NAME INDEX

Abbe, Ernst (1840–1905), German physicist and entrepreneur 577

Abel-Rémusat, Jean-Pierre (1788–1832), French Sinologist 446

Acton, John Emerich Edward Dalberg (Baron Acton, 1834–1902), Italian-German-British historian 404, 459–62, 463, 465, 472

Adams, Herbert Baxter (1850–1901), American historian 171

Addison, Thomas (1793–1860), British physician 589

Adelung, Johann Christoph (1732–1806), German philologist 449

Adorno, Theodor Wiesengrund (1903–69), German philosopher 487

Agassiz, Louis (1807–73), Swiss-born American naturalist and geologist 533

Alcenius, Otto (1838–1913), Finnish scientist 534

Alexander I (1777–1825), Russian Tsar 35, 123, 508, 558

Alexander Nikolayevich (1818–81), Russian grand duke 285

Alexander II (1818–81), Russian Tsar 67, 303, 305, 315, 335

Alexander III (1845–94), Russian Tsar 324

Alexander of Oranje-Nassau (1851–1884), prince of the Netherlands 302

Ali, Mohammed (1769–1849), viceroy of Egypt 191

Altenstein, Karl Freiherr vom Stein zum (1770–1840), Prussian Minister of Education 523

Althoff, Friedrich (1839–1908), Prussian civil servant 135–7, 581

Ampère, André Marie (1775–1836), French physicist 496

Andersen, Hans Christian (1805–75), Danish poet 146

Andler, Charles (1866–1933), French Germanist 328

Andrae, Tor (1885–1947), Swedish ev. theologian 445

Angelesco, Constantin I (1869–1948), Romanian Minister of Education 95

Arago, Dominique François (1786–1853), French astronomer and politician 153

Ardèche, Paul Matthieu Laurent de l’ (1799–1877), French historian 280

Aristotle (384–322 BC), Greek philosopher 19, 394, 400, 449

Arndt, Ernst Moritz (1769–1860), German prose writer and poet 24, 273

Arrhenius, Svante (1859–1927), Swedish physical chemist 514

Artin Pasha, Yacoub (1842–1919), Egyptian politician and writer 191

Asín y Palacios, Miguel (1871–1944), Spanish scholar of Islam 444

Auenbrugger, Leopold von (1722–1809), Austrian physician 549

Aulard, François Alphonse (1849–1928), French historian 476

Auzoux, Louis Thomas Jérôme (1797–1880), French anatomist 572

Averroës (Ibn Ruschd, 1126–98), Muslim philosopher and scientist 400

Baader, Franz Xaver von (1765–1841), Catholic philosopher 399

Back, Rasmus (1787–1832), Danish philologist 450

Bacon, Francis (1561–1626), British philosopher, scientist and statesman 19, 489

Baer, Karl Ernst von (1792–1876), Prussian-Estonian embryologist 527

Baeumer, Klemens (1853–1924), German philosopher 399

Baeyer, Adolf von (1835–1917), German chemist 642

Bails, Benito (1730–97), Catalonian mathematician and architect 494

Balicki, Zygmunt (1858–1916), Polish politician and writer 314

Balzac, Honoré de (1799–1850), French poet 147

Barbusse, Henri (1873–1935), French writer 338

Bartels, Johann (1769–1836), German mathematician 509

Barth, Karl (1886–1968), Swiss ref. theologian 406, 413

Bartsch, Karl (1832–88), German philologist 433–4

Bastian, Adolf (1826–1905), German ethnologist 488–9

Bastiat, Frédéric (1801–50), French economist 485

Bateson, William (1861–1926), British biologist 537

Baudoin de Courtenay, Jan (1846–1929), Polish Slavist 452

Baur, Ferdinand Christian (1792–1860), German ev. theologian 411–12

Becker, Carl Heinrich (1876–1933), German Orientalist and minister 141–2, 348, 434–5, 445

Becker, Karl (1879–1940), German general 663

Bellini, Vincenzo (1801–35), Italian composer 30

Bello, Andrés (1791–1865), Venezuelan scholar 180

Benecke, Georg Friedrich (1762–1844), German Germanist 429

Bentham, Jeremy (1748–1832), British philosopher, economist and jurist 479, 547

Bergson, Henri (1859–1941), French philosopher 455, 477, 528

Bernard, Claude (1813–78), French physiologist 13, 18, 151, 521, 524, 528–9, 534, 566–7, 569, 571, 589

Bernoulli family, Swiss merchant family with several mathematicians and physicians (17th–18th c.) 505

Bert, Paul (1833–86), French physiologist and politician 528

Berthelot, Marcellin (1827–1907), French chemist 151

Berthollet, Claude Louis (1748–1822), French chemist 496, 514, 595

Berzelius, Jöns Jacob (1779–1848), French chemist 504, 558, 566

Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm (1784–1846), German astronomer 499–500

Betancourt y Molina, Augustín de (1758–1824), Spanish engineer 601–602

Bezout, Etienne (1730–83), French mathematician 150, 494

Bianchi, Tommaso (1804–34), Italian priest 30

Bichat, Xavier (1771–1802), French physician 520, 521, 522, 549

Billroth, Theodor (1829–94), German surgeon 570, 574, 581

Biot, Jean-Baptiste (1774–1862), French physicist and astronomer 150, 497, 509, 528

Bismarck, Otto von (1815–98), German statesman 298, 300, 306, 444

Blachère, Régis (1900–73), French Arabist 445

Blackwell, Elisabeth (1821–1910), Anglo-American physician 585

Blainville, Henri Ducrotay de (1778–1850), French zoologist 522

Blake, William (1757–1827), British poet, artist, engraver and publisher 272

Blanqui, Louis Auguste (1805–81), French revolutionary socialist 30, 283

Bloch, Marc (1866–1944), French historian 478

Blucher von Wahlstatt, Gebhard Leberecht Fürst (1742–1819), Prussian field marshal 468

Blum, Léon (1872–1950), French statesman 338

Boas, Franz (1858–1942), German-born American anthropologist 171

Bobrikoff, Nikolai Ivanovich (1839–1904), Russian general 335–6

Bobrowski, Stefan (1841–63), Polish student leader 305

Böckh, Philipp August (1785–1867), German Classicist 15, 19, 174, 418–19, 420, 422–5, 429, 436, 451, 466

Boerhaave, Herman (1668–1738), Dutch physician 549, 551

Bohr, Niels (1885–1962), Danish physicist 515

Boissier, Gaston (1823–1908), French Latinist 428

Boltzmann, Ludwig (1844–1906), Austrian physicist 505

Bonald, Louis Gabriel Ambroise, Vicomte de (1754–1810), French political philosopher and statesman 400

Bonpland, Aimé (1773–1858), French botanist 520

Booth, Charles (1840–1916), British sociologist and businessman 486

Bopp, Franz (1791–1867), German philologist 426, 430, 436, 450–2

Bordeu, Théophile de (1722–76), French physician and philosopher 551

Born, Max (1882–1970), German physicist 174, 513

Bossut, Charles (1752–68), French mathematician 596

Bothe, Walther (1891–1957), German physicist 627

Boulanger, Georges (1837–91), French general and politician 97

Bourdieu, Pierre (1930–2002), French sociologist 142, 252

Bousset, Wilhelm (1865–1920), German ev. theologian 412

Boveri, Theodor (1862–1915), German zoologist 537

Brandes, Georg (1842–1929), Danish philosopher 160, 336

Brashman, Nikolai Dmitrievich (1796–1866), Russian mathematician 511

Breasted, James Henry (1865–1935), American Egyptologist 171

Brentano, Lujo (1844–1931), German economist 136

Breul, Karl (1860–1932), German Germanist 441

Brockliss, Laurence (b. 1950), British historian 12

Brongniart, Adolphe (1801–76), French botanist 522

Brongniart, Alexandre (1770–1847), French mineralogist and geologist 522

Bronn, Heinrich (1800–62), German palaeontologist 531–2

Bronner, Franz Xaver (1758–1850), German-Swiss writer and professor 509

Broussais, François Joseph Victor (1772–1838), French physician 550, 552, 556

Brouwer, Luitzen Egbertus Jan (1881–1966), Dutch mathematician 513

Brown, John (1735–88), British physician 551, 552

Brown, John (1800–59), American abolitionist 150

Brown, Robert (1773–1858), British botanist 525

Brücke, Ernst von (1819–92), Austrian physiologist 524

Brugsch, Heinrich (1827–94), German Egyptologist 446

Bücheler, Franz (1837–1908), German Classicist 425

Büchner, Ludwig (1824–99), German physician and philosopher 455, 563–4, 573

Buckle, Henry Thomas (1821–62), British historian 150, 460–1

Buff, Heinrich (1805–78), German physicist 501

Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc, comte de (1707–88), French mathematician and naturalist 149, 522

Buhl, Frants (1850–1932), Danish theologian and Semitist 445

Bultmann, Rudolf (1884–1976), German ev. theologian 413

Buniakovskii, Viktor (1804–89), Russian mathematician 498, 510

Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm (1811–99), German chemist 503, 516

Buonaiuti, Ernesto (1881–1946), Italian church historian 402

Buonarotti, Filippo (1761–1837), Italian-born French revolutionary 278

Burckhardt, Jacob Christoph (1818–97), Swiss historian of art and culture 464, 468

Burdach, Karl Friedrich (1776–1847), German physiologist 559

Burdach, Konrad (1859–1936), German Germanist 431

Burkitt, Francis Crawford (1864–1935), British Orientalist 413, 443

Bury, John Bagnell (1861–1927), Irish historian 472

Butlerov, Aleksandr Mikhailovich (1828–86), Russian chemist 511

Butterfield, Herbert (1900–79), British historian 472

Buzzetti, Vincenzo (1777–1824), Italian theologian 402

Byron, George Gordon Noel, Lord (Lord Byron, 1788–1824), British poet 282

Cabanis, Pierre Jean Georges (1757–1808), French physician 545, 548, 561, 567

Caetani, Leone (1869–1935), Italian scholar of Islam 445

Cairnes, John Elliot (1823–75), Irish economist 481

Calmette, Albert (1863–1933), French bacteriologist 529

Canestrini, Giovanni (1835–1900), Italian zoologist 535

Cannon, Walter A. (1871–1945), American neurologist and physiologist 537

Cantor, Georg (1845–1918), German mathematician 512

Carlos III (1716–88), king of Spain 178

Carlyle, Thomas (1795–1881), British historian and philosopher 469

Carnegie, Andrew (1835–1919), American industrialist and philanthropist 62

Carr-Saunders, Alexander Morris (1886–1966), British sociologist and demographer 486

Casanova Ciurana, Peregrín (1849–1919), Spanish anatomist 536

Casati, Gabrio (1798–1893), Italian Minister of Education 96, 118, 562

Cassell, Gustav (1866–1945), Swedish economist 483

Cassirer, Ernst (1874–1945), German philosopher 453, 455

Castelar y Ripoll, Emilio (1832–99), Spanish writer and politician 302

Castro y Pajares, Fernando de (1814–74), Spanish philosopher 302

Cattani, Giuseppina (1859–1914), Italian professor of medicine 133

Cavaignac, Godefroy (1801–45), French revolutionary 288

Cavendish, Spencer Compton, 8th Duke of Devonshire (1833–1908), British politician 62

Cavendish, William, 7th Duke of Devonshire (1808–91), British university Maecenas 507

Cavour, Camillo Benso, conte di (1810–61), Italian statesman 29

Chadwick, Edwin (1800–90), British physician and social reformer 547

Challemel-Lacour, Paul Armand (1827–96), French politician and writer 69

Champollion, Jean-François (1790–1832), French Egyptologist 444

Chang Po-lin (Zhang Boling, 1876–1951), Chinese university founder 219

Chaptal, Jean Antoine (1756–1832), French chemist 496

Charles X (1757–1836), French King 280

Charlier, Carl (1862–1934), Swedish astronomer 517

Chateaubriand, François René Viscount de (1789–1848), French poet 400

Chebyshev, Pafnuty Lvovich (1821–94), Russian mathematician 510, 513

Chekhov, Anton Pavlovich (1860–1904), Russian poet 132, 157

Chetverikov, Sergei S. (1880–1959), Russian geneticist 539

Chevalier, Michel (1806–79), French economist 485

Chevalier, Hippolyte Guillaume-Sulpice see Gavarni, Paul

Chevreuil, Michel-Eugène (1786–1889), French chemist 514

Christian, Gérard Joseph (1776–1832), French engineer 607

Christoffel, Erwin Bruno (1829–1900), German mathematician 505

Chulalongkorn, Rama V. (1853–1910), king of Siam 210

Churchill, Winston (1874–1965), British statesman 484, 649

Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106–43 BC), Roman writer and politician 428

Clapeyron, Emile (1799–1864), French engineer 601–602

Clark, Austin H. (1880–1954), American zoologist 649

Clark, Jonas Gilman (1815–1900), American university founder 170–1

Clausius, Rudolf (1822–88), German physicist 505

Clebsch, Rudolf Friedrich Alfred (1833–72), German mathematician 500

Clements, Frederic Edward (1874–1945), American botanist 539

Cobet, Carolus Gabriel (1819–89), Dutch Hellenist 427–8, 445

Codreanu, Corneliu (1899–1938), Romanian politician 353–4

Coit Gilman, Daniel (1813–1908), American educator and university president 168

Colbert, Jean-Baptiste (1619–83), French statesman 442

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor (1772–1834), British writer 272

Collingwood, Robin George (1889–1943), British philosopher 473

Comte, Auguste (1798–1857), French philosopher 455, 461, 484–5, 521, 566

Conant, James B. (1893–1978), American educator and scientist, university president 667

Condillac, Etienne Bonnot de (1715–80), French philosopher 545

Constant, Benjamin (1767–1830), Swiss writer 30

Correns, Carl (1864–1933), German botanist 537

Corvisart, Jean-Nicolas (1755–1821), French physician 549

Cousin, Victor (1792–1867), French philosopher and politician 8, 98, 99, 149, 279, 455

Cowell, Edward (1826–1903), British Sanskritist 452

Creighton, Mandell (1843–1901), British angl. theologian 463, 471

Crelle, August Leopold (1780–1855), German mathematician and engineer 500

Cremer, Jacob Jan (1827–80), Dutch writer 301–2

Creuzer, Georg Friedrich (1771–1858), German Classicist 414

Cripps, Stafford (1889–1952), British politician 649–50

Croce, Benedetto (1866–1952), Italian philosopher 71–2, 440, 453, 455, 473

Cumont, Franz (1868–1947), Belgian archaeologist and philologist 414

Cunningham, William (1849–1919), British economist 471

Curie, Marie (1867–1934), Polish-born French physicist 133

Curtius, Ernst Robert (1886–1956), German Romanist 435

Cuvier, Georges Baron (1769–1832), French zoologist and statesman 17, 450, 520, 522–4

Czermak, Johann Nepomuk (1828–73), Austrian physician 573

Czihak, Jacob, German scientist 560

d’Hulst, Maurice (1841–96), French Cath. theologian, bishop, university founder and president 404

Dbrowski, Jan Henryk (1755–1818), Polish general 272

Dante Alighieri (1265–1321), Italian poet 434

Darmesteter, Arsène (1846–88), French philologist 463

Darwin, Charles (1809–82), British naturalist 455, 459, 460–1, 530–2, 533–5, 536, 537, 539

Daumier, Honoré (1808–79), French caricaturist, painter and sculptor 147

Debye, Peter (1884–1966), Dutch-American physical chemist 505, 513

Dekker, Eduard Douwes, see Multatuli

Delambre, Jean Baptiste (1749–1822), French astronomer 509

Delescluze, Charles or Louis Charles (1809–71), French journalist and radical republican 283

Denifle, Heinrich (1844–1905), Austrian-German church historian 399

De Ram, Xavier (1804–65), rector of Louvain University

Descartes, René (1596–1650), French philosopher and scientist 416, 419, 528

Dieffenbach, Johann Friedrich (1795–1847), German surgeon 18

Dietl, Joseph (1804–78), German-Austrian physician 550, 560

Diez, Friedrich (1794–1875), German Romanist 433–4, 436, 452

Dilthey, Wilhelm (1833–1911), German philosopher 417, 451, 455, 465

Dirichlet, Gustav Lejeune (1805–59), French-German mathematician 498, 500

Döbereiner, Johann Wolfgang (1780–1849), German chemist 503

Dobzhansky, Theodosius (1900–75), Russian-American biologist 539

Dodd, Charles Harold (1884–1973), British theologian 413

Dodds, Eric Robertson (1884–1973), British Classicist 422

Dohrn, Anton (1840–1909), German zoologist 535

Döllinger, Ignaz von (1799–1890), German church historian 395–6, 399, 403–4, 461

Dreyfus, Alfred (1859–1935), French army officer 97, 151

Driesch, Hans (1867–1941), German biologist 538

Droysen, Johann Gustav (1808–84), German historian 467–98

Dubois, Paul-François (1793–1874), French philosopher 149

Du Bois-Reymond, Emil (1818–96), German physiologist 524

Dumas, Jean-Baptiste (1800–84), French chemist 498, 514

Duncan, Andrew (1744–1828), British medical reformer 547

Dupuytren, Guillaume (1777–1835), French surgeon and pathologist 549

Durkheim, Emile (1858–1917), French sociologist 414, 453, 485–6

Duruy, Victor (1811–94), French historian and politician 12, 55, 103, 375, 415, 442

Dvořák, Cenek (1848–1922), Czech physicist 505

Eckstein, Ferdinand von (1790–1861), Danish writer 400

Edén, Nils (1871–1945), Swedish historian and politician 156

Edison, Thomas A. (1847–1931), American inventor 575, 577, 618

Egorov, Dmitrii Fedorovich (1869–1931), Russian mathematician 511, 513

Ehrle, Franz (1845–1934), German Jesuit, cardinal, prefect of Vatican library and medievalist 399

Eichhorn, Karl Friedrich von (1781–1854), German jurist 460

Einstein, Albert (1879–1955), Swiss-German-American physicist 505, 513, 520

Eliot, Charles William (1834–1926), American educator 169, 170

Ellis, Havelock (1859–1939), British psychologist 576

Elton, Charles (1900–91), British biologist 539

Ely, Richard Theodore (1854–1943), American political scientist 171

Engels, Friedrich (1820–95), German philosopher 460

Ernout, Alfred (1879–1973), French Latinist 421

Ernst Georg August (1771–1851), king of Hanover 286

Eucken, Rudolf (1846–1926), German philosopher 154

Euclid (c. 365–c. 300 BC), Greek mathematician 506

Euler, Leonhard (1707–83), Swiss mathematician 505

Fabrizi, Nicola (1804–85), Italian jurist and leader of the Risorgimento 28

Falconer, Robert Alexander (1867–1943), Canadian theologian and Classicist 176

Falloux, Frédéric, comte de (1811–86), French Minister of Education 95

Fanti, Manfredo (1806–65), Italian general and patriot 28

Faure, Edgar (1908–88), French jurist and politician 85, 120

Febvre, Lucien (1878–1956), French historian 477–9, 484

Fechner, Gustav (1801–87), German physicist and philosopher 498

Federley, Harry (1879–1951), Finnish zoologist 537

Fejér, Lipót (1880–1959), Hungarian mathematician 512

Ferdinand VII (1784–1833), Spanish king 284

Fermi, Enrico (1901–54), Italian-born US physicist 175, 513

Ferstel, Heinrich Freiherr von (1828–82), Austrian architect 104

Feuerbach, Ludwig (1804–72), German philosopher 412, 563–4

Fichte, Johann Gottlieb (1762–1814), German philosopher 8, 22, 24, 25, 48, 49, 273, 307, 410, 455

