69–70
Koster and Bial’s Music Hall, 164
Koster, John, 508
Krayton (Kraton), Harry, 120
KRIGWA (Crisis Guild of Writers and Artists) Players Little Negro Theatre, 222–223, 226, 515
Krone, Gerald, 395
Kuntu Repertory Theatre, 415, 453, 469
Kuumba Community Theatre (Kuumba Workshop), 413
Kykundor, 317
L’Africaine, 148, 180, 181
L’Africaine Dramatic Association, 77
L. M. Bayless Dramatic Company, 115
La Chapelle, Carol, 289
La Divina Pastora, 523
La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club, 285, 291, 299, 434, 461
La Traviata, 181
Lace Petticoat, The, 370
LaChiusa, Michael John, 251
Ladue, John S., 78, 81, 86
Lady Day, A Musical Tragedy, 542
Lady of Lyons, The, 64, 78, 83, 89
Lafayette Players, 233, 236, 237, 242–243, 244, 329, 519
dissolution, 205, 514
ex-members join Ethiopian Art Players, 217, 514
history, 204–206 (see also Anita Bush Stock Company; Lafayette Theatre), 204–206
Lafayette Theatre, compared with Pekin Theatre, Chicago, 205–206
history, 204, 207, 242
productions, 155, 183, 190, 203, 204, 205, 228, 276, 278, 518
Lakmé 181
Lamb, Arthur Clifton, 523, 527
Lament for Rastafari, 291
Lancaster, Pope (Pope L), 433
Land Beyond the River, A, 366
Land of Cotton and Other Plays, 263
Land of Opportunity, 258
Lane, William Henry (Juba), 98–99
Langston (Colored) Amateur Association, 68
Langston Dramatic Company, 69
Langston Hughes Theatre, 537
Langston, Tony, 239
languages, African, 7, 21, 398, 501
Larkins, Jolly John, 150
LaRue, A. K., 148
Lascelles, Kendrew, 301
Last Night on Earth, 434
Last Poets, The, 387, 536, 539
Last Street Play, The (later The Mighty Gents), 420
Late Christopher Bean, The, 533
Lateef, (Sister) Lubaba, 405
Latimer, Armithine, 229
Laundromat, 466
Laveau, Albert, 289
Lavere, Marie, 79
Lawes, Carol, 301
Lawrence, Jacob (painter), 360
Lawson, Christyne, 282
Lawson, John Howard, 278
League of New York Theatres, 374
League of Resident Theatres (LORT), 456, 457, 470, 476, 478
Leaks, Sylvester, 533
Lear, 463
LeBlanc, Whitney, 228
LeCompte, Elizabeth, 445
Lederer, George, 164, 199
Lee Strasberg Creative Center, 296
Lee, Bob, 246
Lee, Canada, 317, 324, 338, 339, 345, 527, 531, 532
Lee, Easton, 296
Lee, Eugene, 7, 471
Lee, Leslie, 475, 476
Lee, Letitia, 199
Lee, Spike, 446, 458, 519, 542 (see Bamboozled), 446, 458, 519, 542
Legend of Lily Overstreet, The, 433
LeMaire, George, 175
LeNoire, Rosetta, 366, 386, 534
Lenox Casino, 139, 199–211
Leon, Kenny, 447, 542
Les Blancs, 377
Les Femmes Noires, 291
lesbian theatre (see homosexuality in theatre)
Leslie, Lew, 240, 247, 248, 277
Leslie, Marcia L., 451
Leslie, Robert E., 477
LeTang, Henry, 251
Levee Land, 184
Levy, Murray, 398
Levy, Robert, 204, 205, 242
Lew Johnson minstrel company, 109, 112, 116, 132
Lewis Hallam’s Company of Comedians, 274
Lewis, Barbara, 421, 424
Lewis, Henry, 138
Lewis, J. (of Belroy Ethiopian Troupe), 109
Lewis, Jerry, 231
Lewis, Joan, 270
Lewis, Robert, 281, 283
Lewis, Theophilus, 207, 225, 236, 238, 240–241, 246, 247, 513, 519
Lexington Avenue Opera House, 81
Leyba, Claire, 350, 533
Liberated Woman, A, 299
Liberation of Mother Goose, The, 413
Liberty Deferred (documentary, formerly One Tenth of a Nation), 331, 532
Licensing Act (see Theatre Licensing Act of 1737)
Life Agony, 399
Life and Times of J. Walter Smintheus, The, 291
Life of Stephen Foster, The, 331
Life Situations, 436
Life We Live, The, 359
Lifeboat (film), 345
Light in the Southern Sky (television play), 345
Lightfoot, Benjamin, 80
lighting, 423, 538
Limon, Jose, 279
Lincoln Center, New York City, 219, 392, 406, 437, 457
Lincoln Center Neighborhood Theatre, New York City, 295
Lincoln Center settlement house, Chicago, IL, 319
Lincoln Memorial, 185
Lincoln Theatre, Los Angeles, CA, 205, 514
Lincoln Theatre, Norfolk, VA, 514
Lincoln Theatre, New York City, 129, 234, 236, 349
Lincoln University, 256, 266–267
Lincoln, Abraham, 61, 62
depicted in Black America, 143
Lindsay, Powell, 244, 324, 349
Lipstick, 435
literacy, Blacks ridiculed on stage, 104, 501
legalized after Civil War, 63, 255
of performers, 125, 131
statistics for Blacks, 214, 498, 522
withheld from slaves, 16, 23
Literary and Dramatic Club of Cincinnati, 83
Little Black Sambo, 331
Little Mountain Fairies, 83
Little Stone House, The, 226
Little Theatre Movement, 223, 234, 240, 305, 515
amateur groups, 225
effect on educational theatre, 261
history, 216
as political forum, 311, 348
theatre profiles, 225–230, 357–359
women, 222–226 (see community theatres; KRIGWA), 222–226
Little, Dick, 111
Little, Vernell A., 415
Livin’ Fat, 419
Living Newspaper plays, 326, 331
Livingston College, 256
Lizette, 84
Locke, Alain LeRoy, 217–218, 236
in little theatre movement, 216
on folk plays, 261
on The Green Pastures, 309
on the purpose of theatre, 217, 220
on Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 59
Lockett, Andrea, 13
Lofton, Lee, 13
Logan, Johnny, 309
Lomax, Michael, 452
Long Day’s Journey into Night, 353, 403
Long Dream, The, 378, 536
Long Way from Home, A, 356
Long, Avon, 138, 230, 251, 278, 279, 421, 534
Longacre Theatre, 283, 353, 377
Lord Beginner (Egbert Moore), 275
Lord Invader (Rupert Grant), 275, 523
Lorraine Hansberry Playwriting Award, 271
Lorraine Hansberry Theater, 433, 438, 447, 469, 470, 481
LORT (see League of Resident Theatres)
Los Angeles Actors Theatre, 293
Los Angeles Black Repertory Company, 427
Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle Award, 410
Los Angeles Federal Theatre Project, 329–330
Los Angeles Theatre, 71, 117
Lost in the Stars, 343, 363, 372, 402, 536
Louis Theatre, 413
Louisiana Colored Troupe, 78
Louisiana Purchase, 371
Love Lies, 297
Lovell, John Jr., 523
Lubaba (Lateef), Sister, 405
Luca, John, 70
Lucas, Carrie, 145
Lucas, Robert, 533
Lucas, Sam, 91, 112, 113, 125, 141, 145, 159, 161
in Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 56, 73
with Hyers Sisters, 71, 73, 77
Lucky Coon, A, 165
Lucky Sam from Alabam’, 150, 274
Lunceford, Jimmy, 244
Lunt-Fontanne Theatre, 384
Lusitanian Bogey, The, 396
Lyceum Theatre, Cleveland, OH, 76
Lyceum Theatre, London, 45
Lyceum Theatre, Minneapolis, MN, 200
Lyle, Willie, 73
Lyles, Aubrey, 194, 198, 203, 244, 246, 511, 519
lynching, 186–188, 200
plays about, 220, 221–222, 223, 541
statistics, 1882–1927 221
Lyon, Carr, 102
Lyric Hall, 79, 80, 83, 310
Lysistrata, 328, 345, 530, 532
M. B. Curtis’ Afro-American Minstrels, 76, 131
Ma Lou’s Daughters, 404
Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom, 269, 415, 453
Mabley, Moms (Loreta Mary Aiken), 129, 387, 388
Mabou Mines, 433, 463
MacAndrew, Wordsworth, 295
Macbeth, 27, 43, 48–49, 64, 65, 69–70, 81, 86, 258, 332, 460, 462
Harlem FTP “Voodoo” version, 317, 386, 518, 528
Macbeth, Robert, 385, 393
MacDermot, Galt, 289
Mack, Bob, 124
Mack, Cecil, 319
MacRae, Charles, 534
Madame Sapphirra, 503
Maddox, Gladys D., 523
Madero, Rita, 295
Madison Square Garden, 148, 154, 531
Madison Street Theatre, 89
magicians, black, 503, 531 (see Dante, Carl), 503, 531
Maguire’s Opera House, 69, 70
Maguire, Thomas, 70
Mahal, Taj (musician), 219
Mahara’s Minstrels, 118, 119–120
Mahara, Jack, 119
Mahara, William, 120
Mahone, Sydné, 476
Majestic Theatre, New York City, 161, 162, 169, 171, 374, 379
Majestic Theatre, Washington, DC, 159
makeup for black performers, 265–266, 422, 538 (see blackface; whiteface), 265–266, 422, 538
Malcochon, or, The Six in the Rain, 285, 288
Malcolm X (see X, Malcolm)
Malcolm X (play by Wilson), 545
male impersonators (see cross-dressing)
Mallory Brothers, 92, 147
Malone, Mike, 417
Mama Stringbean (see Waters, Ethel)
Mama, I Want to Sing, 384
Mamba’s Daughters, 208, 266, 319, 329, 341, 422
Mamoulian, Rouben, 343
Man Better Man, 285, 524
Man from ’Bam, The, 192, 511
Man from Baltimore, The, 203
Man Who Died, The, 332