Filippi, Filippo De (1814–67), Italian zoologist 535

Firth, Charles Harding (1857–1936), British historian 474

Fischer, Emil (1852–1919), German chemist 642

Fisher, Herbert Albert Laurens (1845–1940), British historian 476

Fisher, Ronald Aylmer (1890–1962), British statistician and geneticist 539

Fleischer, Heinrich Leberecht (1801–88), German Orientalist 445

Flexner, Abraham (1866–1959), American university reformer 580–1, 582–3, 590

Flourens, Pierre (1794–1867), French physiologist 528, 534

Follen, Karl (1795–1840), German revolutionary 275, 278

Fontana, Felice (1720–1805), Italian scientist 562

Fontanes, Louis de (1757–1821), French writer and politician 88

Forel, August (1848–1931), Swiss neuroanatomist, psychiatrist and entomologist 576

Fortoul, Hippolyte (1811–56), French Minister 90

Foster, Michael (1836–1907), British physiologist and educator 582

Fourcroy, Antoine-François de (1755–1809), French chemist and politician 495–8, 548, 600

Fraenkel, Eduard (1881–1970), German Classicist 422, 427

Franco, Francisco (1892–1975), Spanish general and statesman 72–3, 98, 355

Francoeur, Louis Benjamin (1773–1849), French mathematician 497

Frank, Hans (1900–46), German jurist 657–8

Frank, Johann Peter (1745–1821), German physician 546–7, 559, 562

Frank, Joseph (1771–1842), German physician 559

Franz Ferdinand (1863–1914), archduke of Austria 337

Franz-Joseph I (1830–1916), emperor of Austria and king of Hungary 298

Fraunhofer, Joseph (1787–1826), German physicist 516

Frazer, James George (1854–1941), British anthropologist, folklorist and Classicist 414, 488

Fredéricq, Paul (1850–1920), Belgian historian and politician 467

Frederick VII (1808–63), king of Denmark 290

Frederick William III (1770–1840), king of Prussia 18

Frederik Wilhelm IV (1795–1861), king of Prussia 292

Freeman, Edward Augustus (1823–92), British historian 469, 472

Freud, Sigmund (1856–1939), Austrian psychiatrist 479, 487, 524, 576

Fries, Jakob Friedrich (1773–1843), German philosopher 273

Frisch, Ragnar (1895–1973), Norwegian economist 484

Fritz, Kurt von (1900–80), German Classicist 100

Froude, James Anthony (1818–94), British historian 469

Fukuzawa, Yukichi (1835–1901), Japanese writer, educator and publisher 224

Fuss, Nicolaus (1755–1826), German mathematician 509

Gabrieli, Francesco (1904–96), Italian Orientalist 445

Galvani, Luigi (1737–98), Italian physician and physicist 520

Gandhi, Mahatma (1869–1948), Hindu statesman 205

García, Juan Justo (1752–1830), Spanish mathematician 494

Garibaldi, Giuseppe (1807–82), Italian patriot and politician 29, 150

Gatterer, Johann Christoph (1727–99), German historian 466

Gause, Georgyi Frantsevitch (1910–86), Russian mathematician 539

Gavarni, Paul, pseudonym of Hippolyte Guillaume-Sulpice Chevalier (1804–66), French lithographer and painter 147

Gay-Lussac, Joseph-Louis (1778–1850), French physicist and chemist 150, 497, 514

Gegenbaur, Carl (1826–1903), German anatomist 532

Geijer, Erik Gustaf (1783–1847), Swedish historian 145, 148

Gentile, Giovanni (1875–1944), Italian philosopher and politician 71, 118, 455

Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Etienne (1772–1844), French naturalist 17, 521, 522

Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Isidore (1805–61), French zoologist 522

Gervinus, Georg Gottfried (1805–71), German literary historian 431, 464, 468

Gessner, Conrad (1516–65), Swiss physician and naturalist 449

Geyl, Pieter (1887–1966), Dutch historian 477

Gibb, Hamilton (1895–1971), British Orientalist 445

Gilbert, Ludwig Wilhelm (1769–1824), German physicist and chemist 502

Gilbert, William Schwenck (1836–1911), British playwright 147

Giles, Herbert Allen (1845–1935), British Sinologist 447

Gioberti, Vincenzo (1801–52), Italian philosopher and politician 153

Gmelin, Leopold (1788–1853), German chemist 498, 503

Goeje, Michaël Jan de (1836–1909), Dutch Orientalist 445

Goercke, Johannes (1750–1822), German military physician 556

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749– 1832), German poet 23, 466, 503, 521

Goldziher, Ignaz (1850–1921), Hungarian Orientalist 445

Golgi, Camillo (1843–1926), Italian physician and cytologist 527

Gordon, Charles George (1833–85), British general 192–3

Göring, Hermann (1893–1946), German politician 662, 663

Görres, Joseph von (1776–1848), German historian 399–400, 404, 430

Grabmann, Martin (1875–1949), German Cath. theologian 399

Green, John Richard (1837–83), British historian 472, 476

Gregory XVI (1765–1846), pope 398

Grimm, Jacob (1785–1863), German Germanist 426, 430, 433, 436, 449, 450, 452

Grimm, Wilhelm (1786–1859), German Germanist 430, 433, 436, 449, 452

Gronbech, Vilhelm Peter (1873–1918), Danish historian 414

Groot, Jan Jacob Maria de (1854–1921), German Sinologist 447

Groves, Leslie (1896–1970), American general 668

Guesde, Jules (1845–1922), French politician 317

Guizot, François Pierre Guillaume (1787–1874), French historian and politician 97, 149

Gunkel, Hermann (1862–1932), German ev. theologian 412

Gustavus II Adolphus (1594–1632), king of Sweden 84

Haar, Alfred (1885–1933), Hungarian mathematician 512

Haber, Fritz (1868–1934), German chemist 643

Hachette, Jean Nicole Pierre (1769–1834), French engineer 607

Haeckel, Ernst (1834–1919), German zoologist and philosopher 143, 159, 455, 532–6, 538

Hagen, Friedrich von der (1780–1856), German Germanist 430

Hahn, Otto (1879–1968), German chemist 663, 665

Hahnemann, Samuel (1755–1893), German physician 552

Haldane, John Burdon Sanderson (1892–1964), British-American geneticist and physiologist 539, 582

Halévy, Elie (1870–1937), French philosopher and historian 476

Hall, Granville Stanley (1844–1924), American university president 168–9, 170–1

Haller, Albrecht von (1708–77), Swiss biologist 524

Halphen, Louis (1880–1950), French historian 477

Hardenberg, Karl August, Fürst von (1750–1822), Prussian statesman and administrator 22

Hardy, Godfrey Harold (1877–1947), British mathematician 539

Hare, David (1775–1842), British-born Hindu watch-maker and silversmith, founder of colleges in India 198, 199

Harnack, Adolf von (1851–1930), German ev. theologian 61, 408, 412, 413, 642

Harper, William Rainey (1856–1906), American university president 169, 171, 228

Hase, Karl Benedikt (1780–1864), German Classicist 426

Haupt, Moritz (1808–74), German Classicist and Germanist 431

Haushofer, Karl (1869–1946), German army officer and political geographer 483

Haüy, René Just (1743–1822), French mineralogist 496

Hayek, Friedrich August von (1899–1992), Austrian-born British economist 484

Hefele, Karl Joseph von (1809–83), German Cath. theologian 399

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770–1831), German philosopher 30, 130, 398, 412, 419, 426, 451, 455, 462, 468, 473

Heidegger, Martin (1889–1976), German philosopher 455

Heiler, Friedrich (1892–1967), German scholar of religious studies 414

Heine, Heinrich (1797–1856), German writer 282

Heinroth, Johann Christian August (1773–1843), German physician 551

Heisenberg, Werner (1903–76), German physicist 174

Helmholtz, Hermann von (1821–94), German physicist and physiologist 19, 503, 508, 524, 627

Hengstenberg, Ernst Wilhelm (1802–69), German ev. theologian 411

Henle, Jakob (1809–85), German pathologist 526

Henslow, John (1796–1861), British botanist 530

Herder, Johann Gottfried von (1744–1893), German theologian and philosopher 411

Hergé, pseudonym of Georges Rémi (1908–75), Belgian comic-strip artist 148

Herlez, Charles de (1832–99), Belgian Sanskritist 447

Hermann, Gottfried (1772–1848), German Classicist 424, 431

Hermes, Georg (1775–1831), German Cath. theologian and philosopher 398

Herriot, Edouard (1872–1957), French statesman 89

Hess, Rudolf (1894–1987), German politician 348

Hesse, Ludwig Otto (1811–74), German mathematician 500

Hettner, Hermann (1821–82), German historian of literature and art 432, 451

Hewins, William Albert Samuel (1865–1931), British mathematician and politician, director of the London School of Economics 481

Hilbert, David (1862–1943), German mathematician 500

Hildebrandt, Georg Friedrich (1764–1816), German physician 503

Himmler, Heinrich (1900–45), German politician 658, 665

Hindenburg, Paul von (1847–1934), German field marshal and president of the Weimar Republic 348

Hintze, Otto (1861–1940), German historian 465

Hippocrates (c. 460–c. 370 BC), Greek physician 550, 567

Hirschfeld, Magnus (1867–1935), German sexologist 576

Hitler, Adolf (1889–1945), German politician 89–91, 94, 98, 100, 175, 348, 349, 357, 358, 359, 477, 487, 513, 656, 657, 660, 662, 665

Hobhouse, Leonard Trelawney (1864–1929), British sociologist and philosopher 486

Hodgkin, Thomas (1798–1866), British physician 589

Hodža, Milan (1878–1944), Czech politician 323

Hoff, Jacobus van ’t (1852–1911), Dutch physical chemist 514

H⊘ffding, Harald (1843–1931), Danish philosopher 336

Hofmann, August Wilhelm von (1818–92), German chemist 503–4, 508

Holmes, Arthur (1890–1965), British geologist 541

Holmgren, Frithiof (1831–97), Swedish physiologist 524

Holmquist, Per Johan (1886–1946), Swedish mineralogist 540

Homer (fl. 850 BC), Greek poet 430

Hooker, Joseph Dalton (1817–1911), British botanist 531

Hooker, William Jackson (1785–1865), British botanist 531

Horkheimer, Max (1895–1973), German philosopher and sociologist 487

Hort, Fenton John Anthony (1828–92), British angl. theologian 413

Huet, François (1814–69), French-born Belgian jurist 292

Hufeland, Christoph Wilhelm (1762–1836), German physician 16, 552

Huggins, William (1824–1910), British astronomer 516

Hugo, Gustav (1764–1844), German jurist 460

Hugo, Victor (1802–85), French writer 150–1, 282

Humboldt, Alexander von (1769–1859), German scientist and explorer 5, 17, 18, 149, 426, 503, 520–1

Humboldt, Wilhelm von (1767–1835), German philologist, philosopher, politician and educational reformer 45, 67, 72, 75, 88, 152, 163, 250, 287, 410, 424, 426, 430, 455, 456, 495, 527, 558, 589, 639, 658, 659

Husserl, Edmund (1859–1939), German philosopher 453, 455

Hutton, James (1726–97), British geologist 520, 530

Huxley, Julian (1887–1975), British biologist 536

Huxley, Thomas Henry (1825–95), British zoologist 218, 531, 534

Hyrtl, Joseph (1811–94), Austrian anatomist 561

Isabel II (1830–1904), queen of Spain 302

Jackson, Thomas Graham (1835–1924), British architect 104

Jacob, Edgar Pierre (1904–87), Belgian comic-strip artist 147

Jacobi, Karl Gustav Jacob (1804–51), German mathematician 499–500

Jacoby, Felix (1876–1959), German Classicist 427

Jagić, Vratoslav (1838–1923), Croat Slavist 436

Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig (1778–1852), German pedagogue 273, 275

Janiszewski, Zygmunt (1888–1920), Polish mathematician 513

Jaurès, Jean (1859–1914), French philosopher and politician 317

Jenner, Edward (1749–1823), British physician 547

Jennings, Ivor (1903–65), British jurist 208

Jevons, William Stanley (1835–82), British economist 483–4

Jèze, Gaston (1869–1953), French jurist 100

Joan of Arc (c.1412–31), French national heroine 328

Johannsen, Wilhelm (1857–1927), Danish botanist 537

John Paul II (b. 1920), pope 403

Jolly, Julius E. (1849–1932), German Indologist 205

Jones, William (1746–94), British Orientalist and jurist 443, 445, 450

Jorga, Nicolae (1870–1940), Romanian politician 94

Joseph II (1741–90), emperor of Austria 556

Jussieu, Antoine (1686–1758), French botanist 522

Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de (1748–1836), French botanist 522

Justi, Johann Heinrich Gottlob (1717–71), German cameralist 546

Kaelble, Hartmut (b. 1940), German historian 257

Kahn-Freund, Otto (1900–79), German jurist 486

Kamerling Onnes, Heike (1853–1926), Dutch physicist 514

Kant, Immanuel (1724–1804), German philosopher 8, 22, 48, 148, 394, 453, 639

Kapteyn, Jacobus Cornelius (1851–1922), Dutch astronomer 516

Karamzin, Nikolai Mikhailovich (1766–1826), Russian historian 146

Carl August (1757–1828), duke of Weimar 503

Karsten, Gustav (1820–1900), German physicist 502

Kästner, Abraham Gotthelf (1719–1800), German mathematician and writer 494

Keats, John (1795–1821), British poet 272

Kekkonen, Urho (1900–86), Finnish politician 344

Keller, Adalbert von (1812–83), German philologist 433, 434

Kennedy, Alexander Blackie William (1847–1928), British engineer 619

Kerner, Anton, Ritter von Marilaun (1831–1908), Austrian botanist 537

Keynes, John Maynard (1883–1946), British economist 481

Khinchin, Aleksandr Jakowlewitsch (1894–1959), Russian mathematician 513

Kingsley, Charles (1819–75), British writer and historian 469

Kirchhoff, Gustav Robert (1824–87), German physicist 499, 502–3, 508, 516

Kjellén, Rudolph (1864–1922), Swedish political scientist and politician 483

Klaproth, Martin Heinrich (1743–1817), German chemist 504

Klein, Felix (Christian Felix, 1849–1925), German mathematician 174, 500, 642

Klugmann, James (Norman John, 1912–77), British Communist politician and writer 358

Knies, Karl (1821–98), German economist 480

Kogálniceanu, Mikael (1817–91), Romanian politician and historian 560

Kölliker, Albert (1817–1905), Swiss-German embryologist 526, 572

Kolmogorov, Andrey Nikolayevich (1903–87), Russian mathematician 285, 513

Ko tsov, Nikolai Konstantinovich (1872–1940), Russian biologist and geneticist 585, 587

Kos’ciuszko, Tadeusz (1746–1817), Polish army officer and statesman 24, 272

Kossuth, Lajos (1802–94), Hungarian politician 293

Kotzebue, August von (1761–1819), German writer 275, 409

Kowalewsky, Sonia (1850–91), Russian mathematician 133

Krafft-Ebing, Richard Freiherr von (1840–1902), German neuropsychiatrist 576

Kraus, Karl Christian Friedrich (1781–1832), German philosopher 302

Kronecker, Leopold (1823–91), German mathematician 500

Krzyzanowski, Adrian (1788–1852), Russian astronomer 498

Kuhn, Thomas S. (1922–96), American historian of science 638

Kume, Kunitake (1839–1931), Japanese historian 226

Kummer, Ernst Eduard (1810–93), German mathematician 500

La Caille, Nicolas Louis de (1713–62), French mathematician 494

Lachmann, Karl (1793–1851), German Classicist 394, 421, 430

Lacroix, Sylvestre François (1765–1843), French mathematician 497–8, 506–7, 509

Laennec, René Théophile (1781–1826), French physician 549

Lafitte, Jacques (1767–1844), French revolutionary 288

Lagrange, Albert (1855–1938), French Cath. theologian 401

Lagrange, Joseph Louis (1736–1813), French mathematician 17, 496–8, 506, 600

Lalande, Joseph Jérôme de (1732–1807), French astronomer 496

Lallemand, Nicolas (d. 1820), French revolutionary 279

Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste (1744–1829), French biologist 519, 522, 534–5

Lamé, Gabriel (1795–1870), French mathematician and physicist 601–602

Lamennais, Félicité Robert de (1782–1861), French Cath. theologian and writer 400, 401

La Mettrie, Julien Offray de (Lamettrie, 1709–51), French physician and philosopher 150

Lamprecht, Karl (1856–1915), German historian 143, 464

Lanson, Gustave (1857–1934), French historian of literature 416, 442

Laplace, Pierre Simon Marquis de (1749–1827), French mathematician and astronomer 17, 498, 506–7, 509

La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, François Alexandre Frédéric Duc de (1747–1827), French educator and social reformer 608

Laski, Harold (1893–1950), British political scientist, educator and politician 482

Laue, Max von (1879–1960), German physicist 174, 505

Laval de Montmorency, François Xavier de (1623–1708), Canadian bishop 177

Lazarus, Moritz (1824–1903), German philosopher and psychologist 453

Leclerc, Georges-Louis see Buffon, comte de

Lefebvre, Georges (1874–1959), French historian 476

Legendre, Adrien Marie (1752–1833), French mathematician 509

Legge, James (1815–97), British missionary and Sinologist 447

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1646–1716), German philosopher and mathematician 522

Lejeune-Dirichlet, see Dirichlet

Lelewel, Joachim (1786–1861), Polish historian 150, 287

Lenz, Heinrich Friedrich Emil (1804–65), Baltic physicist 510

Leo XIII (1810–1903), pope 189, 396, 402–4

Lepsius, Richard (1810–84), German Egyptologist 446

Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim (1729–81), German poet and critic 430

Lessing, Theodor (1872–1933), German writer and philosopher 348

Lessona, Michele (1823–94), Italian biologist 535

Leubuscher, Rudolf (1821–61), German psychologist 565

Lexis, Wilhelm (1837–1914), German economist and social scientist 378

Leydig, Franz von (1821–1908), German physiologist 526

Lichtenberg, Georg Christoph (1742–99), German physicist and writer 501

Liebig, Justus von (1802–73), German chemist 50, 498, 502–4, 508, 511, 514, 525, 566, 568, 606

Lightfoot, James Barber (1829–89), British Angl. theologian 413

Linde, Carl von (1842–1934), German engineer 619

Lindelöf, Lorenz (1827–1908), Finnish mathematician 155

Lindemann, Cherwell Frederick Alexander Lindemann, 1st Viscount (1886–1957), German-British physicist 649

Linnaeus, Carolus (Carl von Linné, 1707–78), Swedish botanist and explorer 450, 538, 568

Lippmann, Gabriel (1845–1921), French physicist 514

Li Shu-hua (Li Shuhua, 1889–1979), Chinese politician 218

Lister, Joseph (1827–1912), British surgeon 570, 589

Li Teng-hui (Li Denghui, 1873–1947), Chinese university president 220

Littré, Emile (1801–81), French lexicographer and philosopher 412

Littrow, Joseph (1781–1840), Russian astronomer 509

Lobachevskii, Nikolai (1792–1856), Russian mathematician 509

Lodge, Richard (1855–1936), British historian 475–6

Loescher, Hermann (1831–92), German-Italian publisher 428

Löfstedt jr., Einar (1880–1955), Swedish Latinist 421

Löfstedt sr., Einar (1831–84), Swedish historian 420

Loisy, Alfred (1857–1940), French Cath. theologian 401

Lönnrot, Elias (1802–84), Finnish writer, folklorist and philologist 148

López, José Severo (1754–1807), Spanish surgeon 561

Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon (1853–1928), Dutch physicist 514

Lot, Ferdinand (1866–1952), French historian 92

Lotka, Alfred James (1880–1949), Austrian-American mathematician 539

Lou Chia-lun (Lou Jialun, 1896–1969), Chinese university president 218

Loudon, James (1841–1916), Canadian university president 176

Louis Philippe of Orléans (1773–1850), French king 281, 284, 522

Lovén, Sven (1809–95), Swedish zoologist 534

Lubac, Henri de (1896–1991), French Cath. theologian 403

Ludwig I of Hessen (1753–30), Grand Duke of Hessen-Darmstadt 503

Ludwig II of Bayern (1845–86), King of Bayern 396

Ludwig, Karl (1816–92), German physiologist 524, 583

Luther, Martin (1483–1546), German theologian and reformer 26, 66

Lützow, Ludwig Adolf Wilhelm von (1782–1834), Prussian major general 273

Luzin, Nikolai Nikolaevich (1883–1950), Russian mathematician 511, 513

Lyapunov, Aleksandr Mikhailovich (1857–1918), Russian mathematician 513

Lyell, Charles (1797–1875), British geologist 530–1, 532–3

Lysenko, Trofim (1898–1976), Russian biologist and agronomist 92, 541, 586

Ma Chien-chiung (Ma Jianzhong, 1844–1900), Chinese university founder 219

Ma Hsiang-po (Ma Xiangbo, 1840–1939), Chinese university founder 219

Maas, Paul (1880–1964), German Classicist 427

Macaulay, Thomas Babington (1800–59), British historian 199, 463, 469, 472

Mach, Ernst (1838–1916), Austrian physicist 505

Mackinder, Halford John (1861–1947), British political geographer 483

Mäklin, Fredrik Vilhelm (1821–83), Finnish zoologist 534

Magendie, François (1783–1855), French physiologist 528, 550

Magnes, Judah Leon (1877–1948), Israeli statesman and rabbi 191

Mâle, Emile (1852–1964), French art historian 477

Malinowski, Branislaw (1882–1942), British anthropologist 488–9

Mann, Thomas (1875–1955), German writer 576

Mannheim, Herman (1889–1969), German jurist 486

Mannheim, Karl (1893–1947), German sociologist 486

Manning, Henry Edward (1808–92), British Cath. theologian 404

Marheineke, Philipp (1780–1846), German ev. theologian 407

Maria Theresia (1717–80), empress of Austria 559

Marie, Joseph François (1738–1801), French mathematician 494

Mariette, Auguste Edouard (1821–81), French Egyptologist 444, 446

Maritain, Jacques (1882–1973), French philosopher 352, 403

Markov, Andrey Andreevich (1856–1922), Russian mathematician 510, 513

Markowski, Jozef (1758–1829), Polish chemist 498

Marouzeau, Jules (1878–1964), French Latinist 421

Marshall, Alfred (1842–1924), British economist 481

Marx, Karl (1818–83), German philosopher and politician 363, 412, 455, 460–1

Masaryk, Tomáš Garrigue (1850–1937), Czech philosopher and first President of Czechoslovakia 155, 322

Mascagni, Paolo (1755–1815), Italian anatomist 562

Maspero, Gaston (1846–1916), French Egyptologist 444, 446

Maspero, Henri (1882–1945), French Sinologist 446

Massignon, Louis (1883–1962), French Orientalist 445

Mateos, Mariano López (1800–63), Spanish physician 527

Matteucci, Carlo (1811–68), Italian Minister of Education 37, 118

Maurras, Charles (1868–1952), French writer 100, 338

Mauss, Marcel (1882–1950), French sociologist and anthropologist 414

Maxwell, James Clerk (1831–79), British physicist 507

Mazurkiewicz, Stefan (1888–1945), Polish mathematician 513

Mazzini, Giuseppe (1805–72), Italian propagandist and revolutionary 29–31, 150

McMillan, Conway (1867–1929), American botanist 539

Mechelin, Leopold von (1839–1914), Finnish jurist 155

Medici, Lorenzo de’ (1449–92), Florentine statesman 27

Meillet, Antoine (1866–1936), French linguist 451

Meinecke, Friedrich (1862–1954), German historian 479

Mendel, Gregor (1822–84), Austrian botanist 536–7

Mendeleev, Dmitrii Ivanovich (1834–1907), Russian chemist 511

Menger, Carl (1840–1921), Austrian economist 483

Menshikov, Aleksander Sergeievich (1787–1869), commander of the Russian forces 153

Mercier, Désiré (1851–1926), Belgian Cath. theologian 327

Metternich, Klemens Wenzel Fürst von (1773–1859), Austrian statesman 24, 27, 50, 152, 153, 275, 280, 288, 293, 409, 561

Meyer, Paul (1840–1917), French Romanist 442

Meynert, Theodor (1833–92), German psychiatrist 569

Michelet, Jules (1798–1874), French historian 30, 99, 149, 289, 290, 476

Michel-Lévy, Auguste (1844–1911), French geologist 540

Michelson, Albert Abraham (1852–1931), American physicist 171

Mickiewicz, Adam (1798–1855), Polish writer 149, 277, 289

Mignet, Auguste (1796–1884), French historian 280

Miklosich, Franz von (1813–91), Slovenian Slavist 436, 452

Miljukov, Pavel Nikolaievich (1859–1943), Russian historian and politician 155

Mill, John Stuart (1806–73), British economist 218, 455, 479, 588

Minkowski, Hermann (1864–1909), German mathematician 500

Mises, Richard von (1883–1953), Austrian mathematician and engineer 501, 513

Mitscherlich, Eilhard (1794–1863), German chemist 504, 511

Moeller van den Bruck, Arthur (1876–1925), German writer 347

Moleschott, Jacob (1822–93), Dutch physiologist 563–4, 573

Mommsen, Theodor (1817–1903), German historian 61, 69, 425, 428, 466

Monge, Gaspard (1746–1818), French mathematician 496–8, 507, 596, 599, 600

Monod, Gabriel (1844–1912), French historian 463, 476, 477

Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de (1689–1755), French political philosopher 218

Montgomery Watt, William (b. 1909), British scholar of Islam 445

Mookerjee, Ashutosh (1864–1924), Hindu lawyer, mathematician, educator and author 204

Morgagni, Giovanni Battista (1682–1771), Italian anatomist and pathologist 548, 563

Morgan, Thomas Hunt (1866–1945), American zoologist and geneticist 537

Mosca, Gaetano (1858–1941), Italian jurist and political theorist 482

Mosley, Oswald (1896–1980), British politician 340

Moyano Samaniego, Claudio (1809–90), Spanish Minister of Education 118, 302

Mudrov, Matvej Jakovlevic (1772–1831), Russian physician 559

Mulder, Gerardus Johannes (1802–80), Dutch chemist 568

Müller, Detlef K. (b. 1942), German historian of education 255

Müller, Johannes (1801–58), German physiologist 17–19, 523–6, 532, 549, 552–3, 563–4, 579

Müller, Karl Otfried (1797–1840), German classical historian 466

Müller, Max (1823–1900), German linguist 414, 427, 489

Multatuli, pseudonym of Dekker, Eduard Douwes (1820–87), Dutch writer 301–2

Münzenberg, Willi (1889–1940), German politician and publicist 358

Murray, Gilbert (1866–1957), British Classicist 422

Mussolini, Benito (1883–1945), Italian statesman 37, 89, 98, 100, 341, 355, 482, 513

Myrdal, Gunnar (1898–1987), Swedish economist and politician 484

Nägeli, Karl von (1817–91), Swiss-German botanist 526, 537

Namier, Lewis (1888–1960), British historian 475

Napoleon I (Napoleon Bonaparte 1769–1821), French emperor 25, 149, 240, 272, 300, 307, 381, 396, 444, 466, 477, 485, 495, 497, 522, 544, 588, 597, 602, 652 – on education and universities 3, 31, 39, 44–5, 52, 55, 61, 72, 74, 93, 97, 108, 120, 124, 129, 139, 159, 178, 186, 251, 454, 560

Napoleon III (Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte 1808–73), French emperor 69, 296, 300, 529

Neander, August (1789–1850), German ev. theologian 407

Nehru, Jawaharlal (1889–1964), Hindu statesman 205

Nénot, Henri-Paul (1845–1934), French architect 104

Nernst, Walther Hermann (1864–1941), German physicist 174

Neumann, Carl (1832–1925), German mathematician 505

Neumann, Franz (1798–1895), German physicist and mineralogist 499–500, 502, 505, 515

Neumann, Salomon (1819–1908), German physician and politician 565

Nève, Félix (1816–93), French Orientalist 452

Newman, John Henry (1801–90), British Angl., later Cath. theologian 93, 404

Newton, Isaac (1643–1727), British mathematician, physicist and astronomer 493, 506

Nicholas I (1796–1855), Russian emperor 152, 303, 509, 573

Nicholas II (1868–1918), Russian emperor 154

Niebuhr, Barthold Georg (1776–1831), German historian 15, 465, 466

Niemczewski, Zachariasz (1766–1820), Polish mathematician 498

Nietzsche, Friedrich (1844–1900), German philosopher and Classicist 455, 468

Nilsson, Martin Persson (1874–1967), Swedish Classicist and historian 414, 420–1

Nilsson-Ehle, Herman (1873–1949), Swedish botanist 537

Nobel, Alfred (1833–96), Swedish chemist, engineer and industrialist 575

Nöldeke, Theodor (1832–1930), German Orientalist 445

Norden, Eduard (1868–1941), German Classicist 425, 429

Oken, Lorenz (1779–1851), German scientist 521, 523

Ono, Azusa (1852–86), Japanese statesman and university founder 226

Orioli, Francesco (1785–1856), Italian philosopher 27

Ørsted, Anders Sand⊘e (1778–1860), Danish jurist and politician 154

Ørsted, Hans Christian (1777–1852), Danish physicist 154

Ortega y Gasset, José (1883–1955), Spanish philosopher of culture 354

Oscar I (1799–1859), king of Sweden and Norway 290

Osenberg, Werner (1900–72), German engineer 664

Osipovskii, Timofei (1765–1832), Russian mathematician 509

Osler, William (1849–1919), Canadian physician 582

Ostrogradskii, Mikhail Vasilevich (1801–62), Ukrainian mathematician 498, 510

Ostwald, Wilhelm (1853–1932), German chemist 514

Otto I (1815–67), king of Greece 43

Otto, Rudolf (1869–1937), German ev. theologian, philosopher and historian 414

Owen, Richard (1804–92), British anatomist and palaeontologist 531

Painlevé, Paul (1863–1933), French mathematician and statesman 156, 629

Palmén, Johan Axel (1845–1919), Finnish zoologist 534

Pareto, Vilfredo (1848–1923), Italian economist and sociologist 486

Paris, Alexis Paulin (1800–81), French literary historian 442

Paris, Gaston (1839–1903), French Romanist 442

Park, Robert (1864–1944), American sociologist 171

Parrot, Georg Friedrich (1767–1852), Estonian physicist 509, 510

Pasha Artini, Yacoub, see Artin Pasha Yacoub

Pasquali, Giorgio (1885–1952), Italian philologist 428

Pasteur, Louis (1822–95), French chemist and microbiologist 13, 18, 92, 151, 525, 528–9, 534, 577, 579

Pattison, Mark (1813–1884), British educational reformer 168, 427

Pauli, Wolfgang (1900–58), Swiss-American physicist 505

Paulsen, Friedrich (1846–1908), German philosopher 20, 454, 457

Pavlov, Ivan Petrovič (1849–1936), Russian physiologist 573, 585

Pearson, Karl (1857–1936), British mathematician 513

Pedro II (1825–91), emperor of Brazil 182

Percival, John Thomas (1803–76), British physician 575

Perkin, Harold, British historian 369

Pestalozzi, Johann Heinrich (1746–1827), Swiss educational reformer 22

Petrarca, Francesco (1304–74), Italian poet 29, 434

Pfeiffer, Rudolf (1889–1979), German Classicist 427

Pfleiderer, Otto (1839–1908), German ev. theologian 414

Pigou, Arthur Cecil (1877–1959), British economist 481

Pilsudski, Jósef Klemens (1867–1935), Polish statesman 352

Pinel, Philippe (1745–1826), French physician 545, 549–51

Piper, Ferdinand (1811–89), German ev. theologian and archaeologist 409

Pirogov, Nikolai (1810–81), Russian surgeon and anatomist 573

Pius IX (1792–1878), pope 396, 398, 401, 402, 403

Pius X (1835–1914), pope 317, 396, 401

Pius XI (1857–1939), pope 338, 356

Pius XII (1876–1958), pope 403

Planck, Max (1858–1947), German physicist 503, 627–8, 642

Plato (c. 427–c. 347 BC), Greek philosopher 395, 422, 451

Plekhanov, Georgiy Valentinovitch (1856–1918), Russian historian 473

Poggendorf, Johann Christian (1796–1877), German physicist 502

Poincaré, Henri (1854–1912), French mathematician 516

Poinsot, Louis (1777–1859), French mathematician 150

Poisson, Siméon Denis (1781–1840), French mathematician and physicist 497–8, 507

Pollard, Albert Frederick (1860–1948), British historian 474

Pompe van Meerdervoort, Johan Lidius Catharinus (1829–1908), Dutch naval surgeon in Japan 556, 572

Popper, Karl (1902–94), Austrian-born British philosopher 478

Powicke, Frederick Maurice (1879–1963), British historian 475

Prichard, James Cowles (1786–1848), British physician and ethnologist 551

Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja, Miguel (1870–1930), Spanish general and statesman 72–3, 354

Princip, Gavrilo (1895–1918), Serbian nationalist 293

Prothero, George Walter (1848–1922), British historian 471–2, 475

Proust, Marcel (1871–1922), French writer 157, 416

Puschkin (Pushkin), Aleksandr Sergeevich (1799–1837), Russian poet 275

Quinet, Edgar (1803–75), French historian 99, 149, 289

Rabelais, François (1494–1553), French writer 147

Rade, Martin (1857–1940), German ev. theologian 414

Rait, Robert Sangster (1874–1936), British historian 475–6

Ram, (Pierre François) Xavier de (1804–65), Belgian historian and university rector 401

Ramón y Cajal, Santiago (1852–1934), Spanish histologist 527

Ranke, Leopold von (1795–1886), German historian 174, 463–5, 466–9, 477

Rankine, William John Macquorn (1820–72), British engineer 618

Rashdall, Hastings (1858–1924), British historian 462

Ratzel, Friedrich (1844–1904), German geographer and ethnographer 483

Rayleigh, John William Strutt, third baron (1841–1919), British physicist 507

Reinisch, Leo (1832–1919), Austrian Egyptologist and Africanist 446

Reitzenstein, Richard (1861–1931), German Classicist 395

Remak, Robert (1815–65), German physician 526–7

Remsen, Ira (1846–1927), American chemist 171

Renan, Ernest (1823–92), French historian 93, 151, 399–400, 412, 415, 417–18, 424, 443

Renner, Kaspar-Fridrich Fedorovic (1780–1816), Russian mathematician 509

Reuleaux, Franz (1829–1905), German engineer 618

Ribera y Tarrago, Julián (1858–1934), Spanish scholar of Islam 444

Ricardo, David (1772–1823), British economist and banker 460, 481

Richelieu, Armand Jean du Plessis, duc de (1585–1642), French statesman and cardinal 102

Riesz, Frigyes (1880–1956), Hungarian mathematician 512

Ritschl, Albrecht (1822–89), German ev. theologian 412

Robert de Sorbon (1201–74), French theologian 107

Robespierre, Maximilien de (1758–94), French revolutionary and statesman 34, 284

Rodó, José Enrique (1871–1917), Uruguayan philosopher, educator and essayist 182

Rokitansky, Carl Freiherr von (1804–78), Austrian physician 568, 569

Roosevelt, Franklin Delano (1882–1945), president of the USA 668

Roscher, Wilhelm (1817–94), German economist 480

Röschlaub, Andreas (1768–1835), German physician 552

Rose, Heinrich (1795–1864), German chemist 504

Rosenberg, Alfred (1893–1946), German politician 659

Rosenbusch, Karl Harry Ferdinand (1836–1914), German geologist 540

Rosmini-Servati, Antonio (1797–1855), Italian Cath. theologian 402–3

Rossi, Giovanni Battista de (1822–94), Italian art historian 403

Rousseau, Jean Jacques (1712–78), Swiss-French philosopher 4, 546

Roux, Emile (1853–1933), French bacteriologist 529

Roux, Wilhelm (1850–1924), German zoologist 538

Rowntree, Benjamin Seebohm (1871–1954), British sociologist and philanthropist 486

Roy, Rammohun (1772–1833), Hindu religious, social and educational reformer 199

Rudolphi, Carl Asmund (1771–1832), German anatomist 18, 523

Ruge, Arnold (1802–80), German philosopher 455

Rumovskii, Stepan (1734–1812), Russian mathematician 509

Runeberg, Johan Vilhelm (1804–81), Finnish professor of rhetoric 148

Russell, William (1741–93), British historian 199

Rutherford, Ernest (1871–1937), British physicist 508, 514–15

Rydberg, Viktor (1828–95), Swedish writer and journalist 126

Sacy, Antoine Isaac Silvestre de (1758–1835), French Orientalist 443, 445, 450

Sagnac, Philippe (1868–1954), French historian 477

Saint-Amand Bazard (1791–1832), French revolutionary 279

Saint-Simon, Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de (1760–1825), French philosopher and social theorist 30, 484

Saintsbury, George (1845–1933), British literary historian 415

Salazar, António de Oliveira (1889–1970), Portuguese politician 91, 156, 341, 648–9

Salimbeni, Leonardo (1830–89), Italian teacher of natural history 535

Sambuc, Jules Théophile (1804–34), French revolutionary 281, 283

Sanctis, Francesco De (1817–83), Italian literary critic 69

Sand, Karl Ludwig (1795–1820), German theology student 275, 409

Sangnier, Marc (1873–1950), French writer 317

Sanz del Río, Julián (1814–69), Spanish scholar of law 302

Sapalski, Franciszek (1791–1838), Polish mathematician 498

Sarraut, Albert (1872–1962), French politician 211

Saussure, Ferdinand de (1857–1913), Swiss linguist 452

Savigny, Friedrich Karl von (1779–1861), German jurist 14–15, 426, 430, 450, 460, 466

Say, Jean Baptiste (1767–1832), French economist 484–5

Sbert, Antonio Maria (1901–80), Spanish student leader 354

Scaliger, Joseph Justus (1540–1609), French-Dutch Classicist 449

Scelle, Georges Auguste Jean Joseph (1878–1961), French university professor 89, 100

Schaumann, Eugen (1875–1904), Finnish nationalist 336

Scheler, Max (1874–1928), German philosopher 365

Schelling, Friedrich W. J. von (1755–1854), German philosopher 398–9, 455, 501–2, 552