managers, white (of black companies), 110, 111, 157, 206–207, 246, 316, 507
Mandela, Winnie, depicted in Every Step I Take, 447
Manigault, Kenneth, 350
Mann, Emily, 475
Manning, Sam, 275, 278–279
Marble, Scott, 75
March, Joseph Moncure, 252
Marchant, Claude, 279
marching bands, 117, 502 (see brass bands, drill teams), 117, 502
Marcus in the High Grass, 366
Marcus, a Story of the South, 139
Margo Jones Theatre, 468
Maria, 220
Marie Laveau, 289
Marigny Theatre, 47, 493
Marilyn, 305
Marini’s Hall, Washington, DC, 87
Marion, George Jr., 280
Mark Taper Forum, 288, 289, 443, 457, 465
Markham, Dewey “Pigmeat,”, 130, 231, 337, 445 130, 231, 337, 445
Marquis Theatre, 290
Married for Money, 86
Marriott, Frank, 228
Marriott, John, 345
Marriott, Louis, 300
Mars, Louise (Louise A. Smith), 83
Marshall, Matt, 198
Marshall, William, 17, 343, 344, 365, 371
Marshall, Wyzeman, 66
Martell, Henry, 135
Martin Beck Theatre, 283, 343
Martin, Belle, 80
Martin, Dean, 231
Martin, Helen, 527, 533
Martin, Sharon S., 536
Martyr, The, 183
Martyre du Coeur, Le, 49
Mason, Clifford, 293
Mason, Evelyn, 235
Mason, Judi Ann, 272, 419
Mason, Keith Antar, 427, 434
Masquerade, 295
Master Builder, The, 353
Master Harold . . . and the Boys, 379
Matchmaker, The, 379
Matheus, John, 222, 514
Mathews, Charles, 86, 499
Mathieu, E. V., 47
Matthews, Inez, 343
Matthews, Roger, 245
Matura, Mustapha, 303–304, 305
Maxine Elliott Theatre, 330
Mayan Theatre, 330
Maybe Someday, 533
Mayfair Theatre, 282
Mayfield, Julian, 343, 362, 534
Maynor, Dorothy, 337
Mayor of Dixie, The, 193, 244
McAdoo minstrel company, 128
McAdoo, Orpheus Myron, 127–128, 132
McBride, William, 319
McCabe and Young’s Minstrels, 118–119, 120, 154
McCarthyism, 333, 347–348, 359, 360, 364, 376
James, Florence and Burton, 329
Lee, Canada, 346
Robeson, Paul, 348
McCauley, Robbie, 434, 472, 540
McClain, Billy, 92, 130, 131, 132–134, 135, 136, 144, 145, 152
McClain, Cordelia, 92, 132, 135, 144
McClendon, George, 278
McClendon, Rose, 213, 228, 229, 236, 252, 313–314, 316, 521
depicted by Vinie Burrows, 449
McClintock, Ernie, 401, 406
McCoo, Edward J., 89, 261
McCormack, John, 122
McCoy, Carol, 225
McCree Theatre, 430
McCullough, John, 81
McDaniels, Hattie, 358
McDonald, Wayne, 297
McGhee-Anderson, Kathleen, 450
McGhie, Grace, 303
McIntosh, Hattie, 92, 118, 149, 508
McIntosh, Tom, 92, 112, 118, 128, 149
McIntyre, Diane, 219
McIver, Raphael, 260
McKayle, Donald, 360, 374, 378
McKinley Square Players, 534
McKinley, William, 188
McKinney, Nina Mae, 371
McMillan, Terry, 467
McNeil, Claudia, 364, 377
McQueen, Butterfly, 342
McVey, Sam, 132
Meadow Brook Theatre, 471
Meadows, Karen Jones, 17
Medal for Willie, A, 345, 362
Medea Project, 433–434
Meek Mose, 236–237, 316 (see also Brother Mose), 236–237, 316
Meet Miss Jones, 356
Meetings, 304
Member of the Wedding, The, 208, 345
membership-based theatres (see subscriptions)
Memphis Bound, 532
Memphis Students Company, 131, 155
Men to the Sea, 345
Mencken, H. L., 252
Mercer, Johnny, 343
Merchant of Venice, 43, 64, 65, 257
Mercury Theatre, 338
Mermaid Wakes, The, 305
Merrick, David, 379, 423
Merrick, Walter, 275
Merritt, Theresa, 454
Message from Aloes, 468
Messel, Oliver, 524
Messiah, 180
meter, multiple, in African music, 490
Metro Theatre, Los Angeles, CA, 372
Metropolitan Opera Company, 148, 185, 360, 517
Metropolitan Opera House, St. Paul, MN, 200
Metropolitan Theatre, Sacramento, CA, 70
Metropolitan Theatre, San Francisco, CA, 69
Meyerowitz, Jan, 313
Michael Erle, the Maniac Lover, 68–70
Middle Passage, 7
dramatized, 7, 390
Midnight Hour, The, 537
Midsummer Night’s Dream, A, 103, 410
Mighty Gents, The, 420
Mighty Sparrow (Slinger Francisco), 298
migrants, black, 222, 226, 231, 240, 513
Mikado (see Swing Mikado, The)
Milestones of the Race, The, 201, 261
militant theatre, 225, 268, 377, 380, 387, 389–394, 421
military productions, 114, 336–337, 502
Miller, Flournoy E., 194, 198, 203, 244, 246, 511, 519
Miller, Gerald, 181
Miller, Henry (director), 253
Miller, May, 17, 222, 261, 514
Mills, Florence, 230, 245, 247–248, 366
Mills, Jerry, 136
Mills, Stephanie, 379
Milner, Ronald, 391, 393, 400, 414, 418, 537
Concept East Theatre, 399, 537
Who’s Got His Own, 393, 418, 518
Mind of Danielle Edwards, The, 283
Mine Eyes Have Seen, 188–189
Minstrel Show (R. G. Davis, 1968) 412
Minstrel Show or The Lynching of William Brown (Sparber, 1999) 541
Minstrel Show, The (Byrd, 1991) 436
minstrelsy, 67, 101, 107, 117, 134
authenticity, claims of, 21, 99–101, 102–103, 107
blackface, 91, 92, 96–97, 274
cross-dressing, 105–107
dialect, 104, 108, 112, 501
format of shows, 91, 94–95
in the 1990s, 445–447
Irish influence on, 93–94, 101
life on tour, 118–119, 125
musical instruments, 101–103
revived in Shuffle Along, 245
scholarship, 484
white and black troupes compared, 110, 123
women in, 95, 105–107 (see blackface), 95, 105–107
Minturn, Harry, 323, 324, 325
miscegenation, 222, 313, 318, 526
Misery in Bohemia, 139
Mitchell Cook, Abbie, 131, 155, 161, 190, 193, 204, 229, 244, 260, 339, 508, 531, 534
Mitchell, Edward R., 341
Mitchell, Gloria, 407
Mitchell, Lionel, 425
Mitchell, Loften, 270, 282, 362, 366, 382, 527
Mittelholzer, Edgar, 283–284
Mixed Blood Theatre Company, 462
mixed-race casting (see casting, mixed-race)
mobile theatre, 417
Mocking Bird Minstrels, 107
Mojo and the Sayso, The, 448
Molette, Barbara, 414, 523, 538
Molette, Carlton, 272, 414, 523, 538
Molineaux, Eloise, 80
Molyneaux (Hewlett), Paul, 64, 66–67
Momma’s Baby, 297
Moms, 388
Monagas, Lionel, 235, 324, 532
Monrose, Cyril, 275
Monster, 414
Montalban, Ricardo, 281
Montgomery, Ed (musician), 540
Montgomery, Reggie (actor), 219, 442
Montgomery, Richard (stage designer), 289
Monumental Theatre Guild and Adam and Eve Production Company, 515
Moon on a Rainbow Shawl, 284, 296
Moon, Marjorie, 401, 405
Moore, Alice Ruth, 450
Moore, Juanita, 372
Moore, Timo, 231, 248
Morehouse College, 184, 259
Morehouse-Spelman Players, 285
Moreland, Mantan, 231, 342, 368
Morell, Peter, 339
Mores, J. Francis, 193, 195, 197, 198
Morgan College, 262
Morgan Smith, Samuel, 64–66
Morganstern, C. W., 204
Morning Noon and Night, 270, 419
Morris, Eileen J., 468, 469, 543
Morris, William, 75
Morrison, M. Wood, 332
Morton, “Jelly Roll,” depicted in Jelly’s Last Jam, 442, 540
Moses, Gilbert, 272, 392, 398, 537
directed Ain’t Supposed to Die a Natural Death (1971), 398, 412, 420
directed Slave Ship (1969), 7, 8, 398
Free Southern Theatre, 397, 536
Moss, Carlton, 317
Moss, Paula, 426
Moten, Etta, 532
Mother Project, The, 476
Motion of History, The, 391
Motley, Genevieve, 180
Motts, Robert T., 128, 191, 194–195, 197, 198
movies, see film
Moxley, R. J., 192
Mozart Hall, 68
Mr. Church, 225
Mr. Johnson, 283, 368
Mr. Lode of Koal, 202
Mr. Wonderful, 368
Mrs. Patterson, 369
MTV (Music Television), 432, 467
Muffet Inna All a We, 301, 525
mulatto, history of the term, 526
Mulatto (play by Hughes), 228, 313–314, 469, 527
Mule Bone, 219
multiethnic casting (see casting, mixed-race)
multiple meter in African music, 490
multiracial casting (see casting, mixed-race)
Mummer’s Play, The, 291
Muntu (book by Jahn), 387
Murdoch, James, 64
Murray, David, 435
Murray, J., 42
Murray, Slade, 127
Murray, William, 244
Muse, Clarence, 204, 329–330, 358, 518
music, African, 23, 101, 322, 490, 500
music, religious (see spirituals)
music, syncopated, 131 (see also ragtime), 131
musical instruments in minstrelsy, 101–103
musical theatre, 244
all-black casts (1940s–1950s), 342, 367 (see also gospel plays; minstrelsy; chapters 4 and, 5) 342, 367
My Children! My Africa!, 295
My Darlin’ Aida, 367
My Friend from Georgia, 132, 155, 193
My Friend from Kentucky, 242
My Love, My Love (novel by Guy, source of Once on This Land), 304
My One Good Nerve, 354