Schiller, Friedrich von (1795–1805), German writer 148, 297–8, 477–8

Schimper, Andreas Franz Wilhelm (1856–1901), German botanist 538–9

Schirach, Baldur von (1907–74), German politician 349

Schlegel, August Wilhelm von (1767–1845), German literary historian 430, 452

Schlegel, Friedrich von (1772–1829), German writer and critic 430, 450

Schlegel, Gustav (1840–1903), Dutch Sinologist 447

Schleiden, Matthias (1804–81), German botanist 521, 525, 526

Schleiermacher, Friedrich Ernst Daniel (1768–1834), German ev. theologian and philosopher 24, 25, 395, 414, 422, 453, 455 – reformer of the University of Berlin 5, 48, 49, 152, 163, 406, 639

Schlözer, August Ludwig von (1735–1809), German historian and philologist 148

Schmidlin, Joseph (1878–1944), German Cath. theologian 399

Schmidt, Georg Gottlieb (1768–1837), German mathematician 501

Schmoller, Gustav von (1838–1912), German economist 480

Schönlein, Johann Lukas (1793–1864), German physician 17

Schopenhauer, Arthur (1788–1860), German philosopher 455

Schrödinger, Erwin (1887–1961), Austrian physicist 174, 505, 513

Schumpeter, Joseph Alois (1853–1950), Austrian social scientist 480, 484

Schwann, Theodor (1810–82), German physiologist 521, 567–8

Schwarzschild, Karl (1873–1948), German astronomer 517

Scott, Walter (1771–1832), British writer 282

Secchi, Angelo (1818–78), Italian physicist 516

Sechenov, Ivan M. (1839–1905), Russian physiologist 573

Sederholm, Jakob Johannes (1863–1934), Finnish geologist 540

Sedgwick, Adam (1785–1873), British geologist 530

Seeley, John Robert (1834–95), British historian 469–70, 482

Seeliger, Hugo von (1849–1924), German astronomer 517

Semmelweis, Ignaz (1818–1865), German-Hungarian physician 569, 589

Semper, Gottfried (1803–79), German architect 104

Sertürner, Friedrich Wilhelm (1783–1841), German pharmacist 578

Seyss-Inquart, Arthur (1892–1946), Austrian politician 654

Shakespeare, William (1564–1616), British playwright 199, 452

Shaw, George Bernard (1856–1950), Irish writer 576

Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft (1797–1851), British writer 147

Shelley, Percy Bysshe (1792–1822), British writer 272

Siebold, Karl von (1804–85), German physician and zoologist 526

Siemens, Werner von (1816–92), German engineer 19, 627

Sierpiński, Wacław Franciszek (1882–1969), Polish mathematician 513

Simmel, Georg (1858–1918), German sociologist and philosopher 487

Simon, Jules (1814–96), French politician and philosopher 99

Simpson, George Gaylord (1902–84), American palaeontologist 539

Skoda, Joseph (1805–81), Austrian physician 562

Skrodzki, Karol (Jürgen Karl, 1787–1832), Polish physicist and university rector 498

Small, Albion Woodbury (1854–1926), American sociologist 171

Smith, Adam (1723–90), British economist 11, 148, 484

Smith, Arthur Lionel (1850–1924), British historian 474, 475

Snellen, Herman (1834–1908), Dutch ophthalmologist 579

Snellman, Johan Vilhelm (1806–81), Finnish philosopher and statesman 148, 336

Snouck Hurgronje, Christiaan (1879–1936), Dutch scholar of Islam 445

Söderblom, Nathan (1866–1931), Swedish ev. theologian and historian 414

Sombart, Werner (1863–1941), German sociologist 136, 480, 487

Sonnenschein, Carl (1876–1929), German Cath. theologian 320

Sorby, Henry Clifton (1826–1908), British geologist 540

Spartacus (d. 71 BC), Roman slave and revolutionary 150

Speer, Albert (1905–81), German politician and architect 665

Spemann, Hans (1869–1941), German zoologist 538

Spencer, Herbert (1820–1903), British philosopher 218, 316, 456

Spengel, Johann Wilhelm (1852–1921), German zoologist 534

Speransky, Mihail Mihajlovič count (1772–1839), Russian statesman 125

Stael, Madame de (1766–1817), French writer 452

Ståhlberg, Kaarlo (1862–1952), Finnish jurist and statesman 155

Staiger, Emil (1908–87), Swiss Germanist 432

Stalin, Joseph (1878–1953), Soviet dictator 92, 586

Stas, Jean Servais (1813–91), Belgian chemist 498

Stein, (Heinrich Friedrich) Karl, Reichsfreiherr vom und zum (1757–1831), German statesman 22

Stein, Mark Aurel (1862–1943), British archaeologist and geographer 205

Steinthal, Hajim (1823–99), German linguist 452

Stendhal (pseudonym of Marie Henri Beyle) (1783–1842), French writer 29

Stephen, James (1789–1859), British colonial administrator; historian 470

Stokes, George Gabriel (1819–1903), British mathematician 506

Stoll, Maximilian (1742–88), German physician 561

Strasburger, Eduard (1844–1912), German plant cytologist 538

Strauss, David Friedrich (1808–74), German ev. theologian 30, 411–12

Strindberg, August (1849–1912), Swedish writer 150

Stromeyer, Friedrich (1776–1835), German chemist 504

Strouhal, Čeněk (1850–1922), Czech physicist 505

Strutt, John William see Rayleigh

Stubbs, William (1825–1901), British historian 473–4

Štúr, Ludovít (L’udovít, 1812–56), Slovak student leader, linguist, politician and writer 288

Suess, Eduard (1831–1914), Austrian geologist and palaeontologist 540

Sullivan, Arthur Seymour (1841–1900), British composer 147

Sun Yat-sen (1866–1925), Chinese statesman 223

Susini, Clemente Michelangelo F. (1754–1814), Italian sculptor 562

Suslova, Nadezhda (1843–1918), Russian physician 585

Sutton, Walter Stanborough (1877–1916), American biologist 537

Swieten, Gerard van (1700–72), Dutch-Austrian 556, 559

Sybel, Heinrich von (1817–95), German historian 463, 471

Tagore, Rabindranath (1861–1941), Hindu writer and philosopher 207

Taine, Hippolyte (1828–93), French philosopher and historian 151

Tait, James (1863–1944), British historian 475

Takata, Sanai (1860–1938), Japanese political scientist and university founder 226

Tanaka Fujimaro (1845–1909), Japanese politician 224, 228

Tansley, Arthur G. (1871–1955), British botanist 539

Tarde, Gabriel de (1843–1904), French sociologist 485–6

Tawney, Richard Henry (1880–1962), British economic historian 473, 482, 488

Tegnér, Esaias (1782–1846), Swedish bishop 148, 159

Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre (1881–1955), French theologian and palaeontologist 221, 403

Tenon, Jacques (1724–1816), French physician 545

Thalamas, François (1867–1953), French historian 328

Thénard, Louis Jacques (1777–1857), French chemist 496, 497–8

Thibaudet, Antoine (1874–1936), French literary historian 134, 157

Thibert, Félix, French producer of artificial medical models 572

Thierry, Augustin (1795–1856), French historian 460

Thiers, Adolphe (1797–1877), French historian 280

Thomas Aquinas (1224/1225–74), Italian-French theologian and philosopher 402

Thomson, Joseph John (1856–1940), British physicist 508

Thomson, William, Lord Kelvin of Largs (1824–1907), British physicist 156, 508, 515

Thun und Hohenstein, Count Leo von (1811–88), Austrian statesman 51

Tigerstedt, Robert (1853–1923), Finnish physiologist 524

Tiso, Jozef (1887–1947), Slovakian politician 353

Tisserand, François Felix (1845–96), French astronomer 516

Tissot, Simon André (1728–97), Swiss physician 550

Tobler, Adolf (1835–1910), Swiss Romanist 434

Toller, Ernst (1893–1939), German writer 346

Tolstoy, Leo (1828–1910), Russian writer 333

Tönnies, Ferdinand (1848–1923), German sociologist 486

Topelius, Zacharias (1818–98), Finnish-Swedish historian 146

Tout, Thomas Frederick (1855–1929), British historian 475

Traube, Ludwig (1818–76), German physician 429, 565

Traugutt, Romuald (1826–64), Polish revolutionary 306

Treitschke, Heinrich von (1834–96), German historian 307, 468–9, 478, 482

Trevelyan, George Macaulay (1876–1962), British historian 472

Treviranus, Gottfried Reinhold (1776–1864), German physician 519, 523

Troelstraa, Pieter Jelles (1860–1930), Dutch writer 341

Troeltsch, Ernst (1865–1923), German ev. theologian 395, 412

Trousseau, Armand (1801–67), French physician 589

Trubetskoi, Sergei Nikolaievich (1802–1905), Russian university rector 155

Trubetzkoy, Nikolai Sergejewich (1890–1938), Russian linguist 452

Ts’ai, Yuan-P’ei (1867–1940) 218

Tschermak, Erich, Edler von Seysenegg von (1871–1962), Austrian botanist 537

Tuke, Samuel (1784–1857), British psychiatrist 551

Tuke, William (1732–1822), British psychiatrist 551

Tullberg, Tycho (1842–1920), Swedish zoologist 534

Türck, Ludwig (1810–68), Austrian physician 573

Tyler, Edward Burnett (1832–1917), British anthropologist 414

Tytler, Alexander Fraser (1747–1813), British historian 199

Ubaghs, Gerhard (1800–75), Belgian philosopher and theologian 401

Ulyanov, Alexander (1866–1887), Russian revolutionary and brother of Lenin 324

Ulyanov, Vladimir Iljisch see Lenin

Usener, Hermann (1834–1905), German Classicist 425

Valenciennes, Achille (1791–1864), French zoologist 522

Vallejo, Jose Mariano (1779–1846), Spanish mathematician 498

Vauquelin, Louis Nicolas (1763–1829), French chemist 495–6

Vavilov, Nikolai Ivanovich (1887–1943), Russian plant geneticist 541

Verdi, Giuseppe (1813–1901), Italian composer 30

Vico, Giambattisto (1668–1744), Italian philosopher and jurist 418, 451

Victoria (1819–1901), queen of Great Britain and Ireland 192, 197

Vidal de la Blache, Paul (1845–1918), French geographer 477

Villemain, Abel-François (1790–1870), French literary historian 149, 236

Virchow, Rudolf (1821–1902), German physician 19–20, 489, 526, 532, 533, 564–6, 568–9, 572, 579

Vogel, Hermann Karl (1841–1907), German astronomer 516

Vogt, Karl (1817–95), German geologist 69, 563–4

Volta, Alessandro (1745–1827), Italian physicist 520

Volterra, Vito (1860–1940), Italian mathematician and physicist 539

Voronoff, Serge (1866–1959), Russian-French physiologist 577

Voskresenskii, Aleksandr A. (1809–80), Russian chemist 511

Vrchovský, Alexander Boleslavín (1812–43), Slovak student 287–8

Vries, Hugo de (1848–1935), Dutch botanist and geneticist 537

Waals, Johannes Diderik van der (1837–1923), Dutch physicist 514

Wach, Joachim (1898–1955), German-American theologian 414

Wachler, Johann Ludwig Friedrich (1767–1838), German historian 462

Wade, Thomas (1818–95), British Sinologist 447

Waentig, Karl Heinrich (1843–1917), German university officer 136

Wallace, Alfred Russel (1823–1913), British zoologist 530

Walras, Marie Esprit Léon (1834–1910), French economist 483–4, 486

Walter von der Vogelweide (c. 1170–c. 1230), German poet 430

Walzer, Richard (1900–75), German Hellenist and Arabist 427

Ward, Adolphus William (1837–1924), British historian, linguist 475

Warming, Eugen (1841–1924), Danish botanist 538–9

Waterhouse, Alfred (1830–1905), British architect 104

Watt, James (1735–1848), British engineer and inventor 595

Webb, Beatrice (1858–1943), British historian and social reformer 482

Webb, Sidney (1859–1947), British politician 482

Weber, Max (1864–1920), German sociologist and economist 60, 127, 136–7, 252, 465, 466, 480, 487–8

Wegener, Alfred (1880–1930), German meteorologist and geophysicist 540–1

Weierstrass, Karl (1815–97), German mathematician 500

Weinberg, Wilhelm (1861–1937), German geneticist 539

Weismann, August (1834–1914), German zoologist 536

Wellhausen, Julius (1844–1918), German ev. theologian 395, 443

Wennerberg, Gunnar (1817–1901), Swedish writer 125

Werner, Abraham Gottlob (1750–1817), German geologist 520

Westcott, Brooke Foss (1825–1901), British theologian 413

Westermann, Dietrich H. (1875–1956), German Africanist 448–9

Wette, Wilhelm Martin Leberecht, De (1780–1849), German ev. theologian 99, 407, 409

Whewell, William (1794–1866), British philosopher 498

Wicksell, Knut (1851–1926), Swedish economist 483

Wieger, Leon (1856–1933), French Sinologist 221

Wien, Wilhelm (1864–1928), German physicist 627

Wiesengrund, see Adorno

Wilamowitz-Moellendorf, Ulrich von (1848–1931), German Classicist 413, 425, 435, 642

Wilberforce, Samuel (1805–73), British bishop 531

Wilberforce, William (1759–1833), British politician and philanthropist 150

Willem of Oranje-Nassau (1840–79), prince of the Netherlands 302

William I (1772–1843), king of the Netherlands 39, 497

Wilson, Woodrow (1856–1924), American statesman, president of the USA 155, 184

Windelband, Wilhelm (1848–1915), German philosopher 171

Windischgrätz, Alfred Prince zu (1787–1862), Austrian field marshal 294

Wit-Dörring, Johann von (1800–63), German student leader 278

Wöhler, Friedrich (1800–82), German chemist 503–4, 525, 566

Wolf, Friedrich August (1759–1824), German Classicist 394, 418, 420, 422, 424, 466