My Sister, My Sister, 421
Myers, Paulene, 219, 344, 370, 534, 541
NAACP (see National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)
Nada (Zuliki), 183
NADSA (see National Association of Dramatic and Speech Arts)
NAG (see Negro Actors Guild)
Nails and Thorns, 222
Nairne, Trevor, 302
Nana Yah, 301
Nashville Students, 73, 497
Nat Turner, 263
Nathan, George Jean, 238
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), 134, 187, 218, 220, 231, 427, 436
National Association of Dramatic and Speech Arts (NADSA), 267, 268, 270, 271, 538
National Black Arts Festival, Atlanta, GA, 436, 448, 451–452, 459, 467
National Black Political Convention (NBPC), 427
National Black Theatre (NBT), 479
National Black Theatre Festival, Winston-Salem, NC, 300, 434, 437, 452–453, 538, 542, 543
National Black Theatre Summit, 456, 467, 468
National Black Touring Circuit (NBTC), 407
National Center of Afro-American Artists, 416
National Colored Players, 225
National Conference on African American Theatre, 538
National Endowment for the Arts (NEA), 375–376, 408, 410, 415, 417, 461, 545
Expansion Arts, 385, 412, 417–418, 430, 437
National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), 375–376
National Little Theatre Tournament, 223
National Negro Opera Company, 181
National Negro Opera Foundation, 533
National Theatre Trust, 299
National Theatre, Albany, NY, 69
National Theatre, New York City, 53
National Vaudeville Artists Association (NVA), 206
Native Americans, 4–5, 15
depicted in Il Guarany, 178 (see Black Caribs), 178
Native Son (play), 338, 370, 377
Natural Born Gambler, A (film), 171
Natural Man, 328, 356
NBAF (see National Black Arts Festival, Atlanta, GA)
NBT (see National Black Theatre)
NBTC (see National Black Touring Circuit)
NBTF (see National Black Theatre Festival, Winston-Salem, NC)
NCBRC (see North Carolina Black Repertory Company)
NEA (see National Endowment for the Arts)
Neal, Larry, 393, 421, 428
NEC (see Negro Ensemble Company)
Negro Actors Guild (NAG), 315, 342, 422
Negro American Ballet, 514
Negro Arts Players (see Elks Community Theatre)
Negro Ensemble Company (NEC), 285, 431, 542
company members, 423, 536
compared with ANT, 350
compared with Crossroads, 474
history, 395–397
name criticized during the 1960s, 396
produced few plays by women, 396
productions, 285, 289, 292, 293, 297, 298, 300, 365, 418, 450, 452, 541
Negro History in Thirteen Plays (anthology), 261
Negro Intercollegiate Dramatic Association (NIDA), 262–263, 268, 416
Negro People’s Theatre (NPT), 319, 326, 359
Negro Players (Famous Colored Players, Pioneer Negro Amusement Company), 211
Negro Playwrights Company (NPC), 324, 348, 349
Negro Repertory Company (NRC), 327
Negro Theater Spotlight, 363
Negro, The, 88, 140
NEH (see National Endowment for the Humanities)
Neighborhood Players, Atlantic City, NJ, 515
Neighborhood Playhouse, New York City, 220
Nemiroff, Robert, 271, 377–378, 380
Nesmith, Eugene, 458
Network of Cultural Centers of Color (NCCC), 461
Never Lost a Passenger, the Story of Harriet Tubman, 473
Never No More, 314
Nevis Mountain Dew, 292
New African Company, 414
New Burbank Theatre, 135
New Federal Theatre (NFT), 423, 431
history, 400
productions, 220, 291, 293, 297, 317
New Group Theatre (The Group), 436, 463–464
New Heritage Repertory Theatre, 385, 537
New Jersey State Council on the Arts, 476, 477, 545
New Lafayette Theatre (NLT), 392, 393–394, 518
New Negro Art Theatre, 225
New Negro Theatre (NNT), 358, 533
New Negro, The (criticism, ed. Locke), 58–59
New Orleans Little Theatre Guild and People’s Community Theatre, 515
New Orleans Theatre, 49
New Park Opera House, 506
New Pekin Theatre, Louisville, KY, 199
New Teacher, The, 534
New Theatre League, 309
New World A-Coming, 531
New York City Opera, 448
New York Drama Critics Circle Award, 376, 392, 538
New York Drama League, 226
New York Shakespeare Festival (NYSF), 285, 289, 395, 418 (see Joseph Papp Public Theater), 285, 289, 395, 418
New York State Council on the Arts (NYSCA), 402, 406, 408, 416, 445, 446
New York Syncopated Orchestra, 155
New York Theatre, 33
Newark Federal Theatre Project, 330–331
Newman, Fred, 12
Newman, Harry, 460
Newton, Huey, depicted by Roger Smith, 470
NFT (see New Federal Theatre)
Niblo’s Garden, 124
Nicholas Brothers, 520
Nicholas, Denise, 475, 536
Nicholas, Harold, 343
NIDA (see Negro Intercollegiate Dramatic Association)
nigger, 392, 446–447
nigger heaven, 172
Nigger Heaven (novel by Van Vechten), 520
night clubs, 230–233
Night Must Fall, 534
Nine O’Clock Follies (see Ziegfeld Follies)
Ninth US Cavalry Band, 133
Nite Box, 526
Nix, William, 326
NLT (see New Lafayette Theatre)
NNT (see New Negro Theatre)
No Colored Girls/No Colored Boys Allowed, 426
No Count Boy, 226
No Place to Be Somebody, 420
No Strings, 378
No Time for Sergeants, 345
No. 81 Theatre, 207
Noah, 327
Noah, Mordecai, 26, 27
Noel, Keith, 303
Nolan, John J., 147, 149, 150, 157
Non-Traditional Casting Project (NTCP), 460–461
nonprofit theatres, 384–386
nontraditional casting (see casting, mixed-race)
Noose, The, 515
Norflett, Linda, 543
Norford, George, 349, 527
Norman, Is That You?, 372
North Ain’t South, 276
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical College, 258, 308
North Carolina Black Repertory Company (NCBRC), 452–453
North Pole Theatre, 242
not-for-profit theatres, 384–386
NPC (see Negro Playwrights Company)
NPT (see Negro People’s Theatre)
NRC (see Negro Repertory Company, Seattle, WA)
NTCP (see Non-Traditional Casting Project)
Nunes, Mizan, 306
NYSCA (see New York State Council on the Arts)
NYSF (see New York Shakespeare Festival)
O’Casey, Sean
O’Connor, John, 333
O’Fake, Peter, 122
O’Neal, Frederick, 354
Actors’ Equity Association, 367, 373, 408, 422
American Negro Theatre, 350, 354, 355
as an actor, 356, 527, 532, 534
O’Neal, John, 393, 399, 536
O’Neal, Ron, 289, 420
O’Neil, Raymond, 217, 514
O’Neill Theater Center (see Eugene O’Neill Theater Center)
O’Neill, Eugene, 175, 252, 266, 319
Oak and Ivy, 450
Oakland Ensemble, Oakland, CA, 469, 470, 544
Oakland Garden, Boston, MA, 73
Obey, André, 327
Obi; or, Three-Finger’d Jack, 27, 28, 32, 35, 42
Obie Awards, Bullins, Ed, 392
Don’t Bother Me, I Can’t Cope, 269, 382
Dream on Monkey Mountain, 289
Dutchman, 388
Fires in the Mirror, 443
First Breeze of Summer, 475
Fly Blackbird, 268, 380
Funnyhouse of a Negro, 388
Imperceptible Mutabilities in the Third Kingdom, 445
Kandel, Karen, 463
Negro Ensemble Company, 396
Non-Traditional Casting Project, 461
Sally’s Rape, 435
Short Eyes, 538
Slave Ship, 398
Taking of Miss Janie, The, 398
Trouble in Mind, 361
Vance, Danitra, 442
Octoroon, The (Boucicault), 115, 204, 527, 544
Octoroons, The (Isham), 76, 118, 146
Odd Couple, The, 372
Odets, Clifford, 312, 379
Ododo, 382
Odyssey, The, 290
Oedipus Rex, 90, 424, 450
Offering, The, 292
Offley, Hilda, 324
Oh Joy, 210
Oklahoma Bear, 533
Ol’ Man Adam an’ His Chillun (book of folklore), 308, 521
Ol’ Man Satan, 277
Ol’ Sis Goose, 414
Olatunji, Babatunde, 387
Old Glory: “Benito Cereno,” The, 395
Old Man Pete, 222, 513
Old Man’s Boy, The, 213
Old Phantoms, 292
Old Rep (see Repertory Playhouse, Seattle, WA)
Old Story Time, 300
Olden, Charles, 514
olio, 91, 95, 145
Oliver Scott Company, 196
Olympian Players, 515
On Strivers’ Row, 349, 351, 354
On the Road: A Search for American Identity, 540
On the Town, 532
On Whitman Avenue, 339
Once on This Land, 304
One Arm, 461
One for the Money, 279
One Mo’ Time, 251
One Size Fits All, 432
One Tenth of a Nation, see Liberty Deferred
One Way to Heaven, 229, 517
One Woman Theatre, 370
Onstage: A Century of African American Stage Design (exhibition), 422
Open Door, The, 332
opera, Barrier, The (adaptation of Mulatto), 313
black USO unit, 337
comic, 155, 164, 277
companies, 178–180