Wolff, Christian (1679–1754), German philosopher 494

Wood, Charles (1800–85), British statesman and entrepreneur 200

Wordsworth, William (1770–1850), British writer 272

Wright, Sewall (1889–1988), American geneticist 539

Wulf, Maurice de (1867–1947), Belgian philosopher and historian 399

Wunderlich, Carl Reinhold August (1815–77), German internist 557, 573

Wundt, Wilhelm (1832–1920), German physiologist and psychologist 453, 488

Wurtz, Adolphe (1817–84), French chemist 105

Wysocki, Piotr (1797–1874), Polish revolutionary 283

Xaver of Saxony, Prince (1730–1806), German university founder 598

Yarrow, Alfred F. (1842–1932), British ship engineer 628

Yen, Fu (1853–1921), Chinese university president 217

Yersin, Alexandre (1863–1943), Swiss-born French bacteriologist 529

Zárata, Antonio Gil de (1793–1861), Spanish university reformer 118

Zateplinskiy, P. A. (1794–1834), Russian astronomer 510

Zeeman, Pieter (1865–1943), Dutch physicist 514

Zeiss, Carl (1816–88), German mathematician, physicist and entrepreneur 577

Zeller, Carl (1842–98), Austrian opera composer 147

Zeller, Eduard (1814–1908), German ev. theologian and philosopher 395

Zeuss, Johann Kaspar (1806–56), German Celticist 452

Zielinski, Tadeus (1859–1944), Polish Classicist 428

Zinin, Nikolai Nikolaevich (1812–80), Russian chemist 511

Zola, Emile (1840–1902), French writer 302, 328, 528

SUBJECT INDEX

Aachen (Germany), technical school, 625,

   UNIVERSITY, 58

Aarhus (Denmark), UNIVERSITY, 110–26

Aberdeen (United Kingdom), UNIVERSITY, 36

Aberystwyth (United Kingdom), UNIVERSITY, 36

Åbo, see Turku

academic freedom, 94–8, 169–70

Academies,

   Académie des Inscriptions et des Belles Lettres, 642,

   Académie des Sciences in Paris, 17, 522, 529, 642,

   Academy of Mining in Slovakia, 495,

   Academy of Sciences in Berlin, 16,

   Academy of Sciences in Poland, 657,

   Academy of Sciences in St Petersburg, 541, 586,

   Bergakademie of Schemnitz, 597,

   Berlin Academy, 642,

   British Academy, 642,

   Export Academy in Vienna, 41,

   International Academy of Science, 643,

   Leopoldina, 522,

   Medical Academy in Moscow, 556,

   Medical Academy in St Petersburg, 556, 559, 573,

   Medical Academy in Vilnius, 556,

   Oriental Academy in Vienna, 442,

   Soviet Academy of Sciences, 666

academies and learned societies, 16–17, 156, 447, 594–5,

   see also specialized schools

accommodation: board and lodging, 102,

   halls of residence, 104, 105–7,

   student houses, 107, 110

Adelaide (Australia), UNIVERSITY, 214

admission of students,

   admission rates, 235–7,

   requirements for admission, 116–17, 377–8,

   university access, 130–1, 238, 242, 244, 254–7

aesthetics, 439

Africa,

   French colonies, 193–6,

   UNIVERSITIES 191–8

African Studies, 448–9

Agram (Zagreb) (Croatia),

   student movements, 337,

   UNIVERSITY, 41,

     languages, 64–5

agriculture, 72, 188, 512,

   Agricultural Research Committee, 646

Aix-en-Provence (France),

   UNIVERSITY,

     buildings, 102,

     finance, 111

Alcalá (Spain) 37

Alexandria (Egypt), UNIVERSITY (Faruk the First University), 192

algebra, see mathematics

Algeria, 195

Algiers (Algeria), UNIVERSITY, 195

Allahabad University, 200

American, 436

Amsterdam (Netherlands),

   UNIVERSITY, 38,

     mathematics, 513,

     physics, 514

anatomy, 18, 493, 520, 581,

   anatomical collections, 557, 571–2,

   chairs, 557, 572,

   morbid anatomy, 571,

   neuroanatomy, 569,

   textbooks, 568

Angers (France), Catholic Institute, 91, 397

Anglican colleges, 54, 202, 215

Ankara (Turkey), UNIVERSITY, 44

anthropology, 460, 488–9, 526

antiquity, 11, 419–20, 421, 422–5

Antwerp (Belgium), medicine, 554

apprenticeships, 607

Arabic Studies, 186–91, 443

Arabic world, 443

archaeology, 414, 526

archaeology, Christian, 409

Argentina, 183,

   UNIVERSITIES 179

arts, 17, 34, 66, 93, 366, 454,

   artes liberales, 393,

   theology and, 393–5

Aslib, 648

assistants and amanuenses, 144

astronomy, 107, 493, 498, 499, 510

astrophysics, 516

Athens (Greece),

   UNIVERSITY, 43, 561,

     finance, 87

atomic weapons, 668

Auckland (New Zealand), UNIVERSITY, 215

Austro-Prussian War (1866), 300

Australia,

   UNIVERSITIES,

     models, 163

Austria,

   careers, 383,

   Catholicism, 299, 323, 330–1, 350,

   gymnasien and colleges, 51,

   human rights, 313,

   Jews, 313, 320–1, 350,

   languages, 330,

   nationalism, 313, 322–3, 350–1,

   students, 51,

   UNIVERSITIES,

     autonomy, 51,

     buildings, 104,

     engineering, 41,

     enrolments, 245,

     finance, 86–7,

     foundations, 41,

     mining, 41,

     models, 51–2,

     philosophy, 19, 51,

     women, 248

Austria-Hungary, 287–8, 292–5, 350,

   languages, 64–5,

   mining schools, 598,

   student movements, 298–9,

   UNIVERSITIES 118,

     faculties, 454,

     finance, 86–7,

     medicine, 559,

     models, 64–5,

     theology, 397–9

Ayn Warak, first college in the Lebanon, 187

Baghdad (Iraq) institutions of higher learning, 186–7

Balkan countries, careers, 384

Baltic states, UNIVERSITIES, buildings, 103

Baltimore (United States), 580–1,

   UNIVERSITY (The Johns Hopkins University), 168, 170, 171

Bamberg (Germany), UNIVERSITY, medicine, 552

Bangor (United Kingdom), UNIVERSITY, 36

Banska Ŝtiavinca (Schemnitz) (Slovakia), Bergakademie, 597–8

Barcelona (Spain), 610,

   engineering, 617,

   specialist schools, 72,

   UNIVERSITY, 37

Bari (Italy),

   specialist schools, 71,

   UNIVERSITY, 37

Basle (Switzerland),

   UNIVERSITY, 38,

     astronomy, 516,

     mathematics, 505

Bavaria, UNIVERSITIES, faculties, 454

Beijing (China), 220–1,

   institutions, 218–19,

   UNIVERSITY, 217–18, 222

Beirut (Lebanon), 187,

   UNIVERSITY (American University of Beirut), 187–8

Belfast (United Kingdom),

   Presbyterian College, 85,

   UNIVERSITY (Queen’s University), engineering, 613

Belgium,

   careers, 383,

   Catholicism, 310, 327, 341,

   CIE, 357,

   First World War, 642,

   languages, 24–5, 39, 65, 301, 316, 318, 319, 327, 340–1,

   mining school, 599,

   revolution, 282,

   Second World War, 653,

   social emancipation, 318–19,

   specialized schools, 604–5,

   student associations, 316, 341,

   student movements, 291–2, 301, 310, 327–8, 655,

   students, 310,

   technical schools, 604–5, 621,

   UNIVERSITIES,

     admission, 254,

     arts, 454,

     Catholic universities, 91,

     enrolments, 245,

     medicine, 553–4,

     mobility, 65–6,

     models, 65–6,

     officials, 121,

     reforms, 39–40, 65–6,

     research, 656,

     theology, 397

Belgrade (Serbia), student movements 337

Bengal (India), colleges, 207

Berkeley (United States), UNIVERSITY, 668

Berlin (Germany), 16, 411,

   Bergakademie, 598,

   Institute for Oriental Studies, 447,

   Institute for Physics, 514,

   Kapp Putsch, 346,

   seminars and institutes, 60, 408–9, 505,

   student associations, 297, 329,

   student movements, 273, 274, 292, 307, 319, 320,

   technical institute, 505,

   UNIVERSITIES,

     medicine, 556,

   UNIVERSITY, 7, 12, 14, 16, 20, 34, 58, 124, 149,

     chemistry, 503, 504,

     finance, 60, 86, 111,

     German studies, 430,

     history, 465,

     humanities, 418,

     languages, 435, 436, 444,

     mathematics, 500–1,

     medicine, 558, 564, 587,

     mobility, 67,

     models, 21, 33, 47–53, 57–61, 74, 171,

     philology, 420, 425,

     philosophy, 453,

     physics, 501, 502, 505,

     physiology, 523–4,

     professors, 49, 137,

     research, 523,

     state control, 99,

     theology, 405, 406–8,

     see also Helmholtz, Hermann von; Humboldt, August von; Humboldt, Wilhelm von; Müller, Johannes; Schleiermacher, Friedrich; Schwann, Theodor; Virchow, Rudolf

Bern (Berne) (Switzerland), 395,

   UNIVERSITY, 38, 247,

     professors, 69

Besançon (France),

   UNIVERSITY,

     buildings, 102,

     finance, 111

Bilbao (Spain), 611, 617

biology, 343, 519–20, 528–9,

   cell theory, 19, 525–7,

   genetics, 536–8, 539,

   positive biology, 566,

   research, 521–3, 585,

    see also botany

Birmingham (United Kingdom),

   UNIVERSITY, 36,

     finance, 85

Bohemia (Czech Republic), 353

Bolivia, 183

Bologna (Italy),

   UNIVERSITY, 133,

     dissolution of, 27,

     freedom, 20–1,

     status, 27,

     student movements, 27

Bombay (India), 199, 202,

   medical school, 557,

   UNIVERSITY, 200–1

Bonn (Germany),

   student associations, 297,

   UNIVERSITY,

     astronomy, 516,

     chemistry, 504,

     languages, 433,

     mathematics, 501,

     philology, 425,

      see also Strasburger, Eduard

books, 142–3,

   availability, 106,

   see also libraries; textbooks

Bordeaux (France, Gironde),

   Société Philomatique, 615,

   UNIVERSITY,

     astronomy, 516,

     theology, 396

Bosnia, nationalism, 337

botany,

   botanical gardens, 17, 35, 107, 522,

   chair of, 557

Bratislava (Poszony) (Slovakia), 287, 288,

   student movements, 352,

   UNIVERSITY, 41,

     buildings, 103,

     languages, 64

Braunschweig,

   see Brunswick

Brazil, UNIVERSITIES, 181–2

Breslau (Wroclaw) (Poland),

   student associations, 329,

   UNIVERSITY,

     astronomy, 516,

     languages, 437,

     mathematics, 501,

     physics, 505

Bristol (United Kingdom), UNIVERSITY, 36

Brno (Czech Republic), 287, 656,

    student movements, 293, 321, 352,

   UNIVERSITY, 41

Brunswick (Braunschweig) (Germany), 58,

   student movements, 306

Brussels (Belgium),

   social emancipation, 318, 319,

   student movements, 301, 341,

   UNIVERSITY, 40, 282, 655

Bucharest (Romania), UNIVERSITY, 42, 560

Buda,

   see Budapest

Budapest (Hungary), 293,

   student movements, 322,

   UNIVERSITY, 41,

     astronomy, 516,

     finance, 84, 87, 111,

     languages, 64,

     mathematics, 512,

     medicine, 559

Buenos Aires (Argentina), UNIVERSITIES, 183

buildings and other properties, 102–5, 149–50,

   ‘Cathedrals of Science’, 104,

   finance, 110, 117,

   medical, 570,

   see also laboratories

Bulgaria,

   specialist schools, 43–4,

   UNIVERSITIES, foundations, 42, 43–4

bureaucratization, 6–9

Burma, UNIVERSITIES, 208–9

business schools,

   see specialized schools

Caen (France), UNIVERSITY, buildings, 103

Cairo (Egypt),

   museums, 444,

   UNIVERSITIES,

     Al Azhar University, 164, 191,

     American University of Cairo, 192

Calcutta (India), 202, 443,

   colleges, 198–9,

   medical schools, 557,

   UNIVERSITY, 200–1, 204, 205

California, University of,

   see Berkeley

Calvinism, UNIVERSITIES, 39

Cambodia, UNIVERSITIES, 210–11

Cambridge (United Kingdom), 127,

   Cavendish Laboratory, 507, 508,

   student movements, 272, 325, 326, 339,

   UNIVERSITY, 11, 125,

     access, 244,

     admission, 92, 116, 243–5, 247, 250, 264–5,

     astronomy, 516,

     buildings, 102,

     colleges, 139,

     degrees, 247,

     engineering, 614,

     examinations, 54,

     Extension Programme, 309,

     finance, 62, 64, 84, 111–12, 117,

     foreign students, 205,

     history, 469–74,

     humanism, 54,

     income, 108,

     languages, 443, 444, 447,

     mathematics, 506,

     medicine, 582,

     MML, 441,

     natural sciences, 507, 515, 530,

     officials, 97, 118–19,

     physics, 514, 515–16,

     physiology, 582,

     privileges, 95,

     professors, 139, 151, 155,

     reforms 61–4, 308,

     research, 11–12, 62,

     sciences, 531,

     social sciences, 481, 482,

     state control, 95,

     students, 264–5,

     theology, 413

Cambridge (United States), UNIVERSITY (Harvard University), 166, 169, 172

cameralism, 546

Canada,

   colleges, 176–7,

   UNIVERSITIES 175–7,

     models, 163

Cape of Good Hope (South Africa), UNIVERSITY, 196, 197

Cape Town (South Africa), UNIVERSITY, 196, 197

Cardiff (United Kingdom), UNIVERSITY, 36

Carlsbad conference (1819), 152

Casablanca (Morocco), 196

Catholic associations, 315, 319, 323,

   student associations, 297, 330–1, 357

Catholic countries and states, 50–1

Catholic universities, 39, 91, 92, 113, 121, 299, 310–11, 379, 397, 403,

   colleges, 202,

   Darwinism, 535–6,

   institutes, 91, 397, 404

Catholicism, 131, 299, 323, 330–1, 350,

   modernism and, 401–5,

   Reformed Catholicism, 399,

   student associations, 297, 330–1, 357,

   theology, 395–400

Central America, UNIVERSITIES, models, 163

Cernowitz, see Czernowitz

Ceylon, 207–8

chair of,

   aesthetics, 439,

   anatomy, 557, 572,

   Arabic, 393,

   botany, 557,

   chemistry, 495, 496, 497, 503, 504, 557,

   economics, 480,

   Egyptology, 445, 446,

   engineering, 613,

   English studies, 435,

   Greek, 134, 393,

   Hebrew, 393,

   Latin, 134, 421,

   linguistics, 453,

   materia medica, 557,

   mathematics, 506,

   medicine, 579–80,

   metallurgy, 495,

   mineralogy, 495, 497,

   obstetrics, 557,

   ophthalmology, 562,

   oriental languages, 393, 443, 444,

   oriental studies, 442,

   pathology, 572,

   pharmacy, 557,

   philology, 421, 422, 433, 438–40,

   philosophy, 420, 457,

   physics, 496, 502, 515,

   poetry, 134,

   practical medicine 557,

   rhetoric, 134,

   Romance Studies, 433,

   Sanskrit, 452,

   Sinology, 447,

   Slavonic Studies, 436–7,

   sociology, 486,

   surgery, 557,

   theoretical medicine (Institutiones), 557,

   veterinary medicine, 562

chairs or professorships, 71, 89–90, 119, 128–30, 172,

   see also professors

chancellor, 97, 119

Charkov (Ukraine),

   UNIVERSITY, 35,

     finance, 87

chemistry, 379, 494–5, 497–8, 499, 501, 502, 503–4, 510, 514, 571, 578,

   agricultural chemistry, 512,

   bio-chemistry, 514,

   chair of, 495, 496, 497, 503, 504, 557,

   industrial, 606–7,

   Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institute, 643,

   laboratories, 504, 507,

   organic chemistry, 566,

   physical chemistry 514,

   Royal College of Chemistry, 508, 613

Chicago (United States), UNIVERSITY, 166, 169, 170, 171, 172, 668

Chile, 183,

   UNIVERSITIES 180

China,

   ‘Boxer Indemnity’, 222,

   colleges, 218,

   foreign languages, 216–17,

   Fudan College, 220,

   languages, 221,

   missionary colleges, 220–1,

   private institutions, 219–20,

   research, 221–2,

   UNIVERSITIES 216–23,

     autonomy, 222–3

Christiania,

   see Oslo

Christianity, 410–11, 412–13

civil engineering, 599–600

Clark University,

   see Worcester

Clarté movement, 338, 343

Classicism, 276

Clermont-Ferrand (France), UNIVERSITY, 630

clinical schools, 554

Cluj,

   see Kolozsvar

Coimbra (Portugal),

   UNIVERSITY, 181,

     buildings, 102,

     medicine, 562

colleges, 3–4, 7–8, 9, 10, 11, 20, 36, 43, 51, 54, 62, 63, 85, 139, 155, 164–77, 192–3, 197, 198–9, 200, 201–3, 207, 215, 218, 247, 308, 315, 380, 505, 507, 508, 513, 531, 614

colleges, national, 99

Cologne (Germany), UNIVERSITY, 19, 61

Colombia, UNIVERSITIES, 179

communications studies, 487

Communism, 87, 98, 100, 131, 338–9, 352, 357–8

Congress of Europe (1818), 152

congresses, 130

Copenhagen (Denmark),

   UNIVERSITY, 40, 66, 265,

     astronomy, 516,

     finance, 84,

     medicine, 558,

     see also Warming, Eugen

Córdoba (Argentina), UNIVERSITY, 182

Córdoba (Spain), specialist schools, 72

corporatism, 325–37

councils, academic, 119–20, 129, 130, 647

Cracow (Poland), 657,

   student movements, 283, 290, 298, 305, 334, 351,

   students, 314,

   UNIVERSITY, 41, 42, 657,

     astronomy, 516,

     languages, 64,

     mathematics, 498,

     medicine, 560,

     theology, 398

Croatia, 293,

   languages, 64–5,

   student movements, 322, 337,

   UNIVERSITIES 41

Czech Republic,

   Catholicism, 331,

   Fascism, 352–3,

   Jews, 321,

   languages, 299, 330,

   nationalism, 313, 322–3, 331,

   student movements, 293, 294–5, 321, 352,

   technical schools, 41, 603–4, 625,

   UNIVERSITIES 41, 287, 352, 656,

     finance, 87,

     languages, 65,

     medicine, 559,

     physics, 505

Czechoslovakia,

   CIE, 357,

   nationalism, 356,

   parliament, 156,

   Second World War, 656,

   UNIVERSITIES, buildings, 103

Czernowitz (Bukowina), UNIVERSITY, 41, 330

Dakar (Senegal), 196

Damascus (Syria), 186–7

Danzig,

   see Gdansk

Darmstadt (Germany), technical university, 58

Darwinism, 530–6

Debrecen (Hungary),

   UNIVERSITY, 41,

     languages, 64

degrees, 38–9, 46, 95, 120, 241–2

degrees: bachelor (baccalaureate), 7–8, 190, 241, 366,

   doctor, doctorate, 8, 137–8, 366, 625–6,

   engineering science, 622,

   honorary degrees, 158,

   master of arts, 366,

   Master of Surgery, 582,

   medical degrees, 582

Delft (Netherlands), student movements, 302, 655

demography, 460

Denmark,

   constitutionalism, 154,

   public education ministries, 88,

   Second World War, 658,

   students, 266,

   UNIVERSITIES 40, 66, 265,

     admission, 265,

     astronomy, 516,

     finance, 84,

     medicine, 558

dialectical materialism, 460

dialectics, 393

Dijon (France), UNIVERSITY, finance 111

dissertations or theses, 8, 13, 370, 424, 441

documentation, 648

Dominican institutions, 212

Dorpat,

   see Tartu

Dresden (Germany), technical university, 58

dress, 132, 159, 281, 285, 286, 324

Dublin (Ireland),

   Medical School, 589,

   Royal College of Physicians, 555,

   UNIVERSITY (Trinity College), 11, 36,

     mathematics, 507,

     physics, 505,

     professors, 155

Durham (United Kingdom),

   UNIVERSITY, 36,

     engineering, 606

ecology, 538–9

econometrics, 484

economics, 459, 460, 479, 480–2,

   chair of, 480,

   specialized schools, 62, 205, 339, 481–2, 486

Edinburgh (United Kingdom),

   Royal College of Physicians, 555,

   UNIVERSITY, 36,

     chemistry, 514,

     medicine, 549,

     models, 175,

     philology, 415,

     reforms, 11,

     state control, 95

education,

   costs of, 250–4,

   history of, 462,

   phases of, 257,

   pre-university, 239–40, 242–3, 246, 247–8, 255–6, 650, 669,

   progressiveness, 257,

   public education ministries, 88–90, 96, 109

Egypt,

   UNIVERSITIES 191–2,

      Egyptian University (Fuad the First), 191–2

Egyptology, 444

electro-technology, 512

engineering, 41, 71, 602, 606, 613, 614, 615, 617, 623, 625–6,

   chair of, 613,

   civil engineering, 599–600,

   electrical engineering, 618,

   Engineering Advisory Committee, 650,

   engineering science, 622,

   industrial engineering, 611,

   marine, 44,

   textbooks, 607

England,

   careers, 374,

   Church of England, 166,

   education, 243, 255, 256,

     costs, 251,

   students, 264–5,

   theology, 413,

   UNIVERSITIES 127,

     access, 244,

     admission, 243,

     chairs, 89,

     Dissenters, 99, 166,

     dress, 132,

     enrolments, 245,

     finance, 118,

     foreign students, 205,

     languages, 447,

     oriental studies, 444,

     professors, 130–1

English studies, 435

Enlightenment, 411, 544

enrolments, 245

Erasmus University,

   see Rotterdam

Erlangen (Germany),

   UNIVERSITY, 34,

     chemistry, 503,

     natural sciences, 501,

     theology, 411

ethnopsychology, 453

European models, 4–15, 53–5, 163–4,

    see also Humboldtian model; Napoleonic model

evolutionism, 459,

   see also Darwinism

examinations, 22, 54, 140, 142, 366–7, 370, 373

faculties,

   faculty of arts, 123, 248, 393–4, 454, 493,

   faculty of humanities, 145,

   faculty of law, 50, 124, 129, 132, 145, 248, 262,

     letters, 129,

     mathematics, 133, 454,

     medicine, 50, 124, 129, 145, 158, 262, 494, 557–8, 570–5, 579–80,

     missionary studies, 399,

     philosophy, 48, 50, 51, 132, 248, 262, 453, 493, 511,

     physics, 133,

     science, 123, 129, 454, 497,

     theology, 50, 113, 123, 129, 145, 158, 248, 262, 393, 396, 405–9

Fascism, 94, 341, 343, 351–2, 358–9

finance, 11, 46, 56, 62, 64, 115,

   education costs, 250–4,

   expenditure, 107–10,

   fees, 45, 52, 68, 116, 118,

   financial dependence, 84–8,

   gifts, 56, 112,

   sources of, 111–14, 117–18,

   state and, 74

Finland,

   Darwinism, 534,

   languages, 335, 336, 337, 343–5,

   nobility, 159,

   parliament, 155,

   Second World War, 659,

   student associations, 344,

   student movements, 276, 289, 295–6, 335–7, 344–5,

   students, 24,

   UNIVERSITIES 40, 123, 284,

     buildings, 104,

     enrolments, 245,

     law, 303,

     officials, 159,

     professors, 154, 155, 158

First World War (1914–18), 337, 638, 641–5, 652, 669,

   research institutions, 628–9

Florence (Italy),

   UNIVERSITY, 27, 37,

     physics, 515

Fort Hare (South Africa), UNIVERSITY, 198

France,

   academies and specialized schools, 34–5, 57, 159, 240, 596–7, 598, 599–600, 615–16, 623, 630,