composers, 183–185
crossover artists, 180
Emperor Jones, The (Gruenberg), 182, 517
Far Harbour, 280
Ghosts: Live from Galilee, 291
Never Lost a Passenger, the Story of Harriet Tubman, 473
Organizer, A Blues Opera in One Act, De, 312, 358
romantic roles unavailable to black men, 371
soloists, female, 177–178, 180–181, 185
soloists, male, 181
X: The Life and Times of Malcolm X, 448 (see Clorindy, or The Origin of the Cakewalk; Hyers Sisters; In Dahomey; Jones, Sissieretta; Padlock, The; Poor Soldier, The; Porgy and Bess; Urlina, the African Princess), 448
Opera Company of Philadelphia, 253
Opportunity (magazine), 218, 514
Oregon Shakespeare Festival, 450, 463
Orfeo in a Night World, 292
Organizer, A Blues Opera in One Act, De, 312, 358
Oriental America, 146–147
Original Black Patti Musical Comedy Company (see Black Patti Musical Comedy Company)
Original Georgia Minstrels, 109
Oroonoko, 42, 64
Orpheus McAdoo’s Jubilee Singers and Concert Company, 132
Othello, African Theatre, 27, 29, 40
Aldridge, Ira, 22, 42, 43
Arneaux, John A., 79, 80, 81
Hyman, Earle, 353
Jones, James Earl, 424
only quality role for black men, 229, 371
Robeson, Paul, 346, 347
Smith, Samuel Morgan, 64, 65
use of blackface in, 96
Other Foot, The, 362
Oubre, Juanita, 270
Our Lan’, 63, 339, 345, 413
Our Old Kentucky Home, 88, 139
Our Town, 259–261, 461
Out of Bondage, 71, 75, 76, 125
Out of the Dark, 261
Out of the Wilderness, 71
Outward Bound, 534
Over the Footlights, 203
Over the Top, 189
Overton, Ada (see Walker, Aida Overton)
Owl Answers, The, 388, 522
Owl Killer, The, 418
Owsley, Tim, 506
Oxford Playhouse Company, England, 304
OyamO, 393, 471
Oyewele, Abiodun, 387, 426
Oyster Man, The, 131, 195, 203, 213
Pa Williams’ Gal, 236
Pack of Jokers, A, 300
Padlock, The, 43–44, 495
pageants, 133, 136, 140, 288, 332, 358, 382, 528, 531
at HBCUs, 201, 259, 261
overview, 199–202
PAH (see Pomo Afro Homos)
Pair of Spectacles, A, 157
Palace Theatre, New York City, 145, 184
Palace Theatre, Sydney, Australia, 128
Panama Amusement Company, 247
Panda, 84
Pankey, Aubrey, 337
Pankey, Theodore, 161
Pantomime, 289
pantomimes, 35, 96, 133, 171, 175, 495
Panyared, 331
Papa Never Done Nothing–Much, 534
Papp, Joseph, 285, 424–425, 426, 515, 524
Pappyshow and Monkeyshines, 297
Paradise, 441
Park Theatre, Hannibal, MO, 140
Park Theatre, Indianapolis, IN, 159
Park Theatre, New York City, 27, 29, 30
Parker, Leonard, 228
Parks, Suzan-Lori, 444–445, 541
Parson Dewdrop’s Bride, 225
Part-time Lover, 302
PASLA (see Performing Arts Society of Los Angeles)
Past Is Past, The, 419
Patch of Blue (film), 532
patent theatres, 22, 41, 44–45, 133, 155, 495
Patterson, Louise, 312
Patti, Adelina, as source of Sissieretta Jones’ nickname, 121–122, 148
Patton, Lynda, 414
Paul Robeson Theatre, 294, 297
Paul, Dorothy, 527
Pawley, Thomas, 266–267, 269, 270
Payne, Major Ben, 136
Payton, Lew, 528
Peacemaker, The, 356
Pecong, 526
Peculiar Sam; or, The Underground Railroad, 73, 497
Pekin Company, 194
Pekin Theatre, Chicago, IL, 140, 155, 166, 191, 193, 195, 197, 199, 228, 247, 511
compared with Lafayette Theatre, 205–206
history, 191–198
Pekin Theatre, Savannah, GA, 241
Pekin Theatres, others named after Chicago theatre, 199
Peluso, Tom, 277
Pendy, John, 77
Péné, Xavier, 137
Penny, Rob, 415, 453
Penthouse Theatre, 362, 534
Penumbra Theatre, 363, 471–473, 542, 545
People’s Theatre, 362
Perfection in Black, 537
performance art, 431–435, 443–444, 539
Performing Arts Society of Los Angeles (PASLA), 411
Perkins, Alberta, 532
Perkins, Francis, 523
Perkins, Kathy A., 422
Perrin, Syd, 278
Perry, Shauneille, 272, 341, 407, 418
Pershing Theatre, 514
Peter and Wendy, 463
Peterson, Dorothy, 226
Peterson, Louis, 344, 369
Philadelphia Story, The, 460
Phillips, Caryl, 305
Phoenix Theatre, 304, 525
Piano Lesson, The, 454, 473
Pierce, Will A., 148
Pierson, Lewis, 119
Pine, Les, 360
Piñero, Miguel, 538
Pink Slip, The, 175–176
Pioneer Negro Amusement Company, 211
Piscator, Erwin, 349, 355
Pizarro, 27, 30, 36, 37, 38, 41, 69, 85
plagiarism (see copying)
Plantation Minstrel Slave Troupe, 116
Plantation Revue, 247, 248
Plato, Desseria (Broadley), 179
Platt’s Hall, 69
Play Mas, 304, 526
Playboy of the West Indies, 304
Players Club, 59
Playwright’s Horizons, 441
Playwrights Company, 343
“Playwrights in Dark Glasses,”, 428 428
Playwrights Workshop, New Federal Theatre, 448
Plowshares Theatre Company, 471
Plumes, 332
Poag, Thomas E., 523
Poitier, Sidney, 244, 354–355, 356, 359, 371, 377, 486, 532
Poli-ticks, 302
police harassment, of black performers, 32, 48, 132, 290, 389
of black theatregoers, 47
Policy Players, The, 165
Polk County: A Comedy of Negro Life in a Sawmill Camp with Authentic Negro Music, 219, 514
Pomo Afro Homos (PAH), 437–438
Poor Soldier, The, 30, 177
Pope L[ancaster], 433
population, black, 255, 517
New York City, 1800–1830 26, 103, 499
Seattle, 256, 326
Popwell, Albert, 281
Porgy (novel), 314
Porgy (play), 236, 239, 253, 314
Porgy and Bess (film), 124
Porgy and Bess (opera), 162, 253, 314–315, 332, 336, 367, 527, 532
Porter, Maggie, 470
Portrait of a Lady, 280
Posner, Lee, 277
Pot Luck, 362
Potmaker, The, 223
Potter, Richard, 503
Powell, Adam Clayton, 386
Powers, Bessie, 356
Practical Christianity, 258
Praise the Lord, But Pass the Ammunition, 391
Pratt, John, 325
Prayer Meeting; or, The First Militant Minister, 391, 538
Preer, Evelyn, 204, 205, 247, 514
Premice, Josephine, 279, 281, 282–283, 368, 395, 524
Preminger, Otto, 124, 532
Price, Gilbert, 364
Price, Stephen, 25–26, 29, 30, 31
Primus, Pearl, 279, 368, 387, 531
Princess Theatre, 236
Princess Wee Wee, 211
Pringle’s minstrels, 122, 128, 129, 208
prison, theatre programs, 416–417, 433–434, 538
depicted in plays, 321, 333, 449
Processional, 278
Proctor’s Theatre, 92, 149–150, 164
Proctor, John, 360, 532
Prodigal in Black Stone, 297
Prodigal Son, 366, 402
producers, black (1960s–1970s), 421
white, of Urban Circuit productions, 466
Producing Managers Association, 174
profanity, 387, 390
Provincetown Players, 229, 236, 346
Pryor, Richard, 387, 388, 517
Psychic Pretenders, The (ritual), 394
Public Eye, The, 295
Public Theater (see Joseph Papp Public Theater)
Pudim, Alafia, 387
Pugsley Brothers, 513
Pulitzer Prizes, 420, 423, 431, 454, 458, 524
Puppetplay, 541
Purdy, Claude, 454
Purlie (musical), 378, 381
Purlie Victorious (play), 354, 372, 381, 469, 535
Purple Flower, The, 223, 225
Put and Take, 245, 519
Pythagoras Hall, 77
QPH, 301
Quality Amusement Corporation, 233, 242
Queen of the Jungle, 196
Queens College Theatre, 298
Quintero, Joaquin, 226
Quintero, José, 525
Quiyou, Arlene, 294
R. B. Lewis Company, 115
Rabbit’s Foot Minstrels, 130
RACCA (see Richard Allen Center for Culture and Art)
Rachel, 220, 253, 514, 515
racism against performers, Anderson, Marian, 185
Gilpin, Charles, 226
Robeson, Paul, 182
Williams, Bert, 172, 173, 174 (see also segregation; harassment), 172, 173, 174
radio, 230, 231, 295, 312, 354, 518, 533
ragtime, 130, 131, 134, 141, 142, 211, 215
Rahman, Aishah, 448, 515, 542
Rahn, Muriel, 337, 342–343, 527
Rain, 205, 230, 371
Rainey, Ma, 203
Raisin in the Sun, A, 354, 355, 441, 455, 535
contrasted with other family dramas, 369, 370, 418
history, 376
musical version, 378
RAM (see Revolutionary African Movement)
Rambeau, David, 399
Ramona, 292
Randolph-Wright, Charles, 450, 542
Rang Tang, 248
rap, 438–439, 539
Raphael, Lennox, 290, 389
Rapp Jourdan, William, 237, 239, 518
Rashad, Phylicia, 450, 542
Rat’s Mass, The, 388
Ray, Arthur, 514
Raymond, Melville, 169
Razaf, Andy, 249
Re/Membering Aunt Jemima, 447
Read, Florence, 256
Reading, Samuel, 242
Reardon, William R., 269
Reckord, Barry, 299
Reckord, Lloyd, 299–300, 303
Red Moon, The, 113, 129, 160–161, 162, 166
Redd, Tina, 237, 331, 529
Reddie, Milton, 319