   aristocracy, 157,

   arts, 34,

   baccalaureate, 240, 244,

   buildings, 103–4,

   careers, 45, 127, 374, 375–6, 381,

   Catholicism, 95, 401,

   Collège de France, 99, 288, 455, 496, 567,

   collèges, 34–5, 240,

   colonies, 179, 193–6, 211,

   Communism, 338–9,

   Darwinism, 534–5,

   écoles des arts et métiers, 496,

   Edgar Faure Act (1968), 5,

   education, 152, 240, 242–3, 252, 255–6,

     costs, 251,

   examinations, 373,

   French Revolution, 24, 34, 240, 280, 476–7, 495,

     July, 281,

   parliament, 156,

   politics, 151, 153,

   public education ministries, 88, 89–90,

   research, 629, 652–3,

   Restoration, 86,

   scholarships, 251,

   sciences, 34, 495–9,

   Second World War, 651–3, 669,

   seminaries, 399–400,

   social emancipation, 317–18,

   student associations, 338–9,

   student movements, 278–80, 288–9, 296, 300–1, 328,

   students, 262–4,

   Third Republic, 307–8,

   Université Saint-Joseph, 188–9,

   UNIVERSITIES 4–5, 114, 118,

     access, 242, 244,

     admission, 116, 240–3, 246, 247,

     arts, 56, 93, 248, 454,

     autonomy, 83, 85,

     biology, 521–2,

     buildings, 102,

     Catholic faculties, 57,

     Catholic universities, 91,

     colleges, 7–8, 10,

     Communism, 98,

     degrees, 7–8, 46, 95, 120, 241–2,

     dress, 132,

     engineering, 626,

     examination, 140, 142,

     faculties, 186, 249, 262–4, 497,

     finance, 45, 46, 56, 85–6, 115,

     halls of residence, 105–7,

     historiography, 476–9,

     income, 108,

     Jews, 98,

     languages, 441–2,

     law, 34, 248, 249, 262,

     letters, 249,

     mathematics, 495–9,

     medicine, 18–19, 34–5, 249, 545–6, 553, 574, 581–2,

     mobility, 205, 498–9,

     models, 4–6, 44–7,

     natural sciences, 16–17,

     officials, 57, 85, 121,

     philology, 416–17, 421, 425–6,

     political dependence, 93,

     professors, 7–8, 46, 56–7, 116, 139–40, 142, 153, 156–7, 288,

     reforms, 34–5, 55–7, 307–8, 669,

     religious discrimination, 93,

     replacements, 3,

     research, 12, 91–2, 522,

     resistance, 99,

     Romance philology, 12,

     scholarships, 109,

     sciences, 57, 113, 249,

     social sciences, 484–6,

     state control, 95, 97,

     statutes and decrees, 93, 97,

     student movements, 24, 93, 100,

     student numbers, 101,

     students, 56,

     teachers, 108,

     theology, 6, 396,

     women, 248,

   women, 247

Franco-Prussian War (1870), 300, 306–7, 616, 652

Franeker (Netherlands), UNIVERSITY, 39

Frankfurt-am-Main (Germany), 285, 292,

   UNIVERSITY, 61,

     Jews,

     mathematics, 19,

     natural sciences, 19

Fredericton, see New Brunswick

Freiberg (Germany),

   mining school 597–8

Freiburg im Breisgau (Germany),

   student associations, 297,

   UNIVERSITY, 34, 397,

     buildings, 104,

     theology, 399

Freiburg/Fribourg (Switzerland), UNIVERSITY, 38

Galicia (Austria), 42, 314, 334

Gdansk (Poland), 58

genetics, 536–8, 539

Geneva (Switzerland),

   specialist schools, 69,

   UNIVERSITY, 38, 69, 70,

     professors, 69,

     sciences, 497

Genoa (Italy),

   medicine, 562,

   specialist schools, 71

geography, 460, 477, 479, 483,

   plant geography, 520

geology, 493, 520, 530–1, 532–3, 539–41

geopolitics, 483

Georgia (United States), UNIVERSITY, 165

Germany,

   academies and specialized schools, 58, 238–9, 243, 262, 608–9, 611–12, 621, 623, 625, 631,

   careers, 374, 375–7, 381–2,

   Catholicism, 312, 329,

   commercial colleges, 380,

   Darwinism, 533,

   education, 22–3, 242–3, 255–6,

   German Student Day, 347,

   Jews, 275, 312, 313, 320, 347, 349, 587,

   journals, 431,

   laboratories, 504,

   museums, 488,

   nationalism, 24, 94, 273, 297–8, 311, 312–13, 328–30, 345–51, 478, 513–14, 587–8, 641–2,

   parliaments, 153,

   Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt, 627,

   princes, 50,

   protest movements, 99,

   Protestantism, 312,

   public education ministries, 88,

   research, 541, 627–8, 661–5,

   Restoration, 152, 153,

   Romanticism, 275,

   schools, 22–3, 120,

   seminaries, 397,

   social emancipation, 319–21,

   student associations, 296–8, 311–12, 345,

   student movements, 272–6, 285–7, 292–3, 295, 306–7, 311–13,

   students, 168, 258, 261–2,

   unification, 285,

   UNIVERSITIES 5–6, 7, 114, 118, 124,

     access, 238, 242,

     admission, 235–40, 246, 247, 254, 257–62, 377,

     autonomy, 59, 292–3,

     biology, 522–3,

     buildings, 103, 104,

     business, 61,

     disappearance, 3,

     engineering, 613,

     faculties, 249, 261–2, 454–5,

     finance, 60, 86, 115,

     German studies, 430, 432,

     Greek studies, 23,

     humanism, 59,

     humanities, 249, 417–20,

     laboratories, 105,

     languages, 429–30,

     law, 129, 249, 262, 394,

     mathematics, 19, 494, 499,

     medicine, 17–18, 22, 129, 249, 262, 546, 570, 587–8,

     mobility, 205, 526,

     models, 4–6, 21, 33, 47–53, 57–61, 167–75, 228,

     natural sciences, 17, 19,

     non-professorial staff, 59–60,

     officials, 50, 97,

     philology, 415, 421–8,

     philosophy, 19, 129, 248, 262, 499,

     physics, 515,

     physiology, 563–5,

     professors, 8–9, 49, 59–60, 89, 116, 119, 128–9, 131, 134–9, 152, 153, 157–8,

     reforms, 33–4,

     research, 60, 292,

     resistance, 100,

     sciences, 113, 249, 499–505, 659–61,

     social sciences, 479–80, 486–7,

     state control, 91, 94, 96, 98,

     student movements, 24, 26, 94,

     students, 57,

     teaching, 128,

     theology, 129, 248, 249, 262, 394, 395–6, 397–9, 430,

     women, 248,

   Weimar Republic, 94,

   women, 247

Ghent (Belgium),

   languages, 341, 655,

   social emancipation, 318,

   student movements, 301, 327,

   technical school, 604–5,

   UNIVERSITY, 39, 65, 282, 655,

     mathematics, 497,

     sciences, 497

Giessen (Germany),

   UNIVERSITY, 34, 50,

     chemistry, 498, 501, 503–4, 606,

     mathematics, 500, 501,

     natural sciences, 501,

     theology, 399

Gijón (Spain), 610

Glasgow (United Kingdom), 11,

   UNIVERSITY, 36,

     astronomy, 516,

     engineering, 613,

     history, 475,

     Latin, 421,

     physics, 508,

     sciences, 595,

     social composition, 63

Gothenburg (Sweden),

   Chalmers Institution, 609,

   UNIVERSITY, 40

Göttingen (Germany), 394,

   aristocracy, 429,

   student associations, 297,

   student movements, 274,

   UNIVERSITY, 34, 94, 123,

     buildings, 103,

     chemistry, 503, 504,

     history, 466,

     mathematics, 500, 512, 513,

     natural sciences, 501,

     professors, 52, 152, 286, 468,

     state control, 99,

     theology 412

graduates, 117, 119, 363–5, 371–2, 387,

   numbers of, 234–5,

   overproduction of, 59, 235, 254, 256, 376–9, 384

Grahamstown (South Africa), UNIVERSITY (Rhodes University College), 197

Granada (Spain), UNIVERSITY, 37

grants, 64, 96, 118, 646, 651

Graz (Austria),

   Catholicism, 331,

   nationalism, 313, 323, 331, 350,

   student movements, 295, 299,

   technical school, 351,

   UNIVERSITY, 19, 41, 351,

     buildings, 105,

     engineering, 41,

     geology, 541,

     physics, 505

Greece,

   careers, 383,

   student movements, 277,

   UNIVERSITIES 43, 114,

     finance, 87,

     foundations, 42,

     medicine, 560

Greek, 23, 134

Greifswald (Germany),

   student associations, 297,

   UNIVERSITY, 34,

     finance, 86,

     mathematics, 501

Grenoble (France),

   Institut Electronique, 616,

   UNIVERSITY, buildings 103

Groningen (Netherlands),

   UNIVERSITY, 39,

     astronomy, 516,

     sciences, 497

Haifa (Israel), 191

Halifax (Canada), UNIVERSITY (Dalhousie University), 175

Halle (Germany), 34, 411,

   student associations, 297,

   student movements, 274, 306,

   UNIVERSITY, 34, 466,

     buildings, 103,

     chemistry, 503,

     natural sciences, 501,

     theology, 405

halls of residence,

   see accommodation

Hamburg (Germany), 447,

   UNIVERSITY, 61,

     physics, 505

Hanover (Germany), technical university, 58, 348

Hanoi (North Vietnam), UNIVERSITY, 211

Harderwijk (Netherlands), UNIVERSITY, 39

Harvard University,

   see Cambridge (United States)

Hebrew universities, 190

Heidelberg (Germany),

   student associations, 297,

   student movements, 307,

   UNIVERSITY, 34,

     buildings, 103,

     chemistry, 503, 504,

     finance, 86,

     mathematics, 19, 500,

     natural sciences, 19,

     physics, 500, 501, 502

Helsinki (Helsingfors) (Finland), 40, 285,

   languages, 289,

   philanthropy, 146,

   student movements, 303,

   UNIVERSITY, 66–8, 125, 126, 276, 289,

     buildings, 104,

     privileges, 125,

     professors, 152, 158, 336

Hermesianism, 400

Higher Polytechnical Schools, 10

Hindu institutions, 198–9

history,

   authenticity, 463–76,

   critical history, 459–63,

   historiography, 14, 476–9,

   historicism, 477–9,

   journals, 462–3,

   literary history, 431–2

honorary titles, 159

Hong Kong (East Asia), UNIVERSITY, 216

hospitals, 545, 548, 549, 589

humanism, 54, 59, 393, 394, 416, 429, 449, 571

humanities, 145, 249, 417–20, 441, 670

Humboldtian model, 4–6, 21, 33, 47–53, 57–61, 64–70, 74, 171, 456

Hungary,

   careers, 65,

   Janos Bolyau Institute, 512,

   Jews, 41, 65,

   nationalism, 313,

   public education ministries, 90,

   student movements, 293–4,

   students, 51, 323,

   Treaty of Trianon, 65,

   women, 65,

   UNIVERSITIES,

     administration, 90,

     buildings, 103,

     finance, 86–7,

     foundations, 41,

     languages, 65, 439,

     law, 51, 65,

     mathematics, 512,

     models, 51–2, 64–5,

     state control, 94, 98,

   see also Austria-Hungary

Iaṣi (Romania), UNIVERSITY, 42, 560

ideological discrimination, 92–3

Imperial Physical-Technical Institute in Berlin, 60

inclusiveness, 235–46

India,

   colleges, 201–3,

   languages, 199–200, 206,

   medical schools, 557,

   mobility, 205–6,

   research, 204–5,

   UNIVERSITIES 198–207, 227,

     models, 163,

     teachers, 205, 206,

   women, 207

Indo-China,

   UNIVERSITIES 210–11,

     models, 163

Indonesia, UNIVERSITIES, 211–12

industrial engineering, 611

industries, 493, 615, 616, 618, 663,

   medicine and, 576–8

Innsbruck (Austria), 300,

   languages, 330,

   nationalism, 313, 350,

   UNIVERSITY, 41,

     theology, 398

insignia, 26, 273

institutes,

   see seminars and institutes

internationalism, 642, 645

Iraq, UNIVERSITIES, 186

Ireland (Hibernia),

   UNIVERSITIES 11, 36,

     finance, 85,

     mathematics, 507,

     medicine, 85, 555, 589,

     models, 214,

     physics, 505,

     professors, 155

Islam, 44, 442, 444, 445,

   Islamic institutions, 199

Istanbul (Turkey),

   mathematics, 513,

   medicine, 561,

   UNIVERSITY, 44

Italy,

   Casati Law, Legge Casati, 70, 96,

   Catholicism, 70, 355–6, 402,

   Darwinism, 535,

   engineering, 617,

   Fascism, 94, 355–6,

   graduates, 560,

   languages, 300,

   public education ministries, 88,

   research institutions, 629,

   schools of commerce, 71,

   Second World War, 659,

   secret societies, 278,

   seminaries, 397,

   technical schools, 602–3, 622,

   UNIVERSITIES 10, 114, 118, 119,

     admission, 248,

     autonomy, 47, 70, 71,

     buildings, 102,

     decrees, 96,

     distribution, 70,

     enrolments, 245,

     finance, 87,

     income, 108,

     mathematics, 512,

     medicine, 562,

     models, 13,

     officials, 121,

     oriental studies, 444,

     philology, 415, 427–8,

     political dependence, 94,

     professors, 71, 140,

     reforms, 36–7, 47, 70–2,

     resistance, 100,

     sciences, 497,

     social sciences, 482, 486,

     state control, 96, 98,

     status, 56,

     student movements, 26–31,

     students, 70, 71, 72,

     theology, 70, 397,

     women 248

Japan,

   languages, 225,

   private universities, 226,

   UNIVERSITIES 223–6, 227,

     models, 163

Jena (Germany), 577,

   Catholicism, 329,

   student associations, 297,

   student movements, 273, 274–5,

   UNIVERSITY, 34, 125,

     chemistry, 503,

     mathematics, 501,

   see also Haeckel, Ernst

Jerusalem (Palestine), UNIVERSITY, 189–91

Jesuits, 113, 179, 188–9, 202, 213, 559

Jews, 19, 65, 67, 126, 320–1, 350, 352, 379, 663,

   access, 131, 333, 349, 527,

   associations, 312, 330,

   exclusions, 275, 313, 320, 347, 587,

   numerus clausus, 41, 65, 349,

   purges, 98,

   students, 41, 42, 275,

   support for, 654

Johannesburg (South Africa), UNIVERSITY (Witwatersrand), 197

Johns Hopkins University,

   see Baltimore

journalism, 148

journals, 11, 338, 441,

   Asiatic studies, 443, 445,

   chemistry, 514,

   ethnopsychology, 453,

   history, 462–3, 478,

   mathematics, 500, 512, 513,

   medicine, 547,

   philology, 425,

   philosophy, 149, 431, 456,

   physics, 502,

   research, 172,

   Slavonic studies 436

Kaliningrad,

   see Königsberg

Karlsruhe (Germany),

   technical university, 502,

   UNIVERSITY, buildings, 103

Kazan (Russia), 35, 513,

   student movements, 304, 324,

   UNIVERSITY, 52,

     astronomy, 516,

     officials, 98,

     sciences, 509

Kharkov (Russia),

   UNIVERSITY,

     astronomy, 510,

     mathematics, 509

Khartoum (Sudan),

   UNIVERSITIES,

     Gordon College, 192–3,

     Kitchener School of Medicine, 193

Kiel (Germany), UNIVERSITY, 19, 34, 50, 274, 502

Kiev (Ukraine),

   academies, 36,

   students, 52, 304, 305

knowledge,

   international identity, 130,

   professions and, 365–9

Kolozsvar (Romania),

   UNIVERSITY, 41,

     languages, 64

Königsberg (Kaliningrad) (Russia),

   student associations, 297,

   UNIVERSITY, 34,

     mathematics, 499–500,

     natural sciences, 501,

     physics, 499–500, 502

Korea, 225

Kraków,

   see Cracow

laboratories, 18, 104–5, 144, 514,

   astronomy, 516,

   chemistry, 504, 507,

   physics, 507, 508, 514, 628, 646,

   physiology, 571,

   technology 619–20

laboratory exercises, 502, 503

laicization, 6–9

Landshut (Germany), 34

languages, 24–5,

   Arabic, 187, 191, 443,

   Chinese, 444, 446–8,

   Croatian, 65,

   Czech, 64–5,

   Dutch, 319, 341,

   English, 435–6, 439,

   Finnish, 289, 335, 336, 337, 343–5,

   Flemish, 24, 39, 65, 301, 316, 318, 341,

   French, 439,

   German, 439,

   Hungarian, 64–5,

   Italian, 300,

   Japanese, 447,

   Latin, 428, 571,

   Manchurian, 444,

   Medieval and Modern Languages (MML), 441,

   modern, 438–42,

   Nordic, 439,

   oriental, 35, 413, 430, 442–53,

   Persian, 443,

   Polish, 64–5,

   Romance, 438, 439,

   Sanskrit, 414, 444, 452,

   sciences of, 393,

   semitic, 413, 442, 443,

   Slavonic, 436–8,

   Tartar, 444,

   Turkish, 443

Latin, 421, 571

Latin America, 4,

   academies and institutions, 179–80,

   positivism, 178, 180,

   private universities, 180,

   student movements, 182–5,

   UNIVERSITIES 177–85,

     reforms, 182–5

Lausanne (Switzerland), UNIVERSITY, 38, 70

law, 65, 187, 480,

   national standards 90

law, jurisprudence, 460, 480

law, Roman law, 14–15

League of Nations, 339, 342, 357

Lebanon,

   Jesuits, 188,

   UNIVERSITIES 186, 187–9,

   Université Saint-Joseph, 188–9

lectures, 50, 138, 467–8

Leeds (United Kingdom), 315,

   UNIVERSITY, 36

legal guarantees, 94–8

Leiden (Netherlands),

   student associations, 315,

   UNIVERSITY, 39, 292,

     languages, 443,

     oriental studies, 447,

     physics, 514,

     sciences, 497

Leipzig (Germany),

   student associations, 297, 329,

   student movements, 307, 319,

   UNIVERSITY, 34,

     astronomy, 516,

     buildings, 103,

     finance, 86,

     mathematics, 501,

     natural sciences, 501,

     oriental studies, 445,

     physics, 503,

     professors, 49,

     theology, 405

Lemberg (Lvov) (Ukraine),

   student movements, 334,

   students, 314,

   UNIVERSITY, 41, 42, 657,

     engineering, 41,

     languages, 64

Leoben (Austria),

   nationalism, 313,

   UNIVERSITY, 41

León (Spain), specialist schools, 72

libraries, 105, 144, 173–4,

   book availability, 106

Liège (Belgium),

   student movements, 301,

   technical school, 604–5,

   UNIVERSITY, 39, 282,

     mathematics, 497,

     sciences, 497

Lille (France),

   Catholic Institute, 91, 397,

   Institut Industriel, 616,

   Société des Sciences, 615

linguistics, 452, 453

literacy, 462

literary history, 429

literature, literary history, 431–2

Liverpool (United Kingdom), 315,

   UNIVERSITY, 36,

     social sciences, 486

Ljubljana (Laibach) (Slovenia), 330,

   nationalism, 314, 322

logic, 479

Lombardy (Italy), UNIVERSITIES, engineering, 602

London (United Kingdom),

   Central Technical College, 62,

   City and Guilds, 614,

   colleges, 54,

   Geological Society, 530,

   Guy’s Hospital, 589,

   Imperial College, 62, 614,

   Inns of Court, 205,

   King’s College, 54, 200, 508,

   Linnean Society, 530,

   London School of Economics, 62, 205, 339, 481–2, 486,

   Royal College of Chemistry, 508, 613,

   Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons, 555, 582,

   Royal College of Science, 62,

   Royal College of Surgeons, 531,

   Royal Engineering College, 614,

   Royal Geographical Society, 530,

   Royal School of Mines, 62, 599, 613,

   Royal Society of London, 530,

   student movements, 339,

   technical institutes, 614–15,

   UNIVERSITY, 36, 54, 126, 127, 202, 203,

     engineering, 606, 625–6,

     foreign students, 205,

     history, 474,

     languages, 441, 444,

     medicine, 555, 574,

     models, 165, 198, 200–1, 214,

     physics, 508,

     statistics, 513,

   University College, 54, 200, 508, 513

Louvain (Belgium),

   languages, 341,

   social emancipation, 318,

   student movements, 301, 310, 327–8,

   students, 291,

   UNIVERSITY, 39, 282, 397, 655,

     mathematics, 497,

     officials, 97,

     oriental studies, 447,

     sciences, 497,

     theology, 401–2

Lublin (Poland), UNIVERSITY, 657

Lund (Sweden),

   UNIVERSITY, 40, 66, 125,

     buildings, 103,

     economics, 483,

     finance, 84, 87,

     philology, 420,

     stellar statistics, 517

Lutheran universities, 132

Lutheranism, 158, 407

Lvov (Lwów),

   see Lemberg

Lyon (France),

   Catholic Institute, 91, 397,

   UNIVERSITY,

     buildings, 103,

     theology, 396

Madras (India),

   medical school, 557,

   UNIVERSITY, 200

Madrid (Spain),

   specialist schools, 72,

   student movements, 354,

   technical school, 601,

   UNIVERSITY, 37, 73, 302, 354,

     buildings, 103,

     halls of residence, 107,

     medicine, 561,

     theology, 396

Mainz (Germany), seminary, 397, 399

Malaya, UNIVERSITIES, 209

Malines (Belgium), 39

Manchester (United Kingdom),

   UNIVERSITY, 36,

     chemistry, 514,

     engineering, 614, 615,

     finance, 85,

     history, 475,

     physics, 508, 514, 515

Manila (Philippines), UNIVERSITIES, 212–13

Mannheim (Germany), UNIVERSITY, 61

manufacturing industries, 618

Marburg (Germany),

   student movements, 346,

   UNIVERSITY, 19, 34, 50,

     buildings, 104,

     philology, 421,

     professors, 34

Marieberg (Sweden), military school, 597

materialism, 563–4

mathematical sciences, 393

mathematics, 19, 495–501, 505, 506–7, 508, 510,

   algebra, 494,

   applied, 494,

   arithmetic, 494,

   calculus, 494,

   classical analysis, 512,

   faculty of mathematics, 133, 454,

   functional analysis, 512,

   geometry, 494,

   logic, 513,

   mathematical analysis, 497,

   nationalism and, 513–14,

   probability, 513,

   research, 512–14,

   set theory, 512, 513,

   teaching, 494,

   topology, 513

Maynooth (Ireland), Royal Catholic College, 85

mechanics, 510, 605, 607–8

medicine,

   Brownianism, 551–2, 563,

   chairs, 557,

   chemistry, 578,

   degrees, 582,

   dermatology, 569,

   faculty expansion, 570–5,

   histology, 572,

   homeopathy, 552, 577,

   insane asylums, 550–1,

   medical education, 543–4, 553–63,

   medical instruments, 577–8,

   Medical Research Committee, 646,

   medical schools, 34–5, 220, 585, 586–7,

   medical students, 587–8,

   military surgeons, 555–7,

   modernization, 579–85,

   morbid anatomy, 569, 571,

   national standards, 90,

   pathology, 567–70,

   physiology, 563–70,

   practical medicine, 557, 573–5,

   professionalization, 588,

   Reform Movements, 565–6,

   Romanticism and, 544–53,

   specialization, 575–9, 583,

   vivisection, 576,

   see also Flexner, A.

Medieval and Modern Languages (MML), 441

Melbourne (Australia), 214,

   UNIVERSITY, 214

metallurgy, 495

Mexico, 181,

   UNIVERSITIES 179

Michigan (United States), UNIVERSITY, 167, 174

Middle East, UNIVERSITIES, 186–91

Milan (Italy),

   UNIVERSITY, 37,

     engineering, 71, 617, 623

military schools, 595–7

military service, 583–4

military technology, 493, 596–7, 662

mineralogy, 493, 495, 497

mining schools, 10, 62, 495, 597–8, 599, 600, 613

missionary colleges, 186, 201–2, 220–1

missionary studies, 399

mobility, 65–6, 67, 69–70, 74–5, 205–6, 526,

   foreign students, 74–5, 205, 278, 498–9, 510, 584–5

Modena (Italy), UNIVERSITY, 27–9

modernism, Catholicism and, 401–5

monographs, 172, 540

Mons (Belgium), 599

Montpellier (France),

   medical schools, 34, 553,

   see also Bordeu, Théophile de

Montreal (Canada), UNIVERSITY (McGill University), 175, 176

Moravia, 321–2, 353

Morocco, 195–6

Moscow (Russia),

   Medical Academy, 556,

   student movements, 304, 305, 332,

   students, 324,

   UNIVERSITY, 35,

     buildings, 102,

     languages, 444,

     mathematics, 513,

     mechanics, 511,

     sciences, 509,

     statutes, 305,

     students 52

Mulhouse (France), Société Industrielle, 615

Munich (Germany),

   student movements, 346,

   UNIVERSITY, 34, 126,

     buildings, 103,

     mathematics, 501,

     physics, 505,

     theology, 399

Münster (Germany),

   student associations, 297,

   UNIVERSITY, theology, 398, 399

museums, 17, 35, 144, 444, 531, 557

music, 145

Nagasaki (Japan), 557

Nagyszombat (Trnava) (Slovakia), UNIVERSITY, 41

Nancy (France),

   Institut Electronique, 616,

   student associations, 308

Nankai (China), UNIVERSITY, 219, 222

Naples (Italy),

   specialist schools, 71,

   UNIVERSITY, 37, 70

Napoleonic model, 4–5, 6, 44–7, 55, 74, 83, 124, 497

nation states, growth of, 40–4

nationalism, 24, 75, 273, 289–90, 297–98, 307–15, 322–3, 328–30, 331, 337, 342, 345–51, 356, 478, 641–2, 670