Redman, Jemma, 295
Reed, Ishmael, 438
Refined Colored Minstrels and Electric Brass Band, 116, 117
Regal Theatre, 514
Reggae, 301
Reichold Center for the Arts, 305–306
religion, African, in plays, 7, 294
Christian, in plays, 226, 516 (see also churches; gospel plays; spirituals), 226, 516
Remembrance, 289
Renaissance Theatre, 243
Renard, Ken, 338
Reno, Morris, 149
Repertory Playhouse, Seattle, WA, 327
repertory theatre, 229, 240, 268
Repertory Theatre, Detroit, MI, 462
Requiem for Ah Pan Mastah, 296
Respectful Prostitute, The, 532
Return to Guy’s Hill, 293
Revelations of a Wife: The Naked Truth about Married Life, The, 233
Revenge, The, 64
Revival, A, 479
Revolt of Surinam, or A Slave’s Revenge, The, 42 (see also Oroonoko), 42
revolts (see slave revolts)
Revolution, 294
Revolutionary African Movement (RAM), 390
revues, 246, 276
Rexroth, Kenneth, 392
Reynolds, Mary C. (Mrs. May Hyers), 75
Rhone, Trevor, 300, 305
Rice, Thomas Dartmouth “Daddy”, 97
Rich, Arthur, 229
Rich, Beverly, 416
Richard Allen Center for Culture and Art (RACCA), 401, 403
Richard and Pringle’s Georgia Minstrels (see Pringle’s minstrels)
Richard III, 83, 89
at African Theatre, 21, 22, 30, 40
Aldridge, Ira, 43
Arneaux, John A., 80, 81, 89
Ford, Benjamin, 78, 79
Hewlett, James, 38
popularity with black troupes, 498
Smith, Samuel Morgan, 64, 65
Richards, Beah, 419, 534
Richards, Lloyd, 269, 291, 376, 419, 454–455
Richards, Lorna Prim, 412
Richards, Sandra, 544
Richardson, Jazzlips, 249
Richardson, L. Kenneth, 465, 475
Richardson, Virgil, 350
Richardson, Willis, 216–217, 223, 261, 501, 514, 517
Richelieu, 64, 65, 86
Richen, Neville, 293, 294
Richings, G. F., 139, 505
Rider of Dreams, The, 213
Riders to the Sea, 356
Right Angle Triangle, A, 527
Riley, Clayton, 281, 421
ring-shout (circle dance), 95, 98
Rising of the Tide, The, 65
Rites and Reason Theatre, 219, 415, 541
ritual theatre, 20, 291, 386, 390, 392, 393–394, 413, 434 (see also Slave Ship), 20, 291, 386, 390, 392, 393–394, 413, 434
Rivals, The, 257
River Niger, The, 412, 419
Riverside Shakespeare Company, 306
Roaring Lion (Hubert Charles), 275, 523
Rob Roy, 64
Robbins, Jerome, 190
Robert Herrick, 308
Roberts, N. D., 112
Roberts, Patricia (Amirh Bahati), 294
Robertson Theatre, 419
Robertson, Tom, 85
Robeson, Paul, 25, 155, 182–183, 236, 245, 252, 314, 337, 346–348, 409, 529
Robinson, Beverly, 465
Robinson, Bill “Bojangles,”, 211, 248, 326, 386 211, 248, 326, 386
Robinson, Jackie, 532
Robinson, Vivian, 408
Roboff, Annie, 12
Rockefeller Foundation, 228, 433, 458
Rockefeller, John D., 256
Rockmore, Robert, 310
Rodgers, Richard, 378
Rogers, Alex C., 132, 169, 171, 213, 508
Roker, Roxie, 266, 272
Roll, Sweet Chariot, 332
Rolle, Esther, 421, 534, 536
romance, limited roles for blacks, 245, 371
interracial, 366, 378, 532
Romberg, Sigmund, 509
Romeo and Juliet, 27, 41, 80
Romey and Julie, 319
Roomer, The, 294
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 266, 338, 339, 413
Roots, 398
roots drama, 302–303
Rope, 533
Rope and the Cross, The, 296
Rosalee Pritchett, 414, 538
Roscius, African (see Aldridge, Ira)
Rose McClendon Players, 314, 349, 351, 527
Rose McClendon, Harlem’s Gift to Broadway, 314
Rose, Billy, 342–343, 535
Roseanne, 314, 528
Roselle, Sadie, 78
Rosenbaum, Jean, 537
Rosenthal, Jean, 524
Ross, Diana, 379
Ross, Herbert, 524
Ross, John M., 260, 267
Rosten, Norman, 283
Rough Diamond, The, 86
Roundabout Theatre Company, 450, 542, 543
Route, 1 & 9 445
Roxanne Players, 515
Royal Coburg Theatre, 38, 42, 493
Royal Hunt of the Sun, 5
Royal Oak, 293
Royal Victoria Theatre, 38
royalties, 176, 225, 319
Rucker, John, 145
Rudd, Wayland, 229, 516
Ruffin, George, 179
Rufus Rastus, 113, 131, 192, 203, 213
“Rum ’n’ Coca-Cola” (song), 275, 523
Rum ’n’ Coca-Cola (play), 303
Run, Little Chillun, 310, 329–330, 530, 532
runaway slaves, 15, 16 (see also slave narratives), 15, 16
Runaways, 463
Runnin’ Wild, 245, 246
Rupert, Edwin, 77
Russell, Carlos E., 297
Russell, Charles, 419, 479
Russell, Maude, 324
Russell, Sylvester, 120, 129, 131, 168, 239
Rustin, Bayard, depicted in Civl Sex, 437
S. B. Hyers Colored Musical Comedy Company
S. H. Dudley’s Smart Set Company, 192
SADSA (see Southern Association of Dramatic and Speech Arts)
SAG (see Screen Actors Guild)
Sagar, Lester A., 235
Sager, Charles, 88, 140, 191–192
Saidy, Fred, 281, 344
Salaam, Kalamu ya, 399, 536
salaries (see wages)
Sally, 452
Sally and Tom, 12
Sally’s Rape, 435
Salome, 217
Salsbury, Nate, 133, 142
Same Song, Different Tune, 303
Sampson, John P., 85
Sampson, Mr. O., 69
San Francisco Drama Association, 69
San Francisco Mime Troupe, 417, 437
Sanchez, Sonia, 388, 393
Sanders, Alfred, 17
Sanders, Fetaque, 531
Sanders, Gertrude, 190
Sanders, Leslie, 435, 527
Sandle, Floyd L., 268, 523
Sandler, Joan, 406
Sands, Diana, 364, 377
Sanford, Isabel, 362, 533, 534
Sangoma, 476
Sapphirra, Madame, 503
Saunders, Gertrude, 245, 248
Savage, Archie, 344
Saville Theatre, 280
Sawyer, A. D., 125
Scandals, 246, 247, 520
Scarlet Sister Barry, 311
Scarlet Sister Mary, 311, 519
Schechner, Richard, 393, 398, 479
Schiffman, Frank, 231, 234, 371
Schoenfeld, Bernard, 309
School, 85
School for Scandal, 259–261
Schulberg, Budd, 400, 537
Schultz, Michael, 219, 536
Schuyler, George S., 215, 241, 253
SCLC (see Southern Christian Leadership Conference)
Scott Joplin’s Ragtime Opera Company, 184
Scott, Harold, 475, 477
Scott, Maggie, 179
Scott, Mona, 470
Scott, Oz, 426
Scott, Seret, 398, 421
Scott-Livingston, Xenia, 225
Scottron, Thomas C., 138
Scottsboro Boys, depicted in plays, 291, 312
Scottsboro Limited, 312
Screen Actors Guild (SAG), 465
Sea Rock Children Is Strong Children, 297
Seamon’s Burlesque, 231
Searching Wind, The, 370
Season in the Congo, A, 296
Seattle Metropolitan Theatre, 328
Seattle Repertory Theatre, 464–465
Seattle Unit, Federal Theatre Project, 326
Sebree, Charles, 319, 337, 369, 422
Second World Black African Festival of Art and Culture, 387, 414
segregation, Actors’ Equity strike, National Theatre, Washington, DC, 341
benefits to Blacks, 360
could not be challenged by Birmingham FTP productions, 331
in armed services during World War Two, 335, 337
in housing, subject of On Whitman Avenue, 339
inconvenience to touring black performers, 118, 173, 186
of performers’ unions, 206
of schools, subject of A Land Beyond the River, 366
of theatres, 23, 70, 172, 191, 193, 198, 204, 230, 241, 242, 243, 244, 309, 341, 509, 518
self-, by black theatres, 364, 372, 390, 393
World’s Columbian Exposition, 88
Ziegfeld Follies, 172, 173 (see also casting, mixed-race), 172, 173
Séjour, Victor, 49, 494
Sekondi Players, 225
Seldes, Gilbert, 247
Selika, Marie (Mrs. Sampson Williams), 180
Senegambian Carnival, 165, 167
Sentimental Cannibalism, 436
Sequirra, Doris, 235
Sermon in the Valley, 219
Servitude and Freedom, 79
Set My People Free, 345, 532
Seven Guitars, 468, 478
Seven Slaves from Alabama, 107
Seventy-Fourth Street Theatre, 280
Sexual Illegals, 434
sexuality, boasting, 104–105, 501
forbidden to black actors, 328, 371
Shades and Shadows, 263
Shaffer, Peter, 5, 295
Shaftesbury Theatre, 168
Shakespeare Repertory Troupe, 424–425
Shakespeare, William, at African Theatre, 26, 27, 30
black companies, 514
black actors, 1800s, 64, 65, 87, 89
black actors considered inappropriate, 27, 41, 47, 48–49, 464
black actors, 1960s–1970s, 424–425
bones mentioned in A Midsummer Night’s Dream, 103
comedic renditions, 95, 174
HBCU productions, 257, 266
popularity of works, 29, 82 (see also individual plays), 29, 82
Shame of the Nation, The, 362
Shange, Ntozake, 400, 401, 425–427, 475
Shango, 401
Shango de Ima, 294
Shango Diaspora: An African-American Myth of Womanhood and Love, 426
Shannon, Sandra G., 455, 456
Shapiro, Mel, 289
Shaw, George Bernard, 319
Shaw, Irwin, 326