nations, rise of, 20

natural sciences, 16–17, 19, 130, 454, 501, 507, 515, 530, 539, 541,

   idealism, 501–2,

   research, 511–17,

   status, 669

Neo-Hellenism, 418

Neo-Malthusian movement, 576

Netherlands,

   careers, 383,

   Catholicism, 342,

   colonies, 211–12,

   nationalism, 342,

   revolution, 281,

   Second World War, 653,

   social emancipation, 318,

   socialism, 326–7,

   student associations, 315–16, 326–7, 341–3,

   student movements, 282–3, 301–2, 654,

   students, 292, 309–10,

   UNIVERSITIES 114, 118,

     arts, 66, 454,

     autonomy, 66,

     degrees, 38–9,

     enrolments, 245,

     foundations, 39,

     models, 66,

     philology, 427,

     physics, 514,

     reforms, 38–9,

     women, 248

Neuchâtel (Switzerland), UNIVERSITY, 38

New Brunswick (Canada), UNIVERSITY, 175

New Haven (United States), UNIVERSITY (Yale University), 166, 167, 172

New Scholasticism, 399, 402

New Zealand, UNIVERSITIES, 214–15

Nijmegen (Netherlands), UNIVERSITY, 39

Nobel Prizes, 171, 484, 527, 538, 575, 640–1

North Africa, UNIVERSITIES, models, 163

North America, colonies,

   COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES,

     models, 164–77

North Carolina (United States), UNIVERSITY, 165

Norway,

   Second World War, 658,

   UNIVERSITIES 40, 66, 658,

     enrolments, 245,

     medicine, 558

Nottingham (United Kingdom), UNIVERSITY, 36

numbers,

   of graduates, 234–5,

   of students, 57, 58, 74, 101–2, 128, 233–5, 630, 646,

   of universities, 3

observatories, 516, 517

obstetrics, 557

Odessa (Ukraine),

   student movements, 332,

   UNIVERSITY, 36

ophthalmology, 562

oriental studies, 442–53

Oslo (Christiana) (Norway),

   medicine, 558,

   UNIVERSITY, 66, 658

Otago (New Zealand), UNIVERSITY, 215

Oviedo (Spain), UNIVERSITY, 37, 72

Oxbridge (= Oxford and Cambridge), 63,

   careers, 375,

   models, 164–7,

   social composition, 63,

   see Cambridge, Oxford

Oxford (United Kingdom),

   ‘Oxford Pledge’, 339,

   socialism, 326,

   student movements, 326, 339,

   students, 264–5,

   UNIVERSITY, 11, 116, 127,

     access, 244,

     admission, 116, 243–5, 246, 247, 250, 264–5,

     admission requirements, 92, 99,

     antiquities, 11,

     buildings 102, 104,

colleges, 139,

     degrees, 247,

     ecology, 539,

     engineering, 614,

     Extension Programme, 309,

     finance, 64, 84, 85, 111–12, 117,

     foreign students, 205,

     history, 469–74,

     humanism, 54,

     income, 108,

     languages, 441, 443, 444, 447,

     mathematics, 506,

     medicine, 582,

     officials, 97, 118–19,

     Oxford Movement, 11, 93,

     philology, 426–7,

     physics, 508,

     privileges, 95,

     professors, 139, 151, 155,

     reforms, 61–4, 308,

     research, 11–12,

     scholarships, 109,

     sciences, 531,

     social sciences, 481,

     state control, 95,

     theology, 413

pacifism, 339

Padua (Italy),

   UNIVERSITY, 27, 300,

     engineering, 602

Palestine, UNIVERSITIES, 186, 189–91

Palma (Spain), specialist schools, 72

Paris (France),

   academies and specialized schools, 16–17, 529,

   Bureau Universitaire de Statistique, 117,

   Catholic Institute, 91, 397, 404,

   Collège de France, 443,

   École Centrale, 609–10,

   École des Ponts et Chaussées, 599,

   École polytechnique, 496–7, 599–600,

   hospitals, 545, 589,

   Institut National des Sciences et des Arts, 17,

   medical schools, 34, 528–9, 548, 549, 553,

   museums, 35, 444, 495,

   Physique et de Chemie Industrielles, 616,

   schools (collèges), 34, 55, 56, 86,

   social emancipation, 317–18,

   student associations, 308,

   student movements, 148, 281, 283–4, 290–1,

   Université Impériale, 6, 45, 83, 124, 497,

   UNIVERSITY,

     arts, 34,

     buildings, 104,

     chemistry, 497–8, 514,

     finance, 56, 85–6, 111,

     foreign students, 498–9, 510,

     halls of residence, 107,

     law, 34,

     mathematics, 494, 497–8,

     medicine, 34, 528–9, 548, 549, 553, 556,

     mobility, 67,

     monopoly, 95,

     officials, 88, 93,

     oriental studies, 443,

     philology, 426,

     sciences, 497,

     Sorbonne, 92, 97, 99, 103, 133, 421, 499, 514, 567,

     student numbers, 101,

     theology, 34, 396

Pasteur Institutes, 529

pathology, 567–70, 572

patronage, 127

Pavia (Italy),

   hospital, 550,

   UNIVERSITY, 27, 29–31, 300,

     engineering, 602,

     medicine, 562,

   see also Golgi, Camillo

Pécs (Hungary), UNIVERSITY, 41

Peking, see Beijing

Persian language, 443

Peru, 183,

   UNIVERSITIES 179

Pest,

   see Budapest

pharmacology, 550

pharmacy, 43, 503, 557, 579

philanthropy, 146

philhellenism, 282

Philippines, UNIVERSITIES 212–13

philology, 12, 50, 394, 414, 415–20,

   breakthrough of, 420–8,

   comparative philology, 449–53,

   diffusion of, 438–42,

   oriental studies, 442–53,

   origins of modern, 438,

   seminars, 440–1

philosophy, 19, 20, 51, 129, 248, 262, 393, 429, 453, 460, 499,

   ancients, study of, 419–20,

   faculty of philosophy, 48, 50, 51, 132, 262, 453, 454–5, 493, 511,

   journals, 149, 456,

   medicine and, 545–6,

   metaphysics, 394, 401, 521,

   natural philosophy, 19–20, 493, 520–1, 563,

   philosophe, 148–9,

   stages of, 566,

   status, 48,

   textbooks, 566,

   theology and 453–7

phonology, 452

photography, 516

physics, 516, 571,

   Cavendish Laboratory, 507, 508,

   chair of, 496, 502, 515,

   experimental physics, 495–511, 515,

   faculty of physics, 133,

   Institute for Physics, 514,

   journals, 502,

   mathematical physics, 497, 507, 515,

   nationalism and, 513,

   research, 514–17,

   theoretical physics, 515

physiology, 493, 523–4, 571, 582,

   textbooks, 563

Piedmont (Italy), UNIVERSITIES, engineering, 602

Pietermaritzburg (South Africa), UNIVERSITY, 197

Pietism, 410, 411

Pisa (Italy),

   UNIVERSITY, 27,

     mathematics, 512

poetry, 134, 415

Poland,

   Catholicism, 351,

   CIE, 357,

   Communism, 352,

   Fascism, 351–2,

   general strike, 334,

   gentry, 277–8,

   Jews, 42, 352,

   languages, 64–5,

   mobility, 334,

   rebellion, 150,

   Romanticism, 277,

   Sanacja, 352,

   Second World War, 656–8,

   student movements, 23, 272, 277–8, 305–6, 314,

   technical universities, 58,

   UNIVERSITIES,

     Catholic universities, 91,

     medicine, 559–60,

     state control, 91, 94

political science, 481–4

politics, 151–6, 479

politics, political dependence, 93–4

Portugal,

   parliament, 156,

   Second World War, 648, 659,

   UNIVERSITIES,

     admission, 246,

     enrolments, 245,

     finance, 87,

     medicine, 562,

     state control, 91, 98

positivism, 178, 180, 455, 460

Poszony,

   see Bratislava

Potsdam (Germany), 517

Prague (Czech Republic),

   Catholicism, 331,

   Fascism, 352–3,

   Jews, 321,

   languages, 299, 330,

   nationalism, 313, 322–3, 331,

   student movements, 294–5,

   technical schools, 41, 603–4, 625,

   UNIVERSITY, 41, 352, 656,

     finance, 87,

     languages, 65,

     medicine, 559,

     physics, 505

Presbyterian colleges, 85, 202

Presbyterian universities, 187, 215

Pressburg,

   see Bratislava

Pretoria (South Africa), UNIVERSITY, 197

Pribram (Czech Republic), UNIVERSITY, 41

printing, 142

private universities, 110, 126, 180, 191, 219–20, 226

professional schools, 34–5

professionalization, 127–8, 384–7, 547, 588, 629–31,

   national variations, 384,

   process of, 369–73,

   scientific research, 511–17

professions, 91, 117, 139,

   expansion of, 374–80, 493,

   knowledge and, 365–9, 384,

   semi-professions, 372, 386

professions, academic, 130–4, 259, 369–71,

   see also professors

professions, civil, 45, 57, 65, 127, 151, 251, 256, 262, 343, 373, 375,

   engineering, 10, 593, 594–606,

   in royal or state service, 125,

   social workers, 372

professions, commercial, 375

professions, ecclesiastical, 370, 374, 394, 453

professions, educational, 374,

   school-teachers, 372

professions, legal, 131, 251, 262, 370, 374, 381, 382, 453

professions, medical, 131, 251, 262, 370, 374, 382, 384,

   dentistry, 553, 579,

   military surgeons, 555–7,

   nurses, 372,

   pharmacists, 372, 553, 582,

   pharmacy, 43, 503, 557, 579,

   veterinarians 372

professions, scientific, 256

professorial typology,

   assistant professor (adjunctus), 140,

   associate professors, 119,

   chairholders, 119, 129,

   extraordinary professor (extraordinarius), 138, 141,

   ordinary professor (ordinarius), 129, 131, 138, 141

professors,

   appointment and requirements, 49, 50, 89–90, 115, 126, 130, 134, 172–3,

   appointment procedures, 134–40,

   bureaucratization, 127–8,

   control of, 115–16,

   education of, 50,

   honorary titles, 159,

   income, 49–50, 108,

   income and lifestyle, 140–7,

   laicization, 123–7,

   mobility, 74–5,

   nepotism, 131, 370,

   numbers of, 108,

   political role, 151–6,

   public image, 147–8,

   resignations and exile, 99–100,

   role of, 21–2, 147–51,

   self-consciousness, 124, 159,

   social status, 59, 124, 132–3, 147–60, 670

professorship,

   see chairs

Protestant academies and universities, 131, 188, 213, 394, 398

Protestant associations, 297, 315, 319

Protestantism, 286

Prussia (Germany), 272,

   careers, 256, 374,

   education, 239–40, 255, 462,

   military schools, 597,

   public education ministries, 88,

   qualifications, 251,

   reforms, 22–3,

   seminars and institutes, 60,

   students, 266,

   UNIVERSITIES,

     admission, 237, 239–40,

     finance, 250,

     models, 47–53,

     professors, 131, 134–5, 141–2,

     reforms, 34

psychiatry, 551, 576

psycho-analysis, 576

psychology, 452, 460, 479

public authorities, 14

public education ministries, 88–90, 96, 109

public lectures, 149

publishing, 130, 172, 427, 648

Quebec (Canada), UNIVERSITY, 177

Queensland (Australia), UNIVERSITY, 214

Rabat (Morocco), 196

radioactivity, 508

Rangoon (Burma), UNIVERSITY, 208–9

Rationalism, 410

Reading (United Kingdom), UNIVERSITY, 36

rector/vice-chancellor, 52, 57, 96, 120, 124,

   rector magnificus, 97

religion,

   ideological discrimination, 92–3,

   scientific study of, 413–14

Rennes (France), UNIVERSITY, buildings, 103

research, 47, 105, 170–1, 368–9, 585,

   finance, 91–2,

   professionalization, 511–17,

   research institutions, 60, 172, 626–9, 646, 647, 662,

   scientific spirit, 13–15,

   seminars, 440–1,

   state control, 92,

   technology, 623–6,

   wars, 646, 652–3,

   wartime, 649–51

resistance, 98–100

rhetoric, 134, 393

Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), UNIVERSITY, 182

Rockefeller Foundation, 221

Roman law, 14–15

Romance Studies, 12, 432–5, 438, 439,

   chair of, 433

Romania,

   Fascism, 353–4,

   Jorga Law, 94,

   medicine, 560,

   UNIVERSITIES 10, 41,

     chemistry, 498,

     foundations, 42–3,

     mathematics, 498,

     physics, 498,

     state control, 94, 96, 98

Romanticism, 275, 276, 277, 282, 398, 410, 430, 502, 520–1, 543,

   Enlightenment and, 544–53

Rome (Italy),

   specialist schools, 71,

   UNIVERSITY, 91,

     engineering, 602,

     mathematics, 512,

     physics, 515,

     student numbers, 101,

   UNIVERSITY (Gregoriana) 403

Rostock (Germany),

   UNIVERSITY, 34,

     natural sciences, 501,

     professors, 34

Rotterdam (Netherlands),

   UNIVERSITY (Erasmus University), 39,

   see also Erasmus

Rouen (France), UNIVERSITY, theology, 396

Russia,

   academies, 35–6, 586,

   aristocracy, 52–3, 157,

   careers, 376, 382–3,

   Communism, 87,

   education, 374,

   Jews, 333,

   parliament, 155,

   public education ministries, 88,

   Revolution (1905), 67, 333,

   Revolution (1917), 68, 585,

   student movements, 25, 303–6, 314–15, 323–4, 331–4,

   UNIVERSITIES 10–11, 40, 114, 118, 125,

     arts, 454,

     autonomy, 333,

     dress, 52,

     finance, 52, 68, 87,

     Jews, 67,

     languages, 444,

     mathematics, 498,

     medicine, 67, 558–9, 573,

     mobility, 67,

     models, 52–3, 66–8,

     natural sciences, 541,

     nobility, 67,

     officials, 52,

     oriental studies, 447,

     professors, 52, 157, 305,

     reforms, 35–6, 68,

     sciences, 508–11,

     state control, 95, 97–8,

     statutes, 67, 68, 333,

     students, 66–7,

     women, 67, 333,

   see also USSR

Russo-Japanese War (1904–5), 332

St Andrews (United Kingdom), UNIVERSITY, 36

St Gallen (Switzerland), UNIVERSITY, 38

St Petersburg (Russia), 35,

   Academy of Sciences, 541, 586,

   ‘Bloody Sunday’, 332,

   Institute of Engineers, 601,

   Medical Academy, 556, 559, 573,

   museums, 444,

   student movements, 303, 304, 324,

   UNIVERSITY,

     chemistry, 511,

     finance, 87,

     languages, 447,

     mathematics, 510,

     officials, 98,

     physics, 510–11,

     professors, 152,

     students, 52

Salamanca (Spain),

   UNIVERSITY, 37,

     buildings, 102,

     medicine, 561

Salzburg (Austria), UNIVERSITY, 41

sanctions, 97–8

Sanskrit, 414, 444, 452

Santiago de Chile (Chile), UNIVERSITY, 180

Santiago de Compostela (Spain),

   specialist schools, 72,

   UNIVERSITY, 37,

     theology, 397

Saragossa,

   see Zaragoza

Sarajevo (Bosnia), student movements, 337

Saratov (Russia), UNIVERSITY, 36

Scandinavia,

   careers, 383,

   Scandinavianism, 289–90,

   UNIVERSITIES 118,

     foundations, 66,

     mobility, 527,

     models, 66,

     reforms, 40

Schemnitz (Banska Štiavnica) (Slovakia), Bergakademie, 597–8

scholarships, 108–9, 250, 251

Scotland,

   students, 62, 646,

   UNIVERSITIES 36, 53–4, 645,

     admission, 246,

     councils, 99,

     engineering, 613,

     finance, 11, 62, 118,

     mathematics, 506,

     medicine, 555,

     models, 165,

     officials, 97,

     reforms, 63,

     scholarships, 109,

     social composition, 62–3,

     state control, 95

Second World War, 638,

   sciences and, 649–51

Second World War (1939-45), 359, 647–71

secondary schooling, costs of, 250–4

secret societies, 278, 284, 287, 298

secularization,

   see laicization

seminaries, 113, 396, 397, 399

seminars and institutes, 50, 60, 172, 408–9, 505,

   agricultural institutes, 646,

   Catholic institutes, 91, 188, 397, 404,

   City and Guilds, 614,

   Dominican institutes, 212,

   engineering, 617,

   Experimental Biology, 585,

   Experimental Medicine, 585,

   Hindu institutes, 198–9,

   Imperial Physical- Technical Institute in Berlin, 60,

   Institute for Physics, 514,

   Institut Electronique, 616,

   Institut Industriel, 616,

   Institut National des Sciences et des Arts, 17,

   Institute of Engineers, 601,

   Janos Bolyau Institute, 512,

   Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institute, 505, 643,

   Kaiser-Wilhelm-Society, 33, 60,

   Karolinska Institute, 40, 558,

   languages, 440,

   mathematics, 513,

   Max-Planck Institutes, 541,

   Pasteur Institutes, 529,

   Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt, 627,

   technical institutes, 238–9, 243, 262, 505, 608–9

service staff, 115

set theory, 512

Seville (Spain), 610,

   UNIVERSITY, 37,

     theology, 397

Shanghai (China), 221,

   UNIVERSITY, 219–20, 221

Sheffield (United Kingdom), UNIVERSITY, 36

Silesia, 321, 351

Singapore, 209

Sinology, 446–8

Slavonic studies, 436–8

Slovakia, 353,

   Academy of Mining, 495,

   student movements, 287–8,

   UNIVERSITIES 41

Slovenia,

   Catholicism, 330–1,

   nationalism, 313, 331

social class,

   bourgeoisie, 263,

   lower-middle class, 259, 264,

   middle class, 258, 259, 264, 379, 386,

   upper-middle class, 259

social sciences, 394, 417, 459, 461, 484–6,

   rise of, 479–9

sociology, 460, 461, 479, 484–8

Sofia (Bulgaria), UNIVERSITY, 43–4

South Africa,

   UNIVERSITIES 196–8,

     models, 163

South America,

   UNIVERSITIES 46–7,

     models, 163

Southampton (United Kingdom), 36

Spain,

   Catholicism, 354,

   Civil War, 340, 341, 355,

   colonies, 46–7,

   Fascism, 354–5,

   public education ministries, 88,

   Second World War, 659,

   specialist schools, 72,

   student movements, 276, 302–3, 310–11, 328, 354–5,

   technical schools, 601–2, 610–11,

   UNIVERSITIES 3, 114, 284,

     administration, 90,

     arts, 454,

     attendance, 72,

     autonomy, 46–7, 72, 118,

     biology, 527,

     buildings, 103,

     Catholic universities, 91,

     engineering, 617,

     enrolments, 245,

     finance, 87,

     graduates, 72,

     income, 108,

     languages, 73,

     mathematics, 494,

     medicine, 561–2,

     models, 72,

     oriental studies, 444,

     privileges, 95,

     professors, 72, 89, 108,

     reforms, 37–8, 72–3, 90, 302,

     sciences, 498,

     state control, 95, 98,

     status, 56,

     theology, 6, 396–7,

     women, 248

Spanish America, UNIVERSITIES 179

specialization, 6–9, 623–6,

   medicine 575–9

specialized schools, 57–9, 101,

   administration, 57,

   agriculture, 72, 512,

   buildings, 103–4,

   business, 38, 39, 44, 57, 71, 72,

   chemistry, 508,

   commerce, 71, 380,

   economics, 62, 205, 339, 481–2, 486,

   languages, 35,

   medical, 34–5, 193, 528–9, 548, 549, 553–63, 586–7, 589,

   military, 496, 595–7,

   mining, 62, 495, 597–600, 613,

   natural history, 495,

   oriental studies, 444–5,

   veterinary medicine, 72, 562,

   see also technical schools

sport, 107, 309, 325

state control, academic freedom, 94–100

statistics, 513

Stellenbosch (South Africa), UNIVERSITY, 197

Stockholm (Sweden),

   Jews, 126,

   Karolinska Institute, 558,

   technical institutes, 609,

   UNIVERSITY, 40, 126, 133,

     medicine, 558,

     physics, 514

Strasbourg (France),

   Catholic Theology Faculty, 91,

   medical schools, 553,

   professional schools, 34,

   UNIVERSITY,

     astronomy, 516,

     history, 477–8,

     mathematics, 19,

     natural sciences, 19

student houses, 107, 110

student movements, 23–31, 100, 148, 153, 269–71,

   consolidation and anti-liberalism, 307–15,

   ‘Corps’ 286, 296,

   fighting for freedom, 271–80,

   integration, 296–307,

   international, 356–9,

   nationalism, 345–51,

   Philomaths, 277–8,

   revolution and restoration, 281–8,

   social and national emancipation, 315–24,

   students in revolt, 288–96,

   world politics and corporatism, 325–37

students, 114, 115, 166,

   attendance, 116,

   behaviour, 309, 311–12,

   distribution of, 248–50,

   dress, 52,

   female students, 584–5,

   financial assistance, 108–9,

   mobility, 74–5, 205, 278, 498–9, 510, 584–5,

   numbers of, 57, 58, 74, 101–2, 128, 233–5, 630, 646,

   preparation of, 246–54,

   responsibilities of,

   social origins, 257–66,

   student associations, 20–1, 296–8, 308, 310–14, 316, 320, 329, 341, 344, 345,

   women, 59, 67, 69, 207, 247–8, 326, 333, 379, 584–5

Stuttgart (Germany),

   technical university, 58,

   UNIVERSITY, 34,

     physics, 505

Sudan, UNIVERSITIES, 192–3

surgery, 557, 582

Sweden, 597,

   careers, 343,

   Chalmers Institution, 609,

   Darwinism, 534,

   Fascism, 343,

   Jews, 126,

   Karolinska Institute, 558,

   medical institutes, 40,

   military schools, 597,

   parliament, 155,

   Scandinavianism, 289–90,

   Second World War, 659,

   socialism, 326,

   student movements, 295, 316,

   students, 266, 316–17, 343,

   technical institutes, 609,

   UNIVERSITIES 40, 66, 125, 126, 133, 316, 326, 534,

     admission, 265,

     astronomy, 516,

     buildings, 103, 160,

     chemistry, 495,

     economics, 483,

     enrolments, 245,

     faculties, 454,

     finance, 84, 87,

     medicine, 558,

     models, 66,

     philology, 420, 421,

     physics, 514,

     professors, 150, 155,

     racial biology, 343,

     reforms, 289,

     social sciences, 483,

     stellar statistics, 517,

     theology, 405,

     women, 248

Switzerland,

   careers, 70,

   Second World War, 659,

   secret societies, 278,

   technical schools, 611,

   UNIVERSITIES,

     admission, 247,

     chemistry, 504–5,

     enrolments, 245,

     faculties, 454,

     mathematics, 504–5,

     mobility, 67, 69–70,

     models, 68–70,

     women, 248,

   women, 69

Sydney (Australia), UNIVERSITY, 214

Syria,

   UNIVERSITIES 186–7,

     models, 163

Szeged (Hungary),

   UNIVERSITY, 41,

     mathematics, 512

Taiwan, UNIVERSITY, 225

Tananarive (Madagascar), 196

Tartu (Dorpat) (Estonia),

   UNIVERSITY, 35, 123, 510,

     astronomy, 516,

     medicine, 558,

     physics, 509

Tashkent (Russia), medical school, 586

Tasmania (Australia), UNIVERSITY, 214

teachers,

   assistants and amanuenses, 144,

   language, 430

teaching appointments, 89–90

teaching hospitals, 548, 549, 589

teaching, private, 49, 50, 128, 137–8, 141, 172–3

technical schools, 10, 68, 351, 505, 512, 593–4, 595–600, 615–16, 621, 622,

   certificates and diplomas, 629–31,

   diversification, 623–6,

   doctorates, 625–6,

   engineering, 599–600,

   industrial engineering, 611,

   models, 600–6,

   syllabuses, 618–19

technical universities, 58

technology,

   for public servants, 594–600,

   status, 617–23

textbooks, 526, 527,

   anatomy, 568,

   chemistry, 497–8, 502,

   engineering, 607,

   materialism, 564,

   mathematics, 494, 497–8,

   medicine, 546, 548, 552, 566, 567,

   natural sciences, 509, 539,

   philosophy, 566,

   physics, 502,

   physiology, 563,

   technology, 617

Thailand, UNIVERSITIES, 209–10

theology, academic theology, 6, 34, 70, 129, 248, 249, 262, 430,

   archaeology, 409,

   arts and, 393–5,

   Catholic, 91, 395–402,

   dogmatics, 398, 399, 407,

   faculty of theology, 50, 113, 123, 129, 145, 158, 248, 262, 393, 396, 405–9,

   liberalism, 410–14,

   Lutheran, 407,

   mediation, 411–12,

   philosophy and, 453–7, 460,

   Protestant, 398, 399, 405–9,

   Thomism, 402

theology, biblical exegesis, 398, 407

thermodynamics, 512

Tiblisi (Russia), medical school, 586

Tilburg (Netherlands), UNIVERSITY, 39

Tokyo (Japan),

   UNIVERSITIES 224–5, 226,

     professors, 226

Tomsk (Siberia), UNIVERSITY, 36

Toronto (Canada), UNIVERSITY (University College), 176–7

Toulouse (France), Catholic Institute, 91, 250, 397

Transylvania, 293

Trinity College, Dublin,

   see Dublin

Trnava,

   see Nagyszombat

Tübingen (Germany),

   student associations, 297,

   UNIVERSITY, 34,

     mathematics, 19, 501, 505,

     natural sciences, 19,

     physics, 503,

     professors, 34,

     theology, 398, 405, 411, 412

Tunisia, 195–6

Turin (Italy),

   specialist schools, 71, 617,

   UNIVERSITY,

     engineering, 602,

     mathematics, 512,

     physics, 515,

     professors, 133, 153

Turkey, UNIVERSITIES, foundations, 44

Turkish language, 443

Turku (Åbo) (Finland), 40, 66,

   student movements, 24, 276,

   UNIVERSITY, 125

Turnau,

   see Nagyszombat

Ukraine, UNIVERSITIES, 35, 36, 41, 42

ultramontanism, 395–400, 402

United Kingdom,

   careers, 61, 245, 376, 381,

   Chemical Society, 642,

   civic colleges, 308, 315,

   Civil Engineers Institutes, 605,

   education, 55, 246,

   Education Act (1944), 650, 669,

   examinations, 373,

   Inns of Court, 380,

   learned societies, 156,

   Mechanics’ Institutes, 605, 607,

   medical schools, 554–5,

   museums, 531,

   National Physical Laboratory, 628, 646,

   parliament, 155,

   Royal College of Physicians, 380,

   Royal Society of London, 456, 642,

   schools, 127,

   Second World War, 645–51,

   social emancipation, 318,

   students, 306, 325–6, 339–40, 646,

   technical schools, 605–6,

   University Grants Committee, 64, 96, 118, 646, 651,

   wars, 645–51,

   UNIVERSITIES 11–12, 114,

     access, 130–1,

     admission, 243–5,

     arts, 366,

     buildings, 103, 104,

     Catholics, 131,

     chairs, 89,

     civic universities, 55, 62,

     colleges, 63,

     councils, 98,

     engineering, 613–15, 625–6, 630–1,

     finance, 62, 85, 115, 118,

     foundations, 36,

     income, 108,

     Jews, 131,

     medicine, 547, 572, 574, 576, 582,

     models, 53–5, 164–7, 193,

     natural sciences, 17,

     officials, 96, 121,

     physics, 515–16,

     privileges, 95,

     professors, 156,

     reforms, 61–4, 380,

     religious discrimination, 92,

     research, 627, 628, 646,

     sciences, 506–8,

     social composition, 62–3,

     social sciences, 482, 486,

     sport, 309, 325,

     state control, 95,

     women 248

United States,

   academic institutes, 172,

   atomic weapons, 668,

   libraries, 173–4,

   politics, 155,

   Rockefeller Foundation, 174,

   Second World War, 665, 667–8,

   UNIVERSITIES 164–7, 227,

     academic freedom, 169–70,

     Egyptian university, 192,

     foreign students, 205,

     medicine, 580–1, 585,

     mobility, 168,

     models, 163, 192, 221,

     professors, 169,

     research, 170–2, 665,

     social sciences, 487,

     students, 166

universitates, 20–1

university administration, 115–21, 144,

   councils, 98–9,

   education, 90–4,

   staff, 107–8,

   state control, 88–94

university autonomy, 13–14, 46–7, 51, 59, 66, 70, 71, 72, 83–4, 85, 90–100, 117–21, 222–3, 292–3, 333

university models, 4–13, 15, 21, 33, 166, 175, 200–1, 214, 227–9,

   see also Cambridge; European models; Humboldtian model; Napoleonic model; North America; Oxford

university officials,

   bursar, 85,

   commissar, 50,

   curator, 50, 97,

   Grand Master, 88, 93,

   inspector general, 96,

   secretary, 115,

   visitor, 97,

   see also chancellor; rector/vice-chancellor

university presses, 172, 427

university reforms, 7–8, 11, 33–40, 47, 54, 57, 61–4, 65–6, 68, 70–3, 90, 182–5, 302, 307–8, 380, 669

university typology, 4,

   private universities, 110, 126, 180, 191, 219–20, 226,

   student movements, 295, 316,

   UNIVERSITY, 40, 125, 534,

     astronomy, 516,

     buildings, 103, 160,

     chemistry, 495,

     finance, 84, 87,

     models, 66,

     philology, 420,

     professors, 150,

     racial biology, 343,

     reforms, 289,

     social sciences, 483,

     theology, 405

Uruguay, 183,

   UNIVERSITY, 180

USSR, 10,

   Communism, 100,

   Marxism, 585–7,

   medical schools, 586–7,

   non-Communists, 358,

   public education ministries, 88,

   Second World War, 666–7,

   UNIVERSITIES,

     buildings, 103,

     resistance, 100,

     state control, 91, 94, 98

utilitarianism, 588

Utrecht (Netherlands),

   student movements, 302,

   UNIVERSITY, 39, 553,

     medicine, 554, 556,

     teachers, 108

Valencia (Spain), 610,

   UNIVERSITY, 37, 536

Valladolid (Spain), UNIVERSITY, 37

Varna (Bulgaria), 44

Vergara (Spain), 610

veterinary medicine, 72, 562

Victoria (Canada), colleges, 176

Victoria (New Zealand), 215

Vienna (Austria), 19,

   Catholicism, 323, 331,

   Export Academy, 41,

   Jews, 320–1,

   languages, 330,

   nationalism, 313, 323, 350, 351,

   student movements, 51, 287–8, 293–4, 295, 298–9, 337,

   technical school, 603–4,

   UNIVERSITY, 41,

     astronomy, 516,

     buildings, 102, 104, 105,

     engineering, 41,

     finance, 87,

     languages, 436, 442,

     law, 51,

     medicine, 549, 556, 562, 574,

     physics, 505,

     students, 42,

   see also Rokitansky, Carl

Vietnam, UNIVERSITIES, 210–11

Vilnius (Vilna) (Lithuania),

   Medical Academy, 556,

   student movements, 277,

   UNIVERSITY, 35, 283, 657,

     mathematics, 498,

     medicine, 559,

     physics and mathematics, 509,

     professors, 152

Vistulaland (Poland), 334

vitalism, 521, 551–3, 563

Wales,

   colleges, 308,

   UNIVERSITIES 36

Warsaw (Poland), 305, 357,

   revolution, 305–6,

   student movements, 283, 314,

   UNIVERSITY, 42, 306,

     astronomy, 498,

     mathematics, 512,

     medicine, 560,

     physics, 498

Wellington (South Africa), UNIVERSITY, 197

West Africa, UNIVERSITIES, models 163

Western Australia, UNIVERSITY, 214

Windsor (Canada), UNIVERSITY (King’s College), 175

women, 59, 67, 69, 207, 247–8, 326, 333, 379,

   female professors, 65, 126, 133,

   philanthropy, 146

Worcester (United States), UNIVERSITY (Clark University), 169, 170, 171

Würzburg (Germany),

   student associations, 297,

   UNIVERSITY, 34,

     chemistry, 504,

     mathematics, 501,

     medicine, 564,

     natural sciences, 501,

     physics, 503

Yale University,

   see New Haven (United States)

Yugoslavia, UNIVERSITIES, buildings, 103

Zagreb,

   see Agram

Zaragoza (Saragossa) (Spain),

   UNIVERSITY, 37, 73,

     theology, 397

Zionism, 330

zoological parks, 107

Zurich (Switzerland),

   Federal Polytechnical, 68, 504–5, 611, 625,

   UNIVERSITY, 38,

     buildings, 104,

     chemistry, 504,

     mathematics, 504,

     medicine, 584,

     physics, 505,

     professors, 69,

     theology, 412