Shaw, Rudolph, 294, 295
She Would Be a Soldier, 27, 29
Shearer, Sybil, 279
Sheba, 402
Sheely, Viola, 540
Sheil, Richard, 68
Shelter, 435
Shepp, Archie, 8
Sherman, Alfonso, 523
Sherman, Susan, 294
Shield, William, 177
Shinbone Alley, 368
Shine, Ted, 228, 270, 272, 419
Shining Town, The, 307
Shipp, Jesse A., 132, 146, 165, 168–169, 170, 171, 508
Shoo-Fly Regiment, The, 128, 159–160
Short Eyes, 463, 538
Show Boat, 182, 183, 239, 311, 346, 532
Show Off, The, 533
Shubert Company, 170, 325, 509
Shubert Theatre, Cincinnati, OH, 175
Shubert Theatre, New York City, 347, 460
Shubert, J. J., 330
Shuffle Along, 181, 208, 244–245, 309, 336, 367
Shuffle Inn, 233
Sidney, P. J., 324, 344, 527
Siege of Vicksburg, The, 133, 136
Sierra, Rubén, 463
Sign in Sidney Brustein’s Window, The, 296
Signature Theatre Company, 389
Silas Green from New Orleans, 210
Sills, Beverly, 448
Silvera, Frank, 270, 324, 360, 372, 407, 419–420, 421, 424, 538
Silvera, John D., 316, 331, 532
Silzle, Barbara, 545
Simmons, Maude, 344
Simms, Hilda, 351, 356, 408
Simon the Cyrenian, 182, 213
Simon, Paul, 290
Simoncourt, De, 102
Simonds, Ike, 109
Simple (musical), 360
Simple Speaks His Mind (stories by Hughes; source of Just a Little Simple by Childress), 360
Simply Heavenly (play by Hughes), 360, 364, 413
Sinclair, Abiola, 445
Sing, Mahalia, Sing, 384
Singleton, Pat, 405
Sissle, Noble, 245, 246, 315, 336, 531
Sister Lubaba (Lateef), 405
Sister, Sister, 449
Sisterhood of a Spring Night, 298
Sisters, 452
Sistren, 301
Sizwe Bansi Is Dead, 379
Skeleton, 533
Skinner, Otis, 59
Skit: Hip-Hop Drama News, Tha, 432
Skyloft (radio show), 533
Skyloft Theatre, 358–359
Slade, Baby, 337
Slade, Martin, 532
slave narratives, 21, 35, 54, 96
slave revolts, 12, 16, 488, 491, 495
dramatized, 16, 17, 24, 25–36, 143, 298, 317, 318, 365 (see also Haiti, revolution), 16, 17, 24, 25–36, 143, 298, 317, 318, 365
Slave Ship, 7, 390, 398, 400
Slave Troupe, 111
Slave’s Revenge, The, 115
Slave, The (Morton), 64, 65
Slave, The (Baraka), 390
slavery, abolished in England (1807), 14
denounced by Aldridge, 43
laws institutionalizing, 11, 12
Middle Passage, 7
opinions of founding fathers, 12
overview of African trade, 1–2, 489
overview of New World trade, 3–7
slave population (1800–10), 15
US ban (1808), 14, 15
Slavery Days, 136
Sloan, Leni, 94
Slouching Towards Armageddon, 433
Slyde, Jimmy, 251
Small World, A, 304
Small, Charlie, 379
Smallwood’s Great Contraband Minstrels, 109
Smart Set Company, 131, 132
Smart Set, The, 132, 196, 206, 209
Smile Native Smile, 306
Smile Orange, 300, 526
Smith, Anna Deavere (performance artist), 443–444, 457, 540
Smith, Augustus (actor), 339, 344
Smith, Bessie (singer), 203, 231
Smith, Ed (director), 450
Smith, Elwood (actor), 344–345, 362
Smith, Gus (head of Harlem FTP), 317
Smith, Harriet (actor; wife of Samuel Morgan Smith), 65
Smith, Henderson (band leader, cornet player), 75, 128
Smith, Louise A. (playwright), 83
Smith, Mamie (singer), 203
Smith, Mildred Joanne (actor), 228, 345
Smith, Muriel (actor), 342–343, 345
Smith, Richard (cofounder of CET), 399
Smith, Roger (actor), 470
Smith, Samuel Morgan (actor), 64–66
Smith, Vincent D. (playwright), 272
Smith, W. H. (theatre manager), 243
SNCC (see Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)
Snelson, F. G. Jr., 240
soft-shoe dance, 158
Sojourner Truth, depicted in plays, 261, 345, 533
Sojourner Truth, 345, 533
Soldier’s Play, A, 423, 431
Solomon, Neil, 110
Son Come Home, A, 392
Songs of Black Folk, 155
Sons of Ham, The, 165–166, 248
Sophisticated Ladies, 251
Sophocles, 266, 284, 450
Soul Gone Home, 362, 533
South Africa, depicted in plays, 284, 355, 361, 379
South Before the War, The, 133, 135, 181, 196
South in Slavery, The, 140, 505
South Pacific, 345, 354
South Side Center for the Performing Arts (SSCPA), 412
Southern Association of Dramatic and Speech Arts (SADSA), 263, 267, 268, 522, 523
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 436
Southern Consolidated Circuit, 206
Southern Education Foundation, 270
Southern Jubilee Singers, 122
Southern, Eileen, 21–22
Sparber, Max, 541
Spaulding, Helen, 359
Spell #7, 535
Spelman College, 256, 259, 322, 521
Spence, Eulalie, 223, 514, 515, 523
Spencer, Penelope, 298
Spencer, Rhoma, 298
Spirit House, 390
Spirit of Shango Theatre, 400
spirituals, 21–22, 91, 183, 205, 237, 327, 498 (see also gospel plays), 21–22, 91, 183, 205, 237, 327, 498
Springer, Ashton Jr., 421, 429
Spruill, James, 50, 414
Spunk (1989 adaptation of Hurston stories by Wolfe), 219, 442
Spunk (1935 play by Hurston), 220
SSCPA (see South Side Center for the Performing Arts)
St. James Hall, Liverpool, England, 111
St. James Theatre, 338
St. Louis Black Repertory, 473–474
St. Louis Woman, 343, 344
St. Marks Playhouse, 285, 288, 289, 297, 298, 388, 395, 406
St. Martin-in-the-Fields, 284
St. Philip’s Parish House, 226
stage design, integration of unions, 422–423
Stage Door Canteen, 336
stagehands, 207, 423
Standard Amusement Company, 242
Standard Theatre, 207, 242
Stanton, J., 179
Stapleton, Deborah, 477, 545
Star of Ethiopia, The, 201–202, 322
Star Theatre, 514
Starlight, 356
Stars and Bars, 530
Start Theatre, 178
Staton, Joe, 327, 328
Stealing Lightning, 348
Steel, 290
Steele, Shelby, 20–21
Steels, J. D., 383
Stein, Gertrude, 445, 530
Steinhardt, Herschel, 537
Steinway Hall, 70, 80, 148
Stepfather, 302
Stephens, Brooke, 406
Stephenson, Olivier, 293, 294
Stepin Fetchit, 371
Stevedore, 327–328, 333, 344, 346
Stevens, Andrew F., 242
Stewart, Delano, 405, 406, 537
Stewart, Ellen, 461
Stewart, Granville, 138
Stewart, Harrison, 195–196, 198, 213
Stewart, Nick, 371–373
Still a Brother/Inside the Negro Middle Class, 365
Still, William Grant, 184–185
Stillman, Leonard, 374
Stoker, Austin, 281
Stokes, John, 136
Stork Club, 367
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 53–60, 65, 73, 143
Strange Fruit, 338
Strange, R. Henri, 86, 89, 122, 139, 508
Stranger at Home, A, 85
Strasberg, Anna, 296
Strasberg, Lee, 296
Strayhorn, Billy, 344
street theatre, 417–418
Streetcar Named Desire, A, 372, 532
Strictly Matrimony, 285
strikes, 239, 317, 326, 341, 402
strut (dance), 129
Strut Miss Lizzie, 245
Stubbs, Louise, 362
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 389, 397
student theatre (see educational theatre)
Study in Color, A, 400
Sty of the Blind Pig, The, 418
subscription audiences, 351, 358, 407, 457, 476
suffrage, women’s, in plays, 217, 222
Sugar Cane, 236
Sugar Hill, 356
Suitcase Theatre, 312
summer theatre, Atlanta University, 259–261, 285
Lincoln University, 267
Sunday Morning in the South, A, 221
Sunny Morning, A, 226
surrealism, 225, 389, 515
Surrey Theatre, 65
Sutton, Frank, 136
Swados, Elizabeth, 305, 463
Swain, Charles, 344
Sweet Karaila, 295
Sweet River, 59
Sweet Talk, 294, 525
Swing Along, 156
Swing It, 319
Swing Mikado, The, 325–326
Swing, Gates, Swing, 529
Swingin’ the Dream, 371, 388
Symmons, Thomas, 81
Symphony Hall, 332
syncopation, 101, 131, 141, 142
Taft, Charles (Charles Beers)
Taj Mahal (musician), 219
Take a Giant Step, 237, 369–370, 534
Taking of Miss Janie, The, 398, 434
Talbert, David, 466, 467
Talbot, Arthur, 161
Tales of Madame Zora, 542
Talladega College, 267, 521
Talley, Thomas W., 95
Tambelli’s Gate Theatre, 391
Tambourines to Glory, 332, 382, 469
Taming of the Shrew, The, 257
tap dance, 99
Tartuffe, 395, 410, 542
Tate, Greg, 432
Taylor, C. W. (playwright), 65
Taylor, Charles (dancer), 337
Taylor, Clarice (actor), 359, 362, 365, 388, 533, 536
Taylor, Edward (cofounder of BTA), 537
Taylor, George (singer), 179
Taylor, Gordon (author), 520
Taylor, June (dancer), 337
Taylor, Mr. A. C. (pianist), 70
Taylor, Samuel Coleridge, see Coleridge-Taylor, Samuel
Taylor, Tom (playwright), 504
Taylor, Vivian Henderson (conductor), 337
Teachers’ Pledge, The (pageant), 261
Teatro Avante, 543
Technical Theatre Training Program, Norfolk Prison, 416
Teer, Barbara Ann, 459, 479
television, 345, 360, 364, 376, 518, 534
Tell ’em How We Died, 533
Tell Pharaoh, 270, 382
Telson, Bob, 383
Tempest, The, 257, 345, 441
Tennessee Jubilee Concert Company, 86
Terkel, Studs, 319
Terminus, 285
Terrace Theatre, 407
Tha Skit: Hip-Hop Drama News, 432
Theatre Artaud, 432
Theatre Black, 406
Theatre Communications Group, 457, 460, 476
Theatre Company of Boston, 414
Theatre Development Fund, 408
Theatre Four (see NEC)
Theatre Guild, 236, 341
Theatre Licensing Act (1737), 22
Theatre of Being, 407, 419
Theatre of Black Americans, The, 20
Theatre of the Absurd, 388–389, 394, 448
Theatre Owners Booking Association (TOBA), 206, 207, 208, 215, 243, 251
Theatre Royal, Barnstaple, England, 65
Theatre Royal, Brisbane, Australia, 76
theatres, black, quantity, 199, 216
survival strategies, 480–481 (see also individual theatres), 480–481
theatres, first-class, 170, 508, 509
theft of material, see copying
Their Eyes Were Watching God (novel), 219
Thenstead, Adolph, 279
Theodore Drury Opera Company, 179–180
Therese, or, The Orphan of Geneva, 69
They That Sit in Darkness, 222
Thicket-of-Leaves, The, 126
Third Avenue Theatre, 111, 157
This Bird of Dawning Singeth All Night Long, 283
This is the Army, 336
This Way Forward, 363, 385
Thomas, Edna, 204, 338
Thomas, Franklin A., 362, 404
Thompson’s Eighth Street Theatre, 79
Thompson, Garland, 407
Thompson, Jr., George A., 491
Thompson, Lottie (see Williams, Lottie)
Thompson, Sol, 179
Thomson, Mortimer (Q. K. Philander Doesticks), 48–49
Thomson, Virgil, 530
Thorpe, John C., 461
Three Men on a Horse, 372
Three Plays for a Negro Theatre, 213, 216
Three’s a Family, 354, 356
Three-Finger’d Jack (see Obi; or, Three-Finger’d Jack)
Threepenny Opera, 413
Thurman, Wallace, 237–239, 518
Ti Jean and His Brothers, 289, 526
ticket prices, African Theatre, 30
American Negro Theatre, 351, 356
Beauty Shop, 466
Berkeley Black Repertory, 469, 470
Committee for the Negro in the Arts, 360
Cotton Club, 230
Crossroads Theatre, 270, 475
first-class versus second-class theatres, 161, 162, 169, 170, 172, 509
Free Southern Theatre, 398
Gibson and Dunbar Theatres, 243
Harlem, 238
Heaven Bound, 310
L’Africaine Dramatic Association, 78
Maguire’s Opera House, 70
minstrel shows, 95
New Negro Theatre, 358
New World A-Coming, 531
Oakland Ensemble, 470
Pekin Theatre, Savannah, GA, 242
Ticket-of-Leave (Man), 504
Tiger Tiger Burning Bright, 378
Til Victory Is Won, 382
Till, Emmett, subject of Blues for Mister Charlie, 380
Tillie, 295
Timbuktu, 306, 380
Time Out of Time, 293
Tin Top Valley, 354, 356
Tinnin, Alvis, 341
Titus Andronicus, 43, 395
To Be Young, Gifted, and Black: A Portrait of Lorraine Hansberry in Her Own Words, 378
To Live with Hamlet, 295
TOBA (see Theatre Owners Booking Association)
Tobacco Road, 244
Tobias, Channing, 343
Tobin, John, 77
Todd, Mike, 325–326
Toilet, The, 390
Tolson, M. B., 523
Tom and Jerry, or, Life in London, 29, 34–35
Tom Tom, 321–322
Toney, Miss Bertie, 81
Tonight with Belafonte (television program), 355
Tony Awards, 408, 442
Alice, Mary, 454
Beverly, Tarzana, 426
Crossroads Theatre, 476
Dutton, Charles, 454
Fences, 454
Hall, Dolores, 382
Hart, Moss, 524
Jones, J. E., 454
Merritt, Theresa, 454
Negro Ensemble Company, 396
Raisin in the Sun, A (musical), 378
River Niger, The, 419
Wiz, The, 379
Tool, Letitia, 532
Toomer, Jean, 216, 515
Top Dog/Under Dog, 444
Torrence, Ridgeley, 213, 216, 252
Toscanini, Arturo, 185
Tougaloo College, 397, 521
Toussaint L’Ouverture, François Dominique, 488; depicted in Haiti, 318
Toussaint L’Ouverture, 25
Town Hall, 360, 457
Toy Boy, 303
Tramarden Players and New Faces Guild, 515
Traylor, Eleanor, 21
Tree, Ellen, 44
Treemonisha, 184
Trelling, Ursula (see Andrews, Regina)
Trenton Six, depicted in Shame of the Nation, 362
Trial by Fire, 338, 344
Trial of Dr. Beck, The, 253, 330–331, 332, 400
Trial of One Short-Sighted Black Woman vs. Mammy Louise and Safreeta Mae, The, 451
Tribble, Andrew, 128–129, 192, 195, 202
Trinidad Sisters, 304
Trinidad Theatre Workshop (TTW), 288
Trinity of Four, A, 294, 298
Trip to Africa, A, 150
Trip to Coontown, A, 141, 157, 498
Triplex Theatre, 305
Triptych, 306
Tropical Revue, 368
Tropicana (Beatty, 1952) 523
Tropicana (Heywood, 1941) 278
Trotter, James Monroe, 107
Trouble in Mind, 361, 365
Trouble with Albino Joe, The, 294
“Trouble with Angels, The” (essay by Hughes), 309
Trouble with Angels, The (play by Schoenfeld), 309
Troubled Island (play), 311
Troubled Island (opera), 185
truck and peck (dance), 325
Truly Blessed, 384
Trumpets of the Lord, 382
Truth, Sojourner, depicted in plays, 261, 345, 533
Tryst, The, 183
TTW (see Trinidad Theatre Workshop)
Tubman, Harriet, 54
depicted in plays, 17–18, 261
Tuck School of Business Administration, 459, 543
Tucker, Earl “Snakehips,”, 230 230
Tumult and the Shouting, The, 270
Turman, Glynn, 377
Turn Verein Hall, 68
Turner, Beth, 486
Turner, Charles, 292
Turner, Nat, 16, 96, 495
depicted in Nat Turner, 16, 263
Turner, Robert, 119
Turner, Susan Watson, 397
Turner, Thomas, 405
Tuskegee Airmen, depicted in Black Eagles, 476
Tuskegee Institute, 90, 258
Tutt Brothers, Tutt Whitney, Salem, 209–210, 238, 241, 276, 506, 513
Tutt, J. Homer, 209–210, 276, 513, 527
Twelfth Night, 257
Twentieth Century-Fox, 379
Twenty Minutes from State Street, 197
Twilight Dinner, The, 298
Twilight Los Angeles, 444
Twiss, Horace, 33–34
Two African Princes, 193
Two Can Play, 300
Two Soldiers at a Crossroads, 296
Tyler, Rosa Lee, 193
Tyrolese Minstrel Family, 94
Tyson, Cicely, 284, 355, 395, 542
Tyson, Fred, 295
UBW (see Urban Bush Women)
Ugolino, 69
Ujima Theatre Company, 450
Un Ballo in Maschera, 185
Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 53–55, 60, 78, 130
black response to, 23, 526
film version, 113
productions, 66, 73, 76, 103, 115, 117, 126, 130, 133, 154, 331
Under the Bamboo Tree, 175–176
Under the Duppy Parasol, 297
Under the Yoke, or, Bond and Free, 78, 80, 82
Underground, 516
Underground Railroad, depicted in plays, 73, 435, 497
Unfinished Women Cry in No Man’s Land While a Bird Dies in a Gilded Cage, 542
UNIA (see Universal Negro Improvement Association)
Union Exhibition Association, 69
Union Settlement Community Center, 413
Union Square Theatre, New York City, 456
unions, 246, 312, 326, 465
1960s–1970s, 422–424
black-only, 206, 207
depicted in plays, 312, 327–328, 471, 531, 544
discrimination against Blacks, 172, 206, 207, 419
producers and, 421
wages, 336, 364, 457 (see Actors’ Equity Association; Dramatists Guild of America; Negro Actors Guild; United Scenic Artists Association), 336, 364, 457
United Scenic Artists Association (USAA), 319, 422, 423
United Service Organization (see USO)
United Theatre League, 359
Unity Players, 348
Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), 89, 322
University and College Theatre Association, 271
University of the Virgin Islands (UVI), 305–306
Urban Arts Corps, 304, 382, 401, 402
Urban Bush Women (UBW), 435, 452, 540
Urban Circuit, 465–468
Urban League, 2361 pm, 218, 324, 327
Urlina, the African Princess, 72–73, 77
US (afrocentric group), 392
USAA (see United Scenic Artists Association)
ushers, 423
USO (United Service Organization), 335–337, 531
Valdo, 183
Valk, Kate, 445
Valz, Ian, 295
Van Dyke, Elizabeth, 220
Van Peebles, Melvin, 301, 398, 402, 420–421
Van Vechten, Carl, 252, 336, 520
Vance, Danitra, 442
Vanderbilt Theatre, 313
Varieties Theatre, 500
vaudeville, 110, 133, 149, 195, 211, 234
Vaughan, Sarah, 231, 244
Vaughan, Stuart, 464, 525, 544
Vaughn, Birel and Nora, 469
Vendetta, 183
Venice Theatre, 277
ventriloquists, black, 122, 503
Venus, 444, 445
Verandah, The, 293
Verdi, Giuseppe, 178, 179, 185
Vereen, Ben, 384
Vesey, Denmark, 16, 96, 495
depicted by S. Randolph Edmonds, 16
Victoria 5 Theatre, 295
Victoria Theatre, Hammerstein’s, 131, 172
Victory Gardens Theatre, 293
Vietnam War, 290, 380, 389, 427
Vieux Carré, 536
Village Gate, 251
Village Vanguard, 282
violence, against Blacks, 104, 186–188
against black performers, 119, 131, 187, 346, 347
in Black Arts Movement plays, 373, 389
Virginia Essence (dance), 99, 111, 125
Virginia Jubilee Singers, 127
Virginia Minstrels, 94
Virginia State College, 261
Virginian Mummy, The, 43
Visitor, The, 294
Vivian Beaumont Theatre, 400
Vodery, Will H., 155, 203, 244, 509, 511
Voelckel, Rudolph, 147, 149, 150, 157
Vogel, John W., 145
Voice of the Hurricane (film), 345
Volpone, 374, 395
voodoo, depicted in theatre, 184, 279
Voodoo, 184
“Voodoo” Macbeth, 317, 386, 518, 528
Voorhees, Lillian, 265, 267
Voteur, Ferdinand, 527
wages, American Negro Theatre, 355
Carmen Jones, 342
Federal Theatre Project, 316, 326
Free Southern Theatre, 398
Green Pastures, The, 309
Gregory, Dick, 388
Harlem Opera House, 231
minstrel performers, 118–119, 125, 130
Penumbra Theatre, 472
Prodigal Son European tour, 402
Short Eyes, 538
street theatre, 418
union members, 364, 457, 472
USO performers, 336
vaudeville performers, 131, 162, 207
Williams and Walker, 170, 176
Waiting for Godot, 368, 397, 534
Waiting for Lefty, 312
Walcott, Beatrice, 523
Walcott, Derek, 284, 287–290, 294, 304, 305, 525
Walcott, Roderick, 287, 294
Wales Padlock Law, 238
walk around (dance), 94, 133, 152
Walk Hard, 353, 354
Walk in Darkness, 366, 379
Walk Together Chillun, 317
Walker, Aida (Ada) Overton, 129, 161, 166, 168, 169, 171, 211, 508
Walker, Alice, 219
Walker, George, 76, 89, 104–105, 119, 129, 132, 150, 155, 160, 161, 163–171, 187, 211, 507
Walker, Joseph A., 272, 382, 396, 397, 419
Walker, Lucy M., 272
Walker, Sullivan, 296–297
Walker, Victor, 458
walking the dog (dance), 247
Wallace, Lizzie, 192
Wallace, Michele, 427
Wallack, Henry, 492, 493
Wallack, James, 41, 492
Waller, Thomas “Fats,”, 202, 251, 280 202, 251, 280
Walton, Lester A., 132, 233, 236, 237, 363
biography, 203–204, 239, 512
criticism, 159, 162, 198, 213
War, 65
Ward Theatre, 89, 288
Ward, Aida, 248
Ward, Douglas Turner, 285, 297, 377, 395, 396, 460
Ward, Pamela, 279
Ward, Theodore, 63, 349, 399, 413, 533, 537 (see also Big White Fog), 63, 349, 399, 413, 533, 537
Ward, Val Gray and Francis, 413
Warden, Gentry, 325
Warner, Earl, 291
Warning – A Theme for Linda, The, 391, 418
Washington Years, The, 533
Washington, Booker T., 116, 228, 257
Washington, Denzel, 400
Washington, Dinah, 244
Washington, Fredi, 532
Washington, Isabel, 239
Washington, Von H., 400
Watch on the Rhine, 237
Waters, Ethel, 207–208, 211, 230, 252, 276, 282, 342, 345, 366, 367, 371
Watkins, Perry, 319, 344, 422, 527
Watson, Robert, 229
Watts, Maggie, 78
WCF (see Working Capital Fund)
WCT (Wild Crazy Things) Productions, 467
Weaver, Afaa Michael, 474
Webb, B. Franklin, 89
Webster, Paul, 297
Wedding Band, 361
Weisberger Hall, 183
Welch, Elizabeth, 246
Welles, Orson, 317, 338, 518
Welles, Virginia, 317
Wells Brown, William, 21, 49–51, 52, 54, 221
Wells-Barnett, Ida B., 188, 191, 193, 498, 510
Wesley, Richard, 393, 419, 420
West Indian American Day Carnival, 275–276
West Indian Play, 294
West, Bob, 272
West, Cheryl L., 449
West, Clara, 136
Westminster Theatre, 25, 26
Weston, Horace, 103, 111
Weusi Kuumba Troupe, 391
Whalen, John, 135
What the Wine-Sellers Buy, 400
What Was the Relationship of the Lone Ranger to the Means of Production, 391
Whatever Happened to Black Love?, 466
When the Jack Hollars, 311
When the Rattlesnake Sounds, 17
Where’s the Blood of Our Fathers, 399
Whilshire, George, 231
Whip-lash, 302
Whipper, Leigh, 342, 521, 527
Whitaker, Mical, 413
White Barn Festival Theatre, 289
White Man, 229
White, Charley, 98
White, Edgar, 290–292, 389, 515
White, George, 246, 520
White, Jane, 338, 534
White, Josh, 282, 531
White, Kenneth, 356
White, Lucien H., 240
White, Walter, 343, 520
whiteface, 1800s, 64, 70
1900–1940s, 156, 204, 233, 345, 518
1950s–1990s, 397, 437, 464
Whitehall Players, 284
Whiteman, Paul, 252
Whites, depicted in black drama, 222, 353
Whitfield, Vantile, 411, 417, 419
Whitman Sisters (Mabel, Alberta, Essie, and “Baby” Alice), 129, 210–211
Whitney, Salem Tutt (see Tutt Whitney, Salem)
Who’s Got His Own, 393, 399, 418, 518
Whole Hog or Nothing, 413
Widow Jones, The, 130, 505
Wild Duck, The, 266, 329, 341
Wild Party, The, 251, 442
Wildberg, John, 352–353
Wiley, Stella, 92, 149, 156–157
Wilhelm, Esther, 331
Wilkes, Mattie, 146
Wilks, Thomas, 68
Williams (neé Hill), Hattie E., 79, 80
Williams and Walker, 272
Williams, Allen, 523
Williams, Bert (comedian), 23, 111, 116, 160, 162–176, 366
Cook’s affiliation with, 150, 155
performances, 76, 89, 104–105, 132, 161, 164, 491
targeted by mob during race riot (1900), 131, 187
Ziegfeld Follies, 124, 172–175
Williams, Bill (composer), 169
Williams, Cecelia V., 68–70
Williams, Cecil, 305
Williams, Christola, 527
Williams, Elizabeth (choreographer), 360
Williams, Frances, 228
Williams, George Washington (playwright), 84
Williams, Lottie (neé Thompson; singer and dancer, wife of Bert), 166–168, 173, 174, 176, 508
Williams, Marshall (member of NEC), 536
Williams, Paulette (see Shange, Ntozake)
Williams, Percy, 230
Williams, Samm-Art (playwright), 396, 405
Williams, Stanley, 481
Williams, Tennessee (playwright), 461, 532
Williams, Wanda Celeste (Ifa Bayeza), 438
Wilson, Arthur “Dooley,”, 203, 319, 342, 512 203, 319, 342, 512
Wilson, August, 269, 415, 453–457, 465, 468, 501
National Black Theatre Summit, 458, 459–460
Penumbra Theatre productions, 472, 545
Wilson, Edith, 230, 249
Wilson, Flip, 129
Wilson, Frank, 204, 236–237, 316, 514, 521, 534
Wilson, Robin, 540
Wilson, Samuel H., 409
Winchell, Walter, 238, 367
Winde, Beatrice, 464
Wine in the Wilderness, 361
Winfield, Paul, 468
Winfred, Henry, 136
Winfred, Ida, 136
Winn, Edward, 146
Winsor, Ellen, 229
Winter Garden Theatre, 161
Winter’s Tale, The, 395
Winter, Laurence, 341
Winti Train, The, 298
Wise, Fanny, 159, 161
Wise, Hen, 156–157
Within the Law, 242
Witmark’s Amateur Minstrel Guild, 104
Wiz, The, 306, 379–380, 421, 452, 473
Wolfe, George C., 219, 439–442, 458, 475, 540
at Inner City Cultural Center, 411, 461
color-blind casting, 425, 462
Fires in the Mirror, 443, 541
The Wild Party, 251, 252
Womanwords, a cabaret of scenes and songs celebrating women, 447
women, in Little Theatre Movement, 222–226
in minstrelsy, 105–107, 126, 127, 134, 500
in Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 130
not to appear with Bert Williams in Ziegfeld Follies, 172
playwrights, 1960s–1970s, 401–404
playwrights, 1990s, 447–451
scholarship, 482
Wood, Charles Winter, 86, 89–90, 258, 308
Wood, Milton, 344
Woods, Allie, 415, 536
Woodson, Carter, 261
Wooster Group, 445–446
Workers’ Lives, Workers’ Stories, 544
World’s Columbian Exposition (Chicago World’s Fair), 88, 136, 148, 190, 498, 504, 508
Wright, Bonnie, 426
Wright, P. T., 497
Wright, Richard, 319–321, 334, 370, 378
Wright, Wendell, 465
Wydro, Ken, 384
X, Malcolm, 354
depicted in theatre, 410, 448–449
X, Marvin, 393
X: The Life and Times of Malcolm X, 448–449
Ya Salaam, Kalamu, 399, 536
Yale Repertory Theatre, 304
Yarborough, Catherine (see Jarboro, Caterina)
Yellow Death, 263
Yordan, Philip, 351, 353
You Can’t Take It with You, 356
You Mus’ Be Bo’n Ag’in, 226, 516
Young, Albert, 140
Young, Gifted, and Broke, 405
Your Arms Too Short to Box with God, 382
Ziegfeld Follies, 172–175, 245, 247, 519
Ziegfeld, Florenz Jr., 172, 173, 174, 182, 520
Zilla, the Gypsy Queen, 83
Zip Coon (character), 134
“Zip Coon” (song), 141
Zollar, Jo, 435, 472
Zoo Story, The, 295, 388
Zora, 220
Zuliki, 